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Terai H, Ishii M, Takemura R, Namkoong H, Shimamoto K, Masaki K, Tanosaki T, Chubachi S, Matsuyama E, Hayashi R, Shimada T, Shigematsu L, Ito F, Kaji M, Takaoka H, Kurihara M, Nakagawara K, Tomiyasu S, Sasahara K, Saito A, Otake S, Azekawa S, Okada M, Fukushima T, Morita A, Tanaka H, Sunata K, Asaoka M, Nishie M, Shinozaki T, Ebisudani T, Akiyama Y, Mitsuishi A, Nakayama S, Ogawa T, Sakurai K, Irie M, Yagi K, Ohgino K, Miyata J, Kabata H, Ikemura S, Kamata H, Yasuda H, Kawada I, Kimura R, Kondo M, Iwasaki T, Ishida N, Hiruma G, Miyazaki N, Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Fujita T, Ito D, Bun S, Tabuchi H, Kanzaki S, Shimizu E, Fukuda K, Yamagami J, Kobayashi K, Hirano T, Inoue T, Haraguchi M, Kagyo J, Shiomi T, Lee H, Sugihara K, Omori N, Sayama K, Otsuka K, Miyao N, Odani T, Watase M, Mochimaru T, Satomi R, Oyamada Y, Masuzawa K, Asakura T, Nakayama S, Suzuki Y, Baba R, Okamori S, Arai D, Nakachi I, Kuwahara N, Fujiwara A, Oakada T, Ishiguro T, Isosno T, Makino Y, Mashimo S, Kaido T, Minematsu N, Ueda S, Minami K, Hagiwara R, Manabe T, Fukui T, Funatsu Y, Koh H, Yoshiyama T, Kokuto H, Kusumoto T, Oashi A, Miyawaki M, Saito F, Tani T, Ishioka K, Takahashi S, Nakamura M, Harada N, Sasano H, Goto A, Kusaka Y, Ohba T, Nakano Y, Nishio K, Nakajima Y, Suzuki S, Yoshida S, Tateno H, Kodama N, Shunsuke M, Sakamoto S, Okamoto M, Nagasaki Y, Umeda A, Miyagawa K, Shimada H, Hagimura K, Nagashima K, Sato T, Sato Y, Hasegawa N, Takebayashi T, Nakahara J, Mimura M, Ogawa K, Shimmura S, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Amagai M, Goto R, Ibuka Y, Kitagawa Y, Kanai T, Fukunaga K. Comprehensive analysis of long COVID in a Japanese nationwide prospective cohort study. Respir Investig 2023; 61:802-814. [PMID: 37783167 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly since 2019, and the number of reports regarding long COVID has increased. Although the distribution of long COVID depends on patient characteristics, epidemiological data on Japanese patients are limited. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of long COVID in Japanese patients. This study is the first nationwide Japanese prospective cohort study on long COVID. METHODS This multicenter, prospective cohort study enrolled hospitalized COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years at 26 Japanese medical institutions. In total, 1200 patients were enrolled. Clinical information and patient-reported outcomes were collected from medical records, paper questionnaires, and smartphone applications. RESULTS We collected data from 1066 cases with both medical records and patient-reported outcomes. The proportion of patients with at least one symptom decreased chronologically from 93.9% (947/1009) during hospitalization to 46.3% (433/935), 40.5% (350/865), and 33.0% (239/724) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Patients with at least one long COVID symptom showed lower quality of life and scored higher on assessments for depression, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19. Female sex, middle age (41-64 years), oxygen requirement, and critical condition during hospitalization were risk factors for long COVID. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidated the symptom distribution and risks of long COVID in the Japanese population. This study provides reference data for future studies of long COVID in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Furocho, Chikusa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Takemura
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimamoto
- Keio Global Research Institute, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Katsunori Masaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takae Tanosaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Emiko Matsuyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Reina Hayashi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Lisa Shigematsu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Fumimaro Ito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masanori Kaji
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hatsuyo Takaoka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Momoko Kurihara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Saki Tomiyasu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sasahara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shiro Otake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shuhei Azekawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukushima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsuho Morita
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanaka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keeya Sunata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Asaoka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taro Shinozaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ebisudani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuto Akiyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mitsuishi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takunori Ogawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Misato Irie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohgino
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kabata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kimura
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiki Iwasaki
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ishida
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Gaku Hiruma
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyazaki
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishibashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sei Harada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Fujita
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Physiology/Memory Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shogyoku Bun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hajime Tabuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eisuke Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fukuda
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Yamagami
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keigo Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hirano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan
| | - Mizuha Haraguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan
| | - Junko Kagyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiomi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Kai Sugihara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Nao Omori
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Koichi Sayama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Kengo Otsuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1 Kokandori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0852, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1 Kokandori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0852, Japan
| | - Toshio Odani
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, 7-1-1 Yamanote 5 Jo, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Mayuko Watase
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Takao Mochimaru
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satomi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oyamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Rie Baba
- Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamori
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Daisuke Arai
- Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakachi
- Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Naota Kuwahara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan
| | - Takenori Oakada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishiguro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0197, Japan
| | - Taisuke Isosno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0197, Japan
| | - Yasushi Makino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan
| | - Shuko Mashimo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaido
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan
| | - Naoto Minematsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hino Municipal Hospital, 4-3-1, Tamadaira, Hino-city, Tokyo, 191-0062, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ueda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Minami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Rie Hagiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukui
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Yohei Funatsu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Koh
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshiyama
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kokuto
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kusumoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Ayano Oashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Miyawaki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Fumitake Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Tani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Kota Ishioka
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Saeko Takahashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Morio Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yu Kusaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ome Municipal General Hospital, 4-16-5, Higashiome, Ome, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ohba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ome Municipal General Hospital, 4-16-5, Higashiome, Ome, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Kazumi Nishio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakajima
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Shoji Suzuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yoshida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tateno
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kodama
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, 4-5 Sugukita, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-0864, Japan
| | - Maeda Shunsuke
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, 4-5 Sugukita, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-0864, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan; Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagasaki
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Akira Umeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hisato Shimada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hagimura
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rei Goto
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8526, Japan
| | - Yoko Ibuka
- Faculty of Economics, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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