1
|
Ramsay JA, Jones M, Vande More AM, Hunt SL, Williams PCM, Messer M, Wood N, Macartney K, Lee FJ, Britton WJ, Snelling TL, Caterson ID. A single blinded, phase IV, adaptive randomised control trial to evaluate the safety of coadministration of seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccines (The FluVID study). Vaccine 2023; 41:7250-7258. [PMID: 37903680 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the frequency of moderate and severe adverse events following coadministration of seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) versus placebo with COVID-19 vaccines among adults to support practice guidelines. METHODS FluVID is a participant-blinded, phase IV, randomised control trial. On the same day as the participant's scheduled COVID-19 vaccine, participants were randomised to receive SIV or saline placebo; those assigned placebo at visit one then received SIV a week later, and vice versa. Self-reported adverse events were collected daily for seven days following each visit. The primary endpoint was any solicited adverse event of at least moderate severity occurring up to seven days following receipt of SIV or placebo. This was modelled using a Bayesian logistic regression model. Analyses were performed by COVID-19 vaccine type and dose number. RESULTS Overall, 248 participants were enrolled; of these, 195 had received BNT162b2 and 53 had received mRNA1273 COVID-19 vaccines according to national guidelines. After randomisation, 119 were assigned to receive SIV and 129 were assigned to receive placebo at visit one. Adverse events were most frequently reported as mild (grade 1) in nature. Among 142 BNT162b2 booster dose one and 43 BNT162b2 booster dose two recipients, the posterior median risk difference for moderate/severe adverse events following SIV versus placebo was 13% (95% credible interval [CrI] -0.03 to 0.27) and 13% (95%CrI -0.37 to 0.12), respectively. Among 18 mRNA1273 booster dose one and 35 mRNA1273 booster dose two recipients, the posterior median risk difference of moderate/severe adverse events following influenza vaccine versus placebo was 6% (95%CrI -0.29 to 0.41) and -4% (95%CrI -0.30 to 0.23), respectively. CONCLUSION Adverse events following SIV and COVID-19 co-administration were generally mild and occurred with similar frequency to events following COVID-19 vaccine alone. We found no evidence to justify routine separation of SIV and COVID-19 vaccine doses. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12621001063808.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Ramsay
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - M Jones
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - A M Vande More
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - S L Hunt
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - P C M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - M Messer
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - N Wood
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - K Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - F J Lee
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - W J Britton
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - T L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - I D Caterson
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia; The Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McLeod C, Ramsay J, Flanagan KL, Plebanski M, Marshall H, Dymock M, Marsh J, Estcourt MJ, Wadia U, Williams PCM, Tjiam MC, Blyth C, Subbarao K, Nicholson S, Faust S, Thornton RB, Mckenzie A, Snelling TL, Richmond P. Core protocol for the adaptive Platform Trial In COVID-19 Vaccine priming and BOOsting (PICOBOO). Trials 2023; 24:202. [PMID: 36934272 PMCID: PMC10024280 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in different age groups and populations is a subject of great uncertainty and an ongoing global debate. Critical knowledge gaps regarding COVID-19 vaccination include the duration of protection offered by different priming and booster vaccination regimens in different populations, including homologous or heterologous schedules; how vaccination impacts key elements of the immune system; how this is modified by prior or subsequent exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and future variants; and how immune responses correlate with protection against infection and disease, including antibodies and effector and T cell central memory. METHODS The Platform Trial In COVID-19 priming and BOOsting (PICOBOO) is a multi-site, multi-arm, Bayesian, adaptive, randomised controlled platform trial. PICOBOO will expeditiously generate and translate high-quality evidence of the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and cross-protection of different COVID-19 priming and booster vaccination strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants/subvariants, specific to the Australian context. While the platform is designed to be vaccine agnostic, participants will be randomised to one of three vaccines at trial commencement, including Pfizer's Comirnaty, Moderna's Spikevax or Novavax's Nuvaxovid COVID-19 vaccine. The protocol structure specifying PICOBOO is modular and hierarchical. Here, we describe the Core Protocol, which outlines the trial processes applicable to all study participants included in the platform trial. DISCUSSION PICOBOO is the first adaptive platform trial evaluating different COVID-19 priming and booster vaccination strategies in Australia, and one of the few established internationally, that is designed to generate high-quality evidence to inform immunisation practice and policy. The modular, hierarchical protocol structure is intended to standardise outcomes, endpoints, data collection and other study processes for nested substudies included in the trial platform and to minimise duplication. It is anticipated that this flexible trial structure will enable investigators to respond with agility to new research questions as they arise, such as the utility of new vaccines (such as bivalent, or SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific vaccines) as they become available for use. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622000238774. Registered on 10 February 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C McLeod
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia.
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.
| | - J Ramsay
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - K L Flanagan
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H Marshall
- Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Dymock
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - J Marsh
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - M J Estcourt
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - U Wadia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - P C M Williams
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
- School of Women and Children's Health, UNSW, Kensington, Australia
| | - M C Tjiam
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - K Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research On Influenza, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Nicholson
- Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Faust
- Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - A Mckenzie
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - T L Snelling
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - P Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- General Paediatrics and Immunology Departments, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Clinicians and other decision makers in healthcare use results from clinical trials to inform practice. Interpretation of clinical trial results can be challenging, as weaknesses in trial design, data collection, analysis or reporting, can compromise the usefulness of results. A good working knowledge of clinical trial design is essential to expertly interpret and determine the validity and generalizability of the results. This manuscript will give a brief overview of clinical trial design including the strengths and limitations of various approaches. The focus will be on confirmatory clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schultz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia Medical School, Crawley, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines & Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
| | - B R Saville
- Berry Consultants, Austin, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J A Marsh
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines & Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; School of Population & Global Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - T L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines & Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gidding HF, McCallum L, Fathima P, Moore HC, Snelling TL, Blyth CC, Jayasinghe S, Giele C, de Klerk N, Andrews RM, McIntyre PB. Effectiveness of a 3 + 0 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule against invasive pneumococcal disease among a birth cohort of 1.4 million children in Australia. Vaccine 2018; 36:2650-2656. [PMID: 29627233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies use indirect cohort or case-control methods to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13) against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Neither method can measure the benefit vaccination programs afford the unvaccinated and many studies were unable to estimate dose-specific VE. We linked Australia's national immunisation register with health data from two states to calculate IPD incidence by vaccination status and VE for a 3 + 0 PCV schedule (doses at 2, 4, 6 months, no booster) among a cohort of 1.4 million births. METHODS Births records for 2001-2012 were probabilistically linked to IPD notifications, hospitalisations, deaths, and vaccination history (available until December 2013). IPD rates in vaccinated and unvaccinated children <2 years old were compared using Cox proportional hazards models (adjusting for potential confounders), with VE = (1 - adjusted hazard ratio) × 100. Separate models were performed for all-cause, PCV7, PCV13 and PCV13-non-PCV7 serotype-specific IPD, and for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. RESULTS Following introduction of universal PCV7 in 2005, rates of PCV7 serotype and all-cause IPD in unvaccinated children declined 89.5% and 61.4%, respectively, to be similar to rates in vaccinated children. Among non-Aboriginal children, VEs for 3 doses were 94.2% (95%CI: 81.9-98.1) for PCV7 serotype-specific IPD, 85.6% (95%CI: 60.5-94.8) for PCV13-non-PCV7 serotype-specific IPD and 80.1% (95%CI: 59.4-90.3) for all-cause IPD. There were no statistically significant differences between the VEs for 3 doses and for 1 or 2 doses against PCV13 and PCV13-non-PCV7 serotype-specific IPD, or between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. CONCLUSION Our population-based cohort study demonstrates that >90% coverage in the first year of a universal 3 + 0 PCV program provided high population-level protection, predominantly attributable to strong herd effects. The size of the cohort enabled calculation of robust dose-specific VE estimates for important population sub-groups relevant to vaccination policies internationally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Gidding
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - L McCallum
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - P Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - H C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - T L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - C C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - S Jayasinghe
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Giele
- Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Department of Health Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - N de Klerk
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - R M Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - P B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gidding HF, McCallum L, Fathima P, Snelling TL, Liu B, de Klerk N, Blyth CC, Sheppeard V, Andrews RM, Jorm L, McIntyre PB, Moore HC. Probabilistic linkage of national immunisation and state-based health records for a cohort of 1.9 million births to evaluate Australia's childhood immunisation program. Int J Popul Data Sci 2017; 2:406. [PMID: 32934996 PMCID: PMC7299480 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v2i1.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several countries have developed national immunisation registers, but only the Nordic countries have linked their registers to other health data in order to comprehensively evaluate the `real world' effectiveness of vaccines. Nordic countries can link datasets deterministically using the national person identifier, but most countries, including Australia, don't have such an identifier to enable this type of linkage. Objectives To describe the process for assembling a linked study cohort that will enable the conduct of population-based studies related to immunisation and immunisation policy. Methods National death and immunisation databases along with state health data (notifications of vaccine preventable diseases, perinatal data, hospital admissions and emergency department presentations) up until December 2013 were probabilistically linked (using demographic details) for children born between 1996 and 2012 in two states: Western Australia and New South Wales (42% of Australia's population, combined). Results After exclusions there were 1.95 million children in the study cohort (live born children with both a birth and perinatal record which represents 97.5% of all live births in the state perinatal data collections - our source population) and 18.0 million person years of follow up (mean: 9.2 years per child). The characteristics of children in the cohort were generally similar to those only included in state perinatal databases and outcome measures were in keeping with expected figures from unlinked data sources. However, the lack of a dynamic national population register meant immigrants could not be included. Conclusions We have been able to develop a similarly comprehensive system to the Nordic countries based on probabilistic linkage methods. Our experience should provide encouragement to other countries with national immunisation registers looking to establish similar systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Gidding
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - L McCallum
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Fathima
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - T L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - B Liu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N de Klerk
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - V Sheppeard
- Communicable Diseases, Health Protection NSW, NSW Ministry of Health, NSW, Australia
| | - R M Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - L Jorm
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - H C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McLeod C, Morris PS, Snelling TL, Carapetis JR, Bowen AC. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in the Northern Territory, Australia 2007-2012. Rural Remote Health 2014; 14:2759. [PMID: 24924831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Australian Indigenous children suffer a high burden of diarrhoeal disease. Nitazoxanide is an antimicrobial that has been shown to be effective against a broad range of enteropathogens. To date, its use has not been reported in the tropical Top End (northernmost part) of the Northern Territory, Australia. The objective was to describe the use of nitazoxanide at the Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, and to assess any association with the time to resolution of diarrhoea. METHODS Eligible children (≤13 years) were identified from dispensary records as having been prescribed nitazoxanide during the audit period, 1 July 2007 to 31 March 2012. Patient demographics, symptoms, diarrheal aetiology, treatment details and clinical outcomes were obtained by chart review. RESULTS Twenty-eight children were treated with nitazoxanide, mostly for Cryptosporidium infection associated with prolonged diarrhoea. Dehydration was evident in 27 (96%) children on admission, and 11 (41%) were underweight. Diarrhoeal duration prior to treatment was 11.5 days (6.5 days pre- and 5 days post-admission). For children ≥12 months, nitazoxanide was prescribed according to guidelines stipulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resolution of diarrhoea occurred a median of 2.4 days (IQR: 1.4-7.3) after starting treatment. An increase in weight for length at discharge was found for all children. CONCLUSIONS Prompt resolution of diarrhoea without adverse outcomes suggests nitazoxanide may be an effective treatment for Cryptosporidium infection in this setting. Its role in the treatment of other causes of infectious diarrhoea needs further investigation. Randomised trials will further direct its use and determine optimal dosing regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C McLeod
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia .
| | - P S Morris
- Menzies School of Health Research, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia .
| | - T L Snelling
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - J R Carapetis
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - A C Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia .
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Donato CM, Cannan D, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Snelling TL, Kirkwood CD. Characterisation of a G9P[8] rotavirus strain identified during a gastroenteritis outbreak in Alice Springs, Australia post Rotarix™ vaccine introduction. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 1:A152-8. [PMID: 22520125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large rotavirus gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in the Alice Springs region of the Northern Territory, Australia from the 12th of March until the 11th of July 2007. The outbreak occurred five months after the introduction of the Rotarix™ vaccine. Electropherotype and sequence analysis demonstrated that a single G9P[8] strain was responsible for the outbreak and that the strain remained highly conserved during the outbreak period. The outbreak strain contained amino acid changes in regions of the VP7 and NSP4 genes, with known biological function, when compared to previously characterised G9P[8] strains from Australia and other international locations. The recent vaccine introduction was unlikely to have influenced genotype selection in this setting. Importantly, Rotarix™ vaccine was highly effective against the G9P[8] outbreak strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Donato
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Snelling TL, Andrews RM, Kirkwood CD, Culvenor S, Carapetis JR. Case-Control Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the G1P[8] Human Rotavirus Vaccine during an Outbreak of Rotavirus G2P[4] Infection in Central Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 52:191-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
9
|
Cox MR, Padbury RT, Snelling TL, Schloithe AC, Harvey JR, Toouli J, Saccone GT. Gastrin-releasing peptide stimulates gallbladder motility but not sphincter of Oddi motility in Australian brush-tailed possum. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43:1275-84. [PMID: 9635618 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018864025835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neural distribution and action of gastrin-releasing peptide in the extrahepatic biliary tree of the Australian brush-tailed possum was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining of fixed specimens demonstrated gastrin-releasing peptide-containing nerves throughout the neural plexuses of the gallbladder, sphincter of Oddi, and mucosa of the common bile duct. Gastrin-releasing peptide (5-2000 ng/kg) increased gallbladder tone to a level equivalent to that produced by cholecystokinin octapeptide (160 ng/kg). This action was tetrodotoxin-insensitive. Sphincter of Oddi motility and transsphincteric flow were not altered. Possible mediation of the gallbladder response by gastrin was examined. Gastrin (50-2500 ng/kg) stimulated gastric acid secretion, elevated gallbladder motility to 64% of that produced by gastrin-releasing peptide, and did not alter sphincter of Oddi motility. In conclusion, gastrin-releasing peptide-containing nerves are found in the neural plexus of the possum extrahepatic biliary tree. Gastrin-releasing peptide induces gallbladder contraction in part by a direct action on gallbladder smooth muscle and also via release of gastrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Cox
- Department of Surgery, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|