The Effect of Education Using Snakes and Ladders Board Game on Healthy Snacks Selection of Elementary School Students

BACKGROUND: Primary school age is the stage where the child is in a formal operational state, where the child is able to think and reason logically and draw conclusions from existing information.. AIM: This study determined the effect of education using snake and ladder media (ular tangga) on the selection of healthy snacks in an elementary school students. The effect see on students’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The study used Quasi Experiment, One group pretest and posttest without control group. The research variables were knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of students towards the selection of healthy snacks. This research was conducted in March 2020 at an Elementary School in Makassar City, Indonesia. METHODS: The sampling method was simple random sampling with a sample size of 79 students. Data collection tools were using questionnaires and educational media for snakes and ladders. The analysis was carried out descriptively on each variable with an analysis of the frequency distribution and testing the differences before and after the intervention using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: The result of this study showed that the mean of knowledge about health snack selection among student before education with ular tangga is 6.34 increasing to 7.18 after education with ular tangga. Mean of attitude about health snack selection among student before education with ular tangga is 53.92 increasing to 55.43 after education with ular tangga. Mean of behavior health snack selection among student before education with ular tangga is 9.35 increasing to 9.77 after education with ular tangga. Based on the Wilcoxon test, the p-value is obtained for each variable (p<0.05); knowledge (p=0.000), attitude (p=0.009), and behavior (p=0.001). CONCLUSION:  Education using snake and ladder media has an influence on the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of Elementary School students.   Key words: Education, snake and ladder media, healthy snacks, elementary school students, Indonesia.    

Personal hygiene and bowls sanitation of meatball cart traders

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to describe the personal hygiene and sanitation of food cutlery (bowl) on meatball cart traders at Makassar City.

METHODS

This research using descriptive observational with non-probability sampling techniques and accidental sampling method.

RESULTS

80% respondents had good personal hygiene. Almost all respondents qualify the requirement of hand and finger hygiene, as well as hair hygiene. For clothes hygiene indicators, most qualify the requirements. As for the indicators of handwashing practices and the use of gloves, all respondents did not qualify the requirements. While the results of research related to food cutlery sanitation showed that knowledge that 86.7% were high, but many still did not know washing water requirements and bowl conditions when in storage.

CONCLUSION

Most handlers attitude was categorized as adequate. It is suggested that the meatball cart traders always pay attention to hand hygiene and sanitation of cutlery to avoid bacterial contamination.

Analysis of Household Food Security Based on the Proportion of Food Expenditures and Energy Consumption in Flood-prone Areas in Wajo District

BACKGROUND: Floods that inundate almost all areas in Wajo district caused difficulties for people in this district to access their daily needs, especially for foods as the distribution was inhibited. This situation was exacerbated as the food price increased leading to a greater risk of food insecurity of the household in this area. AIM: The current study aimed to determine food security in flood-prone areas in Wajo District. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional conducted in the three subdistricts in Wajo Regency. The study was conducted from March to May the year 2018. A total of 304 study participants were involved in this study. The data have been collected using the developed questionnaire and observation sheet. All data analyses were performed using SPSS. RESULTS: The result of the study shows that 139 households (46%) included in this study were in the condition of lack of food and 165 households (54%) were food insecure. Households with food-resistant and food vulnerable status were not found in the study area. CONCLUSION: Therefore, households with food insecurity should manage their income by considering providing nutritious foods based on their income situation.

Identification of Leptospira Serovar in Leptospirosis Suspect Serum in Manggala Subdistrict, Makassar City

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis or also commonly called Weil disease is an acute infectious disease that can attack humans and animals and is classified as a zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira found in rodents. The difficulty of the diagnosis process causes the case of leptospirosis less reported and is one of the neglected infectious diseases. Patient findings are often not optimal because of underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. AIM: This study aims to determine the presence of Leptospira serovar bacteria in blood serum of leptospirosis suspect using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) method. METHODS: This study is a descriptive observational using accidental sampling technique. Sample collection was performed in the Antang Community Health Center, Batua Health Center, and Bangkala Health Center in Manggala District. RESULTS: This study found that there were 31 serum samples. Results of MAT examination on blood serum yielded 11 positive samples of Leptospira (37%) with serovar Hebdomadis, Djasiman, Mini, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bangkingan, and Bataviae. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Leptospira bacteria in blood serum of suspected individuals using the MAT method obtained 11 samples of positive blood serum. Special counseling activities are required about leptospirosis and diagnosis enforcement in the community or workers who experience symptoms or leptospirosis suspect.

Identification of Rat Density and Ectoparasites in Seaport Area of Manokwari, Papua Province

BACKGROUND: Manokwari port is a port that is the gateway (point of entry) in the area of Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province. AIM: The purpose of this research was to determine the density of rats, types of rats, success traps, the density of ectoparasites, and types of ectoparasites. METHODS: This is a descriptive observational research type to determine the picture of environmental sanitation such as the presence of waste, signs of the presence of rats, success traps, types of rats, and ectoparasites. The population was all rats and ectoparasites that were around the catch-location. Samples were mice and ectoparasites that were caught at research time. RESULTS: The results of the study for 4 days of trapping with a total of 200 traps, the calculation of success traps per day in the trap multi live trap A obtained values ranging from 0 to 0.13 and in multi live traps B with salted fish baits ranging from 0.02 to 0.08. The results showed several types of mice, namely, Rattus tanezumi (52.17%), Rattus norvegicus (43.47%), ad Soricidae (4.34%). A total of 13 male rats (56.52%) 10 female rats (43.47%) were successfully captured during the study. The results showed that from 23 rats caught, 23 ectoparasites of fleas Xenopsylla cheopis, one tick, seven small louse, and six mites. CONCLUSIONS: The rats most commonly found are R. tanezumi rats with male sex with ectoparasites which are found the most, namely, X. cheopis. Ectoparasites of this type are very dangerous for health, one of which can cause bubonic plague. Therefore, it recommended that the port authority can improve vector control in the port area.

Childhood acute respiratory infections and household environment in an Eastern Indonesian urban setting

This pilot study evaluated the potential effect of household environmental factors such as income, maternal characteristics, and indoor air pollution on children's respiratory status in an Eastern Indonesian community. Household data were collected from cross-sectional (n = 461 participants) and preliminary childhood case-control surveys (pneumonia cases = 31 diagnosed within three months at a local health clinic; controls = 30). Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was measured in living rooms, kitchens, children's bedrooms, and outside areas in close proximity once during the case-control household interviews (55 homes) and once per hour from 6 a.m. to midnight in 11 homes. The household survey showed that children were 1.98 times (p = 0.02) more likely to have coughing symptoms indicating respiratory infection, if mothers were not the primary caregivers. More children exhibited coughing if they were not exclusively breastfed (OR = 2.18; p = 0.06) or there was a possibility that their mothers were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy (OR = 2.05; p = 0.08). This study suggests that household incomes and mother's education have an indirect effect on childhood pneumonia and respiratory illness. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 ranged from 0.5 to 35.7 µg/m3 and 7.7 to 575.7 µg/m3, respectively, based on grab samples. PM was significantly different between the case and control groups (p < 0.01). The study also suggests that ambient air may dilute indoor pollution, but also introduces pollution into the home from the community environment. Effective intervention programs need to be developed that consider multiple direct and indirect risk factors to protect children.