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Miao R, Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhou H, Sun X, Csizmadia E, He L, Zhao Y, Jiang C, Miksad RA, Ghaziani T, Robson SC, Zhao H. Utility of the dual-specificity protein kinase TTK as a therapeutic target for intrahepatic spread of liver cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33121. [PMID: 27618777 PMCID: PMC5020615 DOI: 10.1038/srep33121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies for primary liver cancer, the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, remain limited. Following multi-omics analysis (including whole genome and transcriptome sequencing), we were able to identify the dual-specific protein kinase TTK as a putative new prognostic biomarker for liver cancer. Herein, we show that levels of TTK protein are significantly elevated in neoplastic tissues from a cohort of liver cancer patients, when compared with adjacent hepatic tissues. We also tested the utility of TTK targeted inhibition and have demonstrated therapeutic potential in an experimental model of liver cancer in vivo. Following lentiviral shRNA knockdown in several human liver cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that TTK boosts cell growth and promotes cell spreading; as well as protects against senescence and decreases autophagy. In an experimental animal model, we show that in vitro knockdown of TTK effectively blocks intrahepatic growth of human HCC xenografts. Furthermore, we note that, in vivo silencing of TTK, by systemically delivering TTK siRNAs to already tumor-bearing liver, limits intrahepatic spread of liver cancer cells. This intervention is associated with decreased tumor aggressiveness, as well as increased senescence and autophagy. Taken together, our data suggest that targeted TTK inhibition might have clinical utility as an adjunct therapy in management of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Miao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haohai Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huandi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lian He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Computing Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rebecca A Miksad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tahereh Ghaziani
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Jiang ZG, Feldbrügge L, Tapper EB, Popov Y, Ghaziani T, Afdhal N, Robson SC, Mukamal KJ. Letter: would aspirin alleviate fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease? Authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:209-10. [PMID: 27296690 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z G Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - L Feldbrügge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E B Tapper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Ghaziani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sima H, Hekmatdoost A, Ghaziani T, Alavian SM, Mashayekh A, Zali MR. The prevalence of celiac autoantibodies in hepatitis patients. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 9:157-62. [PMID: 20952805 DOI: 09.03/ijaai.157162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease has been associated with other autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hepatitis, moreover it is known that T cell mediated immune response to dietary gluten and released cytokines are important for the entheropathy seen in celiac disease. We investigated celiac autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Sera from 84 patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) type 1 and 88 patients with Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) were tested for Immunoglobulin A and G antibodies to Gliadin, Immunoglobulin A antibodies to tissue transglutaminase using enzyme immunoassay, and Immunoglobulin A anti-endomysial antibodies by both indirect immunofluorescence, and enzyme immunoassay. The patients positive for anti-endomysial antibodies and/or anti tissue transglutaminase antibodies were considered for deuodenal biopsy. The study was approved by Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Ethics Committee and all patients gave their written informed consent to participate.Immunoglobulin A anti-endomysial and Immunoglobulin A anti-gliadin antibodies were positive in two out of 84 patients with AIH. Moreover, Immunoglobulin A anti-gliadin antibodies were positive in another patient who was also positive for anti tissue transglutaminase antibodies. Tissue transglutaminase antibodies were positive in eight (9.1%) of 88 patients with CHB, two of which were also positive for anti-endomysial antibodies. One of the patients with CHB was only positive for anti-endomysial antibodies.Compared with the general population, the prevalence of celiac autoantibodies in CHB and AIH patients is relatively high, and it is noteworthy that most positive patients were asymptomatic for celiac disease. We suggest screening for celiac disease before and during treatment in patients with viral and autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Sima
- Research Institute for Gasteroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jiang ZG, Feldbrügge L, Tapper EB, Popov Y, Ghaziani T, Afdhal N, Robson SC, Mukamal KJ. Aspirin use is associated with lower indices of liver fibrosis among adults in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43:734-43. [PMID: 26749582 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent animal studies have shown that platelets directly activate hepatic stellate cells to promote liver fibrosis, whereas anti-platelet agents decrease liver fibrosis. It is unknown whether platelet inhibition by aspirin prevents liver fibrosis in humans. AIM To examine the association between aspirin use and liver fibrosis among adults with suspected chronic liver disease. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. We identified 1856 individuals with suspected chronic liver disease (CLD). The degree of liver fibrosis was determined using four validated fibrosis indices and a composite index. RESULTS The use of aspirin was associated with a significantly lower composite liver fibrosis index calculated from FIB4, APRI, Forns and NFS [0.24 standard deviation (s.d.) units lower; 95% CI -0.42 to -0.06, P = 0.009]. The association of aspirin with lower fibrosis scores was significantly larger among those with suspected CLD compared to those without (-0.23 vs. -0.03 s.d. units; P interaction = 0.05). The negative association between aspirin use and lower fibrosis index was consistent across all four fibrosis indices (P = 0.002-0.08) in individuals with chronic viral hepatitis, suspected alcoholic liver disease and NASH. In comparison, no negative associations with liver fibrosis were seen with ibuprofen in parallel analyses. CONCLUSIONS The use of aspirin was associated with significantly lower indices of liver fibrosis among US adults with suspected chronic liver diseases. Aspirin and other anti-platelet drugs warrant further investigation for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Feldbrügge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E B Tapper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Ghaziani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ghaziani T, Sendi H, Shahraz S, Zamor P, Bonkovsky HL. Hepatitis B and liver transplantation: molecular and clinical features that influence recurrence and outcome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14142-55. [PMID: 25339803 PMCID: PMC4202345 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that about 350 million people throughout the world are chronically infected with HBV. Some of these people will develop hepatic cirrhosis with decompensation and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. For such patients, liver transplantation may be the only hope for cure or real improvement in quality and quantity of life. Formerly, due to rapidity of recurrence of HBV infection after liver transplantation, usually rapidly progressive, liver transplantation was considered to be contraindicated. This changed dramatically following the demonstration that hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), could prevent recurrent HBV infection. HBIG has been the standard of care for the past two decades or so. Recently, with the advent of highly active inhibitors of the ribose nucleic acid polymerase of HBV (entecavir, tenofovir), there has been growing evidence that HBIG needs to be given for shorter lengths of time; indeed, it may no longer be necessary at all. In this review, we describe genetic variants of HBV and past, present, and future prophylaxis of HBV infection during and after liver transplantation. We have reviewed the extant medical literature on the subject of infection with the HBV, placing particular emphasis upon the prevention and treatment of recurrent HBV during and after liver transplantation. For the review, we searched PubMed for all papers on the subject of "hepatitis B virus AND liver transplantation". We describe some of the more clinically relevant and important genetic variations in the HBV. We also describe current practices at our medical centers, provide a summary and analysis of comparative costs for alternative strategies for prevention of recurrent HBV, and pose important still unanswered questions that are in need of answers during the next decade or two. We conclude that it is now rational and cost-effective to decrease and, perhaps, cease altogether, the routine use of HBIG during and following liver transplantation for HBV infection. Here we propose an individualized prophylaxis regimen, based on an integrated approach and risk-assessment.
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Ghaziani T, Alavian SM, Zali MR, Shahraz S, Agah M, Jensen KP, Ansari S, Sendi H, Lambrecht RW, Covault J, Bonkovsky HL. Serum measures of iron status and HFE gene mutations in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:172-8. [PMID: 17362299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM We tested associations between HFE mutations and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We also explored measures of total body iron status and their association with chronic HBV infection. METHODS Serum measures of iron status and HFE mutations (C282Y, H63D, and S65C) were assessed in 344 Iranian patients with chronic HBV infection (214 asymptomatic carriers, 130 patients with chronic progressive liver disease [CPLD]) and 302 controls. RESULTS Frequencies of HFE mutations did not differ between patients with chronic HBV infection and controls (C282Y: P=0.9, H63D: P= 0.8, S65C: P=0.9). By logistic regression, advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with HFE H63D mutation (OR=13.1, P=0.006; 95% CI=2.0-84.1). Higher levels of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation were observed in patients with CPLD than in healthy controls (P=0.0001 and 0.01, respectively, adjusted for age and sex). None of the serum iron measures was related to liver fibrosis stage or necroinflammatory grade. CONCLUSION Serum iron measures are associated with chronic progressive hepatitis B. Carriage of HFE mutations is not associated with the presence of chronic HBV infection or values of serum iron measures in this population, although HFE H63D is associated with more advanced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ghaziani
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
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Ghaziani T, Shan Y, Lambrecht RW, Donohue SE, Pietschmann T, Bartenschlager R, Bonkovsky HL. HCV proteins increase expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and decrease expression of Bach1 in human hepatoma cells. J Hepatol 2006; 45:5-12. [PMID: 16530877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis C infection induces hepatic oxidative stress. Heme oxygenase (HO), the rate-controlling enzyme of heme catabolism, plays a key role as a protector against oxidative, and other stresses. Other recent work has implicated Bach1, a heme binding protein that represses gene expression, in the regulation of HO-1 gene expression. METHODS We investigated the effects of HCV polyprotein expression on expression of HO-1 and Bach1 genes in human hepatoma cells (Huh-7 cells). RESULTS HO-1 was up-regulated in the cell line expressing HCV proteins from core up to the aminoterminal domain of NS3. Addition of increasing concentrations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) led to down-regulation of HO-1 in cells expressing HCV proteins. In contrast, Bach1 was significantly down-regulated in these cells. Sodium arsenite, a strong inducer of oxidative stress and HO-1, reduced Bach1 expression in wild type Huh-7 cells, and NAC partially abrogated this decrease. CONCLUSIONS Huh-7 cells expressing HCV proteins show significant up-regulation of the HO-1 gene, and reciprocal down-regulation of the Bach1 gene. Exogenous oxidative stressors and anti-oxidants can modulate expression of these genes. These and other results suggest a key role of down-regulation of Bach1 and up-regulation of HO-1 in diminishing cytotoxic effects of HCV proteins in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ghaziani
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1111, USA
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Sendi H, Ghaziani T, Zali MR, Adibi P, Agah M, Jazayeri M, Shahraz S, Magnius L, Bonkovsky HL. Hemochromatosis Mutations in Iranians with Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:e19-21. [PMID: 15668853 DOI: 10.1086/426143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the frequencies of the common hemochromatosis gene mutations were assessed in 75 Iranian subjects with chronic hepatitis B infection. We found that the major C282Y mutation was significantly more frequent in subjects infected with hepatitis B virus (4%) than in 194 control subjects (0%, P=.02; Fisher's exact test).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sendi
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hekmatdoost A, Ghaziani T, Esteghamathanzaie F, Alavian S, Mohaghegh H, Zali M. Transfusion transmitted virus and autoimmune hepatitis. Is there any association? Saudi Med J 2004; 25:1760-1. [PMID: 15573174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azita Hekmatdoost
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Shan Y, Lambrecht RW, Ghaziani T, Donohue SE, Bonkovsky HL. Role of Bach-1 in regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in human liver cells: insights from studies with small interfering RNAS. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51769-74. [PMID: 15465821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409463200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 is an antioxidant defense enzyme that converts heme to biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Bach-1 is a bZip protein that forms heterodimers with small Maf proteins and was reported recently to down-regulate the HO-1 gene in mice. Using small interfering RNAs targeted to human Bach-1 mRNA, we investigated whether modulation of human hepatic Bach-1 expression by small interfering (si)RNA technology influences heme oxygenase-1 gene expression. We found that Bach-1 siRNAs transfected into Huh-7 cells significantly reduced Bach-1 mRNA and protein levels approximately 80%, compared with non siRNA-treated cells. In contrast, transfection with the same amounts of nonspecific control duplexes or LaminB2-duplex did not reduce Bach-1 mRNA or protein levels, confirming the specificity of Bach-1 siRNA. Expression of the heme oxygenase-1 gene in Bach-1 siRNA-transfected cells was up-regulated 7-fold, compared with cells without Bach-1 siRNA. The effect of increasing concentrations of heme to up-regulate levels of heme oxygenase-1 was more pronounced when Bach-1 siRNA was present. Taken together, these results indicated that Bach-1 has a specific and selective ability to repress expression of human hepatic heme oxygenase-1. Silencing of Bach-1 by siRNAs is a useful method for up-regulating HO-1 gene expression. Exogenous heme produces additional up-regulation, beyond that produced by Bach-1 siRNAs, suggesting that heme does not act solely through its effects on Bach-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shan
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, the General Clinical Research Center of the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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Zali MR, Ghaziani T, Shahraz S, Hekmatdoost A, Radmehr A. Liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney involvement by human fascioliasis: imaging findings. BMC Gastroenterol 2004; 4:15. [PMID: 15294025 PMCID: PMC517498 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica primarily involves the liver, however in some exceptional situations other organs have been reported to be involved. The ectopic involvement is either a result of Parasite migration or perhaps eosinophilic reaction. Case presentation Here we report a known case of multiple myeloma who was under treatment with prednisolone and melphalan. He was infected by Fasciola hepatica, which involved many organs and the lesions were mistaken with metastatic ones. Discussion Presented here is a very unusual case of the disease, likely the first case involving the pancreas, spleen, and kidney, as well as the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zali
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19857, 7th floor, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghaziani
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19857, 7th floor, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Ave, Tehran, Iran
- Address for correspondence Unit No 14, third floor, NO 8, Hakami closed, Motahari street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahraz
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19857, 7th floor, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19857, 7th floor, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Radmehr
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, Tehran-Iran
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