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Romanowska-Duda Z, Piotrowski K, Szufa S, Sklodowska M, Naliwajski M, Emmanouil C, Kungolos A, Zorpas AA. Valorization of Spirodela polyrrhiza biomass for the production of biofuels for distributed energy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16533. [PMID: 37783756 PMCID: PMC10545719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the main objectives of a circular economy, Lemnaceae plants have great potential for different types of techniques to valorize their biomass for use in biofuel production. For this reason, scientific interest in this group of plants has increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of salt stress on the growth and development of S. polyrrhiza and the valorization of biomass for biofuel and energy production in a circular economy. Plants were grown in a variety of culture media, including standard 'Z' medium, tap water, 1% digestate from a biogas plant in Piaszczyna (54° 01' 21″ N, 17° 10' 19″ E), Poland) and supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl (from 25 to 100 mM). Plants were cultured under phytotron conditions at 24 °C. After 10 days of culture, plant growth, fresh and dry biomass, as well as physio-chemical parameters such as chlorophyll content index, gas exchange parameters (net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration), chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were analyzed. After 10 days of the experiment, the percentage starch content of Spirodela shoot segments was determined. S. polyrrhiza was shown to have a high starch storage capacity under certain unfavorable growth conditions, such as salt stress and nutrient deficiency. In the W2 (50 mM NaCl) series, compared to the control (Control2), starch levels were 76% higher in shoots and 30% lower in roots. The analysis of the individual growth and development parameters of S. polyrrhiza plants in the experiment carried out indicates new possibilities for the use of this group of plants in biofuel and bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Romanowska-Duda
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, University of Lodz, Banacha Str. 12/16, 92-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - K Piotrowski
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, University of Lodz, Banacha Str. 12/16, 92-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - S Szufa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Sklodowska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Banacha Str. 12/16, 92-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Naliwajski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Banacha Str. 12/16, 92-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - C Emmanouil
- Department of Planning and Regional Development, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Kungolos
- Civil Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A A Zorpas
- Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Open University of Cyprus, Giannou Kranidioti 89, Latsia, 2231, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Kazimierski P, Kosmela P, Piersa P, Szufa S. Pyrolysis and Torrefaction-Thermal Treatment of Creosote-Impregnated Railroad Ties as a Method of Utilization. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2704. [PMID: 37048999 PMCID: PMC10096027 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental issue of waste management and the rail transport industry is the problem of utilizing used railroad ties. Wooden railroad ties are treated with a preservative, usually creosote. Due to their high toxicity, railroad ties are considered hazardous waste and must be utilized under various directives. It is proposed to utilize the troublesome waste by using the pyrolysis and torrefaction process. The research proves that the thermal method is effective for disposing of this type of waste. Torrefaction up to 250 °C gives high efficiency of impregnation removal, while pyrolysis up to 400 °C completely neutralizes waste. A series of experiments were conducted for various final pyrolysis temperatures to determine a minimum temperature for which the obtained solid products are free from creosote. Extraction with the use of the Soxhlet technique was performed for the raw materials and the obtained solid products-chars. The oil content for liquid fraction was also examined for each sample. As a result of the thermal treatment of the waste, fuel with combustion parameters better than wood was obtained. For a high final temperature of the process, the calorific value of char is close to that of hard coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kazimierski
- The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Piersa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Szufa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Kuryło P, Wysoczański A, Cyganiuk J, Dzikuć M, Szufa S, Bonarski P, Burduk A, Frankovský P, Motyka P, Medyński D. Selected Determinants of Machines and Devices Standardization in Designing Automated Production Processes in Industry 4.0. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:312. [PMID: 36614651 PMCID: PMC9822156 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study presents a practical application of multi-criteria standardization of machines and devices in the design of the automated production processes in industry 4.0 and its direct impact on the economic aspects of an enterprise, along with a comparison of the state before and after the implementation of the proposed changes. The solutions recommended in the article also fit into the assumptions of low-carbon development by implementing solutions that reduce energy consumption. The research carried out and presented in the text confirmed the effectiveness of the described solution. The study also presents examples confirming the correctness of implementing standardization, synergy and coherence in the design of production processes. Additionally, a new advanced eLean application was presented to support production processes in the field of Lean Management. The Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) module currently implemented in the industry is concerned with ensuring the maximum efficiency of machines and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kuryło
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna Street 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Adam Wysoczański
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna Street 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Joanna Cyganiuk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna Street 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Maria Dzikuć
- Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Zielona Góra, Licealna Street 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Szymon Szufa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska Street 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Bonarski
- Faculty of Managemant, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza Street 5, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Burduk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza Street 5, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Peter Frankovský
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 040 02 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Piotr Motyka
- Faculty of Technical and Economic Science, Witelon Collegium State University, Sejmowa Street 5A, 59-220 Legnica, Poland
| | - Daniel Medyński
- Faculty of Technical and Economic Science, Witelon Collegium State University, Sejmowa Street 5A, 59-220 Legnica, Poland
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Zabochnicka M, Krzywonos M, Romanowska-Duda Z, Szufa S, Darkalt A, Mubashar M. Algal Biomass Utilization toward Circular Economy. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101480. [PMID: 36294915 PMCID: PMC9605372 DOI: 10.3390/life12101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the potential areas of algal biomass utilization has already been conducted. In addition to lowering the greenhouse effect and contributing to the decrease in the amounts of harmful substances in the air and water, attention has been paid to the possibility of utilizing algal biomass as a feedstock for the production of environmentally friendly products. The circular economy addresses the benefits to the environment, economy and society. The utilization of algal biomass benefits the environment by reducing greenhouse gases emissions as well as water and wastewater treatment, benefits the economy by producing biofuels, and benefits society by producing food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and feed for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zabochnicka
- Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 69, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (Z.R.-D.); Tel.: +48-343721303 (M.Z.); +48-426354421 (Z.R.-D.)
| | - Małgorzata Krzywonos
- Process Management Department, Wrocław University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 92-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (Z.R.-D.); Tel.: +48-343721303 (M.Z.); +48-426354421 (Z.R.-D.)
| | - Szymon Szufa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ahmad Darkalt
- Department of Renewable Natural Resources and Ecology, Engineering Agricultural Faculty, Aleppo University, Aleppo 12212, Syria
| | - Muhammad Mubashar
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Szufa S, Piersa P, Adrian Ł, Czerwińska J, Lewandowski A, Lewandowska W, Sielski J, Dzikuć M, Wróbel M, Jewiarz M, Knapczyk A. Sustainable Drying and Torrefaction Processes of Miscanthus for Use as a Pelletized Solid Biofuel and Biocarbon-Carrier for Fertilizers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041014. [PMID: 33672961 PMCID: PMC7918560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Miscanthus is resistant to dry, frosty winters in Poland and most European Union countries. Miscanthus gives higher yields compared to native species. Farmers can produce Miscanthus pellets after drying it for their own heating purposes. From the third year, the most efficient plant development begins, resulting in a yield of 25-30 tons of dry matter from an area of 1 hectare. Laboratory scale tests were carried out on the processes of drying, compacting, and torrefaction of this biomass type. The analysis of the drying process was conducted at three temperature levels of the drying agent (60, 100, and 140 °C). Compaction on a hydraulic press was carried out in the pressure range characteristic of a pressure agglomeration (130.8-457.8 MPa) at different moisture contents of the raw material (0.5% and 10%). The main interest in this part was to assess the influence of drying temperature, moisture content, and compaction pressure on the specific densities (DE) and the mechanical durability of the pellets (DU). In the next step, laboratory analyses of the torrefaction process were carried out, initially using the Thermogravimetric Analysis TGA and Differential Scaning Calorimeter DSC techniques (to assess activation energy (EA)), followed by a flow reactor operating at five temperature levels (225, 250, 275, 300, and 525 °C). A SEM analysis of Miscanthus after torrefaction processes at three different temperatures was performed. Both the parameters of biochar (proximate and ultimate analysis) and the quality of the torgas (volatile organic content (VOC)) were analyzed. The results show that both drying temperature and moisture level will affect the quality of the pellets. Analysis of the torrefaction process shows clearly that the optimum process temperature would be around 300-340 °C from a mass loss ratio and economical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Szufa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.); (J.C.); (A.L.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-606-134-239
| | - Piotr Piersa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.); (J.C.); (A.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Łukasz Adrian
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.); (J.C.); (A.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Justyna Czerwińska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.); (J.C.); (A.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Artur Lewandowski
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.); (J.C.); (A.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wiktoria Lewandowska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.); (J.C.); (A.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Jan Sielski
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maria Dzikuć
- Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Licealna 9, 65-246 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Marek Wróbel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 120, 30-149 Kraków, Poland; (M.W.); (M.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Marcin Jewiarz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 120, 30-149 Kraków, Poland; (M.W.); (M.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Adrian Knapczyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 120, 30-149 Kraków, Poland; (M.W.); (M.J.); (A.K.)
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Szufa S, Piersa P, Adrian Ł, Sielski J, Grzesik M, Romanowska-Duda Z, Piotrowski K, Lewandowska W. Acquisition of Torrefied Biomass from Jerusalem Artichoke Grown in a Closed Circular System Using Biogas Plant Waste. Molecules 2020; 25:E3862. [PMID: 32854284 PMCID: PMC7503394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of biogas plant waste on the physiological activity, growth, and yield of Jerusalem artichoke and the energetic usefulness of the biomass obtained in this way after the torrefaction process. The use of waste from corn grain biodigestion to methane as a biofertilizer, used alone or supplemented with Apol-humus and Stymjod, caused increased the physiological activity, growth, and yield of Jerusalem artichoke plants and can limit the application of chemical fertilizers, whose production and use in agriculture is harmful for the environment. The experiment, using different equipment, exhibited the high potential of Jerusalem artichoke fertilized by the methods elaborated as a carbonized solid biofuel after the torrefaction process. The use of a special design of the batch reactor using nitrogen, Thermogravimetric analysis, Differential thermal analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and combustion of Jerusalem artichoke using TG-MS showed a thermo-chemical conversion mass loss on a level of 30% with energy loss (torgas) on a level of 10%. Compared to research results on other energy crops and straw biomass, the isothermal temperature of 245 °C during torrefaction for the carbonized solid biofuel of Jerusalem artichoke biomass fertilized with biogas plant waste is relativlely low. An SEM-EDS analysis of ash from carbonized Jerusalem artichoke after torrefaction was performed after its combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Szufa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Piotr Piersa
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Łukasz Adrian
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (Ł.A.)
| | - Jan Sielski
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mieczyslaw Grzesik
- Department of Variety Studies, Nursery and Gene Resources, Research Institute of Horticulture, Str. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland;
| | - Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Str. Banacha 12/16, 92-237 Lodz, Poland; (Z.R.-D.); (K.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Piotrowski
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Str. Banacha 12/16, 92-237 Lodz, Poland; (Z.R.-D.); (K.P.)
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