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Kamata H, Takamatsu K, Fukunaga K, Chubachi S, Nakagawara K, Namkoong H, Terai H, Tanaka K, Sato S, Hagiwara E, Takei R, Kondoh Y, Takazono T, Hashimoto M, Tasaka S, Ohrui T, Tanino Y, Mineshita M, Komase Y, Miyazaki K, Nishikawa M, Ando A, Kita H, Ichihara E, Ohshimo S, Murata Y, Ishida M, Kobayashi S, Uchida T, Tateno H, Ikari J, Terashima T, Kozu Y, Tateishi T, Shinkai M, Sagara H, To Y, Ito Y, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Kita T, Ito Y, Tomii K, Fujita Y, Funaki Y, Yatera K, Yamasue M, Komiya K, Kozawa S, Manabe H, Hozumi H, Horiguchi T, Kitajima T, Nakano Y, Nagaoka T, Hojo M, Ebihara A, Kobayashi M, Takayama K, Jinta T, Sawai T, Fukuda Y, Kaneko T, Chin K, Ogura T, Mukae H, Ishii M, Yokoyama A. Pulmonary function and chest CT abnormalities 3 months after discharge from COVID-19, 2020-2021: A nation-wide multicenter prospective cohort study from the Japanese respiratory society. Respir Investig 2024; 62:572-579. [PMID: 38669898 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No comprehensive analysis of the pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan based on respiratory function tests and chest computed tomography (CT) has been reported. We evaluated post-COVID-19 conditions, especially focusing on pulmonary sequelae assessed by pulmonary function tests and chest CT. METHODS For this prospective cohort study, we enrolled 1069 patients who presented pneumonia at the time of admission in 55 hospitals from February 2020 to September 2021. Disease severity was classified as moderateⅠ, moderate II, and severe, defined primarily according to the degree of respiratory failure. The data on post-COVID-19 conditions over 12 months, pulmonary function, and chest CT findings at 3 months were evaluated in this study. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 severity on pulmonary sequelae, such as impaired diffusion capacity, restrictive pattern, and CT abnormalities, was also evaluated. RESULTS The most frequently reported post-COVID-19 conditions at 3 months after COVID-19 were muscle weakness, dyspnea, and fatigue (48.4%, 29.0%, and 24.7%, respectively). The frequency of symptoms gradually decreased over subsequent months. In pulmonary function tests at 3 months, the incidence of impaired diffusion capacity and restrictive pattern increased depending on disease severity. There also were differences in the presence of chest CT abnormalities at the 3 months, which was markedly correlated with the severity. CONCLUSION We reported a comprehensive analysis of post-COVID-19 condition, pulmonary function, and chest CT abnormalities in Japanese patients with COVID-19. The findings of this study will serve as valuable reference data for future post-COVID-19 condition research in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tanaka
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Susumu Sato
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoinkawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eri Hagiwara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 6-16-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Reoto Takei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, 160 Nishioiwakecho, Seto, Aichi, 489-8642, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kondoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, 160 Nishioiwakecho, Seto, Aichi, 489-8642, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NTT-East Corporation Sapporo Medical Center, South 1, West 15, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-0061, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohrui
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tanino
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mineshita
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yuko Komase
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashicho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, 1-1 Mitsuzawanishimachi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0855, Japan
| | - Masanori Nishikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujisawa City Hospital, 2-6-1 Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Kita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Takatsuki Red Cross Hospital, 1-1-1 Abuno, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1045, Japan
| | - Eiki Ichihara
- Center for Clinical Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ohshimo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0037, Japan
| | - Yoriyuki Murata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chikamori Hospital, 1-1-6 Okawasuji, Kochi, 780-8522, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, 71 Nishimichishita, Hebita, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, 986-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Irumagun Moroyamamachi, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tateno
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460, Oazamimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Jun Ikari
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0824, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kozu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tateishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shinkai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, 6-3-22 Higashioi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8522, Japan
| | - Hironori Sagara
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | - Yasuo To
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, 852 Hatakeda, Narita, Chiba, 286-0124, Japan
| | - Yoko Ito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Respiratory Disease Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafunecho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Toyama University Hospital, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0152, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kita
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, NHO Kanazawa Medical Center, 1-1 Shimoishibikimachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8650, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Mizuhochokawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Funaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807- 8556, Japan
| | - Mari Yamasue
- Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasamamachiidaigaoka, Yufu, Oita, 879-5503, Japan
| | - Kosaku Komiya
- Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasamamachiidaigaoka, Yufu, Oita, 879-5503, Japan
| | - Satoko Kozawa
- Center for Asbestos-Related Diseases, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, 3211, Kozukuecho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-0036, Japan
| | - Hideaki Manabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, 4-3-1 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5188, Japan
| | - Hironao Hozumi
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3125, Japan
| | - Tomoya Horiguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Kutsukakechodengakugakubo, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kitajima
- Respiratory Disease Center, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, 2-4-20 Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Nagaoka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hojo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Akinori Ebihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital, 1-2-5 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0053, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Takayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, 1-26-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan
| | - Torahiko Jinta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan
| | - Toyomitsu Sawai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, 6-39 Shinchimachi, Nagasaki, 850-0842, Japan
| | - Yuichi Fukuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sasebo City General Hospital, 9-3 Hirasecho, Sasebo, Nagasaki, 857-8511, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuo Chin
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Care, Division of Sleep Medicine, Nihon University of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 6-16-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihito Yokoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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Terai H, Ishii M, Takemura R, Namkoong H, Shimamoto K, Masaki K, Tanosaki T, Chubachi S, Matsuyama E, Hayashi R, Shimada T, Shigematsu L, Ito F, Kaji M, Takaoka H, Kurihara M, Nakagawara K, Tomiyasu S, Sasahara K, Saito A, Otake S, Azekawa S, Okada M, Fukushima T, Morita A, Tanaka H, Sunata K, Asaoka M, Nishie M, Shinozaki T, Ebisudani T, Akiyama Y, Mitsuishi A, Nakayama S, Ogawa T, Sakurai K, Irie M, Yagi K, Ohgino K, Miyata J, Kabata H, Ikemura S, Kamata H, Yasuda H, Kawada I, Kimura R, Kondo M, Iwasaki T, Ishida N, Hiruma G, Miyazaki N, Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Fujita T, Ito D, Bun S, Tabuchi H, Kanzaki S, Shimizu E, Fukuda K, Yamagami J, Kobayashi K, Hirano T, Inoue T, Haraguchi M, Kagyo J, Shiomi T, Lee H, Sugihara K, Omori N, Sayama K, Otsuka K, Miyao N, Odani T, Watase M, Mochimaru T, Satomi R, Oyamada Y, Masuzawa K, Asakura T, Nakayama S, Suzuki Y, Baba R, Okamori S, Arai D, Nakachi I, Kuwahara N, Fujiwara A, Oakada T, Ishiguro T, Isosno T, Makino Y, Mashimo S, Kaido T, Minematsu N, Ueda S, Minami K, Hagiwara R, Manabe T, Fukui T, Funatsu Y, Koh H, Yoshiyama T, Kokuto H, Kusumoto T, Oashi A, Miyawaki M, Saito F, Tani T, Ishioka K, Takahashi S, Nakamura M, Harada N, Sasano H, Goto A, Kusaka Y, Ohba T, Nakano Y, Nishio K, Nakajima Y, Suzuki S, Yoshida S, Tateno H, Kodama N, Shunsuke M, Sakamoto S, Okamoto M, Nagasaki Y, Umeda A, Miyagawa K, Shimada H, Hagimura K, Nagashima K, Sato T, Sato Y, Hasegawa N, Takebayashi T, Nakahara J, Mimura M, Ogawa K, Shimmura S, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Amagai M, Goto R, Ibuka Y, Kitagawa Y, Kanai T, Fukunaga K. Comprehensive analysis of long COVID in a Japanese nationwide prospective cohort study. Respir Investig 2023; 61:802-814. [PMID: 37783167 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly since 2019, and the number of reports regarding long COVID has increased. Although the distribution of long COVID depends on patient characteristics, epidemiological data on Japanese patients are limited. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of long COVID in Japanese patients. This study is the first nationwide Japanese prospective cohort study on long COVID. METHODS This multicenter, prospective cohort study enrolled hospitalized COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years at 26 Japanese medical institutions. In total, 1200 patients were enrolled. Clinical information and patient-reported outcomes were collected from medical records, paper questionnaires, and smartphone applications. RESULTS We collected data from 1066 cases with both medical records and patient-reported outcomes. The proportion of patients with at least one symptom decreased chronologically from 93.9% (947/1009) during hospitalization to 46.3% (433/935), 40.5% (350/865), and 33.0% (239/724) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Patients with at least one long COVID symptom showed lower quality of life and scored higher on assessments for depression, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19. Female sex, middle age (41-64 years), oxygen requirement, and critical condition during hospitalization were risk factors for long COVID. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidated the symptom distribution and risks of long COVID in the Japanese population. This study provides reference data for future studies of long COVID in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Furocho, Chikusa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Takemura
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimamoto
- Keio Global Research Institute, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Katsunori Masaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takae Tanosaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Emiko Matsuyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Reina Hayashi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Lisa Shigematsu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Fumimaro Ito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masanori Kaji
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hatsuyo Takaoka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Momoko Kurihara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Saki Tomiyasu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sasahara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saito
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shiro Otake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shuhei Azekawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukushima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsuho Morita
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanaka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keeya Sunata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Asaoka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taro Shinozaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ebisudani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuto Akiyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mitsuishi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takunori Ogawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Misato Irie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohgino
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kabata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kimura
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiki Iwasaki
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ishida
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Gaku Hiruma
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyazaki
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishibashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sei Harada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Fujita
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Physiology/Memory Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shogyoku Bun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hajime Tabuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eisuke Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fukuda
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Yamagami
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keigo Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hirano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan
| | - Mizuha Haraguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan
| | - Junko Kagyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiomi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Kai Sugihara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Nao Omori
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Koichi Sayama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan
| | - Kengo Otsuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1 Kokandori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0852, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1 Kokandori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0852, Japan
| | - Toshio Odani
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, 7-1-1 Yamanote 5 Jo, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Mayuko Watase
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Takao Mochimaru
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satomi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oyamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Rie Baba
- Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamori
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Daisuke Arai
- Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakachi
- Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Naota Kuwahara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan
| | - Takenori Oakada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishiguro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0197, Japan
| | - Taisuke Isosno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0197, Japan
| | - Yasushi Makino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan
| | - Shuko Mashimo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaido
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan
| | - Naoto Minematsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hino Municipal Hospital, 4-3-1, Tamadaira, Hino-city, Tokyo, 191-0062, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ueda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Minami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Rie Hagiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukui
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Yohei Funatsu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Koh
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshiyama
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kokuto
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kusumoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Ayano Oashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Miyawaki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Fumitake Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Tani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Kota Ishioka
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Saeko Takahashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Morio Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ai Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yu Kusaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ome Municipal General Hospital, 4-16-5, Higashiome, Ome, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ohba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ome Municipal General Hospital, 4-16-5, Higashiome, Ome, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Kazumi Nishio
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakajima
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan
| | - Shoji Suzuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yoshida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tateno
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kodama
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, 4-5 Sugukita, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-0864, Japan
| | - Maeda Shunsuke
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, 4-5 Sugukita, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-0864, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan; Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagasaki
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Akira Umeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hisato Shimada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hagimura
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rei Goto
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8526, Japan
| | - Yoko Ibuka
- Faculty of Economics, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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