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Hines SA, Brandvold J, Mealey RH, Call DR, Graça T. Exposure to ambient air causes degradation and decreased in vitro potency of buparvaquone and parvaquone. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277S:100023. [PMID: 32904749 PMCID: PMC7458381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Buparvaquone and parvaquone are used to treat livestock infected with Theileria spp. Air exposure had a significant impact on the stability of buparvaquone and parvaquone. Parvaquone was more stable than buparvaquone. Drug degradation was related with loss of potency by an in vitro viability assay.
Buparvaquone and parvaquone are hydroxynaphthoquinone compounds commonly used to treat livestock infected with Theileria species such as T. parva and T. annulata. In many (sub)tropical regions, chromatic changes in medicines can result from extreme environmental conditions and improper drug storage or handling, raising the possibility of drug degradation and loss of potency. We evaluated the effects of UV light, elevated temperature, and atmospheric air on the stability and potency of both buparvaquone and parvaquone by using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a T. equi based in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay (to measure potency). Aliquots (1 ml; 3 replicates per treatment) of each compound were subjected to a variety of treatments that varied in duration and intensity followed by HPLC and potency assays. Exposure to ambient air for 50 days was correlated with a significant loss of potency for both buparvaquone (4535%, P < 0.05) and parvaquone (247%, P < 0.05), while elevated temperature (37°C) and UV light exposure (24 h) had no significant impact (P > 0.05). The decrease in potency of both buparvaquone and parvaquone correlated with drug degradation (r = -0.74 and -0.88, respectively) as measured by HPLC. In practice, if there is headspace present in the vial, then ambient air will invariably enter the vial and contribute to degradation of these compounds. Such degradation may contribute to increasing drug resistance, economic losses for farmers, and animal welfare concerns for animals that are treated for Theileria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddra A Hines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Jacob Brandvold
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Robert H Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Telmo Graça
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA.
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Futse JE, Buami G, Kayang BB, Koku R, Palmer GH, Graça T, Noh SM. Sequence and immunologic conservation of Anaplasma marginale OmpA within strains from Ghana as compared to the predominant OmpA variant. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217661. [PMID: 31291256 PMCID: PMC6619652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary challenge in developing effective vaccines against obligate, intracellular, bacterial tick-borne pathogens that establish persistent infection is the identification of antigens that cross protect against multiple strains. In the case of Anaplasma marginale, the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle found worldwide, OmpA is an adhesin and thus a promising vaccine candidate. We sequenced ompA from cattle throughout Ghana naturally infected with A. marginale in order to determine the degree of variation in this gene in an area of suspected high genetic diversity. We compared the Ghanaian sequences with those available from N. America, Mexico, Australia and Puerto Rico. When considering only amino acid changes, three unique Ghanaian OmpA variants were identified. In comparison, strains from all other geographic regions, except one, shared a single OmpA variant, Variant 1, which differed from the Ghanaian variants. Next, using recombinant OmpA based on Variant 1, we determined that amino acid differences in OmpA in Ghanaian cattle as compared to OmpA Variant 1 did not alter the binding capacity of antibody directed against OmpA Variant 1, supporting the value of OmpA as a highly conserved vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Futse
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Grace Buami
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Boniface B. Kayang
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Roberta Koku
- Animal Disease Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Palmer
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Telmo Graça
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Noh
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States of America
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Gallego-Lopez GM, Lau AOT, O'Connor RM, Ueti MW, Cooke BM, Laughery JM, Graça T, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Oldiges DP, Allred DR, Suarez CE. Up-regulated expression of spherical body protein 2 truncated copy 11 in Babesia bovis is associated with reduced cytoadhesion to vascular endothelial cells. Int J Parasitol 2018; 49:127-137. [PMID: 30367864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The factors involved in gain or loss of virulence in Babesia bovis are unknown. Spherical body protein 2 truncated copy 11 (sbp2t11) transcripts in B. bovis were recently reported to be a marker of attenuation for B. bovis strains. Increased cytoadhesion of B. bovis-infected red blood cells (iRBC) to vascular endothelial cells is associated with severe disease outcomes and an indicator of parasite virulence. Here, we created a stable B. bovis transfected line over-expressing sbp2t11 to determine whether up-regulation of sbp2t11 is associated with changes in cytoadhesion. This line was designated sbp2t11up and five B. bovis clonal lines were derived from the sbp2t11up line by limiting dilution for characterisation. We compared the ability of iRBCs from the sbp2t11up line and its five derivative clonal lines to adhere to bovine brain endothelial cells, using an in vitro cytoadhesion assay. The same lines were selected for in vitro cytoadhesion and the levels of sbp2t11 transcripts in each selected line were quantified. Our results demonstrate that up-regulation of sbp2t11 is accompanied by a statistically significant reduction in cytoadhesion. Confirmed up-regulation of sbp2t11 in B. bovis concomitant with the reduction of iRBC in vitro cytoadhesion to bovine brain endothelial cell is consistent with our previous finding that up-regulation of sbp2t11 is an attenuation marker in B. bovis and suggests the involvement of sbp2t11 transcription in B. bovis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Gallego-Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Audrey O T Lau
- The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DEA, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Roberta M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Brian M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob M Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Telmo Graça
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Daiane P Oldiges
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David R Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Carlos E Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
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Dassanayake RP, Orrú CD, Hughson AG, Caughey B, Graça T, Zhuang D, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Knowles DP, Schneider DA. Sensitive and specific detection of classical scrapie prions in the brains of goats by real-time quaking-induced conversion. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:803-812. [PMID: 26653410 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) is a rapid, specific and highly sensitive prion seeding activity detection assay that uses recombinant prion protein (rPrPSen) to detect subinfectious levels of the abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (PrPSc). Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect PrPSc in various tissues from humans and animals, including sheep, tissues from goats infected with classical scrapie have not yet been tested. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to (1) evaluate whether prion seeding activity could be detected in the brain tissues of goats with scrapie using RT-QuIC, (2) optimize reaction conditions to improve scrapie detection in goats, and (3) compare the performance of RT-QuIC for the detection of PrPSc with the more commonly used ELISA and Western blot assays. We further optimized RT-QuIC conditions for sensitive and specific detection of goat scrapie seeding activity in brain tissue from clinical animals. When used with 200 mM sodium chloride, both full-length sheep rPrPSen substrates (PrP genotypes A136R154Q171 and V136R154Q171) provided good discrimination between scrapie-infected and normal goat brain samples at 10(- )3 dilution within 15 h. Our findings indicate that RT-QuIC was at least 10,000-fold more sensitive than ELISA and Western blot assays for the detection of scrapie seeding activity in goat brain samples. In addition to PRNP WT samples, positive RT-QuIC reactions were also observed with three PRNP polymorphic goat brain samples (G/S127, I/M142 and H/R143) tested. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that RT-QuIC sensitively detects prion seeding activity in classical scrapie-infected goat brain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Christina D Orrú
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Telmo Graça
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.,The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, USA
| | - Dongyue Zhuang
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
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