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Olasehinde O, Aderounmu A, Wuraola F, Omisore A, Akinkuolie A, Towoju A, Mohammed T, Mango V, Kingham PT, Adisa A, Alatise O. Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis in a Nigerian Hospital: Trend over a Decade. West Afr J Med 2023; 40:1298-1303. [PMID: 38261017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer outcomes are poor in Nigeria, partly due to late-stage diagnosis. To assess the impact of past and present interventions, a review of an institutional data base was performed to determine the trend with respect to stage at diagnosis over a decade. METHODS A retrospective analysis of an institutional data base was performed over a decade. The review period was divided into segments (2013-2015, 2016-2018 and 2019-2022). The latter period (2019-2022), corresponds to a time of more intense community interventions aimed at promoting early diagnosis and treatment around the locality of the teaching hospital. The stage at diagnosis within these periods were compared. The relationship between stage and sociodemographic variables (age, religion, marital status, menopausal status, and level of education) was assessed. RESULTS There were 910 patients, 144 within the first period (2013-2015), 318 in the second (2016-2018) and 454 in the third period (2019-2022). The majority presented with stage 3 disease (73.8%). There was a significant decline in the proportion of metastatic cases and a concomitant increase in early cases in the latter part of the review. The proportion of metastatic cases reduced from 23.6% (2013-2015), to 15.7% (2016-2018) and 9.3% (2019-2022) (p=0.001). Level of education was significantly associated with stage (p=0.001). CONCLUSION This study shows a trend towards downstaging of breast cancer in our locality. This trend corresponds to the period of more intense community interventions, justifying the need to further interrogate the direct impact of each of the interventions. This will provide a firm basis for sustaining or improving on current efforts to achieve more robust gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Olasehinde
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - A Aderounmu
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - F Wuraola
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - A Omisore
- Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - A Akinkuolie
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - A Towoju
- Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - T Mohammed
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - V Mango
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, U. S. A
| | - P T Kingham
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, U. S. A
| | - A Adisa
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - O Alatise
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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Shamebo T, Gumi B, Zewude A, Gashaw F, Mohammed T, Girma M, Zerihun B, Getu M, Mekasha S, Getahun M, Wondale B, Petros B, Ameni G. Molecular epidemiology and drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in homeless individuals in the Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21370. [PMID: 38049519 PMCID: PMC10695943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although homeless segment of the society could be the hotspots for tuberculosis (TB) transmission, there is little data on TB in homeless individuals in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology and drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolated from homeless individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted on 59 M. tuberculosis isolates, which were recovered by the clinical screening of 5600 homeless individuals and bacteriological examination of 641 individuals with symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Region of difference-9 (RD9) based polymerase-chain reaction (PCR), Spoligotyping and 24-loci Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing were used for genotyping of the isolates. In addition, drug sensitivity test was performed on the isolates using BD Bactec Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition Tube (MGIT) 960. Fifty-eight of the 59 isolates were positive by spoligotyping and spoligotyping International type (SIT) 53, SIT 37, and SIT 149 were the dominant spoligotypes; each consisting of 19%, 15.5%, and10.3% of the isolates, respectively. The majority of the isolates (89.7%) were members of the Euro-American (EA) major lineage. MIRU-VNTR identified Ethiopia_3, Delhi/CAS, Ethiopia_2, TUR, X-type, Ethiopia_H37Rv-like strain, Haarlem and Latin-American Mediterranean (LAM) sub lineages. The proportion of clustering was 77.6% (45/58) in spoligotyping while it was 39.7% (23/58) in 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing. Furthermore, the proportion of clustering was significantly lowered to 10.3% (6/58) when a combination of spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTRplus was used. The recent transmission index (RTI) recorded by spoligotyping, 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing, and a combination of the two genotyping methods were 58.6%, 27.6% and 5.2%, respectively. Young age and living in groups were significantly associated with strain clustering (P < 0.05). The drug sensitivity test (DST) result showed 8.9% (4/58) of the isolates were resistant to one or more first line ant-TB drugs; but multidrug resistant isolate was not detected. Clustering and RTI could suggest the transmission of TB in the homeless individuals, which could suggest a similar pattern of transmission between homeless individuals and the general population. Hence, the TB control program should consider homeless individuals during the implementation of TB control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye Shamebo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Po. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Ethiopian National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ethipian Public Health Institute, PO. Box 1242 or 5654, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Arba Minch University, Araba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Fikru Gashaw
- Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Arba Minch University, Araba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Muse Girma
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Po. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betselot Zerihun
- Ethiopian National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ethipian Public Health Institute, PO. Box 1242 or 5654, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melak Getu
- Ethiopian National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ethipian Public Health Institute, PO. Box 1242 or 5654, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sindew Mekasha
- Ethiopian National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ethipian Public Health Institute, PO. Box 1242 or 5654, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluwork Getahun
- Ethiopian National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ethipian Public Health Institute, PO. Box 1242 or 5654, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Po. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Mohammed T, Mamo G, Zewude A, Sirak A, Gumi B, Ameni G. Prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle based on gross and microscopic lesions in Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:203. [PMID: 37833766 PMCID: PMC10571307 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis mainly affecting domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. Although paratuberculosis could be prevail in Ethiopia, there is a scarcity of epidemiological data on paratuberculosis in the country. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of paratuberculosis based on gross and microscopic lesions in cattle slaughtered at ELFORA Abattoir, central Ethiopia. Small intestines and associated lymph nodes of 400 apparently healthy cattle which were slaughtered at ELFORA export abattoir were examined for gross and microscopic lesions of paratuberculosis. The microscopic lesions were classified into four grades (I-IV) based on the type and number of cells infiltrated into the lesion. The prevalence of paratuberculosis was estimated on the basis of gross as well as microscopic lesion of paratuberculosis. RESULTS The prevalence of paratuberculosis was 11.25% (95% Confidence interval, CI = 0.083-0.148) on the basis of gross lesion. However, relatively lower prevalence (2.0%, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.039) was recorded based on microscopic lesion. The gross lesions were characterized by intestinal thickening, mucosal corrugations and enlargement of associated mesenteric lymph nodes. On the other hand, the microscopic lesions were characterized by granuloma of different grades ranging from grade I to grade III lesions. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated the occurrence of paratuberculosis in cattle of Ethiopia based on the detection of gross and microscopic lesions consistent with the lesion of paratuberculosis. The result of this study could be used as baseline information for future studies on the epidemiology and economic significance of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asegedech Sirak
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Curtis C, Yue Y, Mohammed T, Omari R, Lautenschlaeger T. A Retrospective Review of Cardiac Events Pre-RT and Post-RT in a Lung Cancer Population. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smyth H, Mohammed T, Healy N, Vallely S, Byrne C, Kyne L, Scanaill PÓ. 339 SURGICAL INPATIENT DELIRIUM: AN AUDIT OF THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE 4AT SCORE. Age Ageing 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac218.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Postoperative delirium and perioperative neurocognitive disorder are the commonest postoperative complications in patients over 65 years old. This has implications for brain health with an increased risk of length of stay, a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. Internationally, perioperative teams often fail to routinely screen for delirium. Our aim was to audit the documentation of the 4AT score for surgical inpatients over 65 years old and gain insight into the incidence on surgical wards.
Methods
Using the guideline for Perioperative Care for People Living with Frailty undergoing Elective and Emergency Surgery from the CPOC and BGS as a standard, an audit of surgical inpatients over 65 was carried out on 3 surgical wards over 5 days. Data was collected including 4AT documentation on admission, day 1 and day 3 post operatively, type of surgery & anaesthesia and risk factors for delirium (dementia, polypharmacy, opioids & benzodiazepine use, PD, surgery>2h, stroke, alcohol, >2 medical conditions, multiple ward moves).
Results
36 surgical patients over 65 years of age were included in the audit. The average age was 78 years old (range 65-91). 50% were admitted under the orthopaedic team, 31% under general surgical teams, 11% urology and 8% under other surgical specialties. 33% of patients had a 4AT documented at any stage during their admission and 25% of patients had a baseline 4AT documented preoperatively. The incidence of delirium was 18.7%. Surgical risk factors for delirium were found in 69% of older inpatients.
Conclusion
Delirium screening was underused in our cohort of older surgical patients despite a proportion of patients developing delirium postoperatively. Under recognition of delirium perioperatively is associated with poor outcomes and higher morbidity and mortality. Further interdisciplinary educational sessions are required to increase awareness and screening of delirium in surgical patients >65 years old with the aim to re-audit in 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Smyth
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - T Mohammed
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Healy
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Vallely
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Byrne
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Kyne
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - PÓ Scanaill
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
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Islam MA, Mohammed T, Mamoon TB, Chowdhury NH, Khan SR, Rahman ML. Hemithyroidectomy in the Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Prospective Study of 300 Patients. Mymensingh Med J 2022; 31:1013-1019. [PMID: 36189546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The correct approach to treat low-risk intra thyroidal papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is still controversial. The traditional paradigm of treating all patients with thyroid cancer with total thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine and suppressive thyroid hormone therapy is no longer suitable. Many authors advocate unilateral thyroidectomy to minimize perioperative morbidity. The purpose of this study was to determine an effective treatment strategy for patients with small unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma in a low risk group. This is a prospective study of 300 patients who were diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinoma by preoperative FNAC or postoperative histopathology. The age of the patients' was ranged between 15 to 45 years. The criteria were: tumor ≤4cm, unilateral involvement, cytological non-aggressive subtype, absence of lymph node (LN) involvement and extra thyroidal extension (ETE) on ultrasonography (USG) and absence of clinical distant metastases. Duration of the study period was 30 years from 1989 to 2019. The study was conducted in tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. All patients had undergone hemi thyroidectomy and followed up by a median period of 25 months (range, 6 to 166 months). Following hemithyroidectomy, among 300 patients, 267 patients (89.0%) did not show any recurrence of disease. Thirty three (33) patients (11.0%) came with locoregional recurrence of disease in clinical and USG findings without any distant metastasis. Maximum patients were between the ages 31-40 year followed by 21-30 years. Female was out number male in the ratio. Though further large scale study should require to determine the optimal treatment option for low risk PTC, but this study can lead to a result that hemi thyroidectomy is now-a-days a better surgical option for PTC even up to tumor size of ≤4cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Islam
- Professor Md Ashraful Islam, Professor and Head, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail:
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Almaw G, Mihret A, Abebe T, Ameni G, Gumi B, Olani A, Tamiru M, Koran T, Aliy A, Sombo M, Ayalew S, Yesuf A, Taye H, Wood JLN, Berg S, Aseffa A, Tessema B, Belachew B, Fekadu E, Melese F, Gemechu G, Tschopp R, Haile S, Hailu T, Bekele A, Yirga C, Ambaw M, Mamo T, Solomon T, Teklewold T, Gebre S, Gari G, Sahle M, Sirak A, Mekonnen G, Guta S, Wood J, Conlan A, Clarke A, Moore HL, Hodge C, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier M, Nunez‐Garcia J, Bayissa B, Zewude A, Worku A, Terfassa L, Chanyalew M, Mohammed T, Zeleke Y. Spoligotype analysis of
Mycobacterium bovis
isolates from cattle and assessment of zoonotic
TB
transmission among individuals working in bovine
TB
‐infected dairy farms in Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2022. [PMCID: PMC9544066 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease with impact on dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Understanding the genetic diversity of the disease agent Mycobacterium bovis is important for identifying its routes of transmission. Here we investigated the level of genetic diversity of M. bovis isolates and assessed the zoonotic potential in risk groups of people working in bTB‐infected dairy farms in central Ethiopia. M. bovis was isolated and spoligotyped from tissue lesions collected from slaughtered cattle as well as from raw milk collected from bTB positive cows in dairy farms from six urban areas of central Ethiopia. From consented dairy farm workers, knowledge and practices related to zoonotic TB transmission, together with demographic and clinical information, was collected through interviews. Sputum or Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA) samples were collected from suspected TB cases. Spoligotyping of 55 M. bovis isolates that originated either from cattle tissues with tuberculous lesion or from raw milk revealed seven spoligotype patterns where SB1176 was the most prevalent type (47.3%). Most isolates (89.1%) were of the M. bovis African 2 clonal complex. All sputum and FNA samples from 41 dairy farm workers with symptoms of TB were culture negative for any mycobacteria. Among the 41 TB suspected farm workers, 61% did not know about bTB in cattle and its zoonotic potential, and over two‐third of these workers practiced raw milk consumption. Our spoligotype analysis suggests a wider transmission of a single spoligotype in the study area. The results reported here may be useful in guiding future work to identify the source and direction of bTB transmission and hence design of a control strategy. Isolation of M. bovis from milk, knowledge gap on zoonotic TB and practice of consumption of raw milk in the study population showed potential risk for zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia
| | - Mekdes Tamiru
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia
| | - Tafesse Koran
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia
| | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center Sebeta Ethiopia
| | - Sosina Ayalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Adem Yesuf
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Hawult Taye
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bacteriology Department Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge UK
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Dembelu M, Kote M, Gilano G, Mohammed T. Incidence and predictors of reoccurrence of opportunistic infection among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinic at public health facilities in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261454. [PMID: 34972122 PMCID: PMC8719742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals are prone to opportunistic infections (OIs) due to HIV mediated immune suppression. When opportunistic infections occur in the form of relapse or reinfection, it is said to be reoccurrence. This study was aimed to assess Incidence and predictors of reoccurrence of opportunistic infections among adult people living with HIV (PLHIV) attending ART clinics in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 450 HIV/AIDS patients attending anti-retro viral therapy (ART) clinics in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. Simple random sampling technique was used. Kaplan-Meier graph and log rank test were used for group wise comparison. Bivariate and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model were used to identify independent predictors of reoccurrence of opportunistic infection. RESULT One hundred nineteen HIV/AIDS patient had reoccurrence of opportunistic infection. The incidence rate was 11.5 per 1000 person months. The mean time of reoccurrence was 56 months. One of the most reoccurred OIs was pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Predictors that were associated significantly were recent cell differentiation 4 (CD4) count, recent body mass index (BMI), recent functional status, and duration on anti-retroviral therapy (ART). CONCLUSION Though the incidence rate of OIs decreased from previous findings, attention should be given to HIV patients with low CD4 count, low BMI and for those bedridden patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maycas Dembelu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Kote
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Gilano
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Department of Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Science, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Mmasa KN, Powis K, Sun S, Makhema J, Mmalane M, Kgole S, Masasa G, Moyo S, Gerschenson M, Mohammed T, Legbedze J, Abrams EJ, Kurland IJ, Geffner ME, Jao J. Gestational diabetes in women living with HIV in Botswana: lower rates with dolutegravir- than with efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2021; 22:715-722. [PMID: 34003565 PMCID: PMC8373729 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few data on the prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those using integrase strand transfer inhibitors such as dolutegravir (DTG). METHODS We prospectively enrolled pregnant WLHIV and pregnant women without HIV ≥18 years old in Gaborone, Botswana, excluding those with pre-existing diabetes. We screened for GDM using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at 24-28 weeks' gestation or at the earliest prenatal visit for those presenting after 28 weeks. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between maternal HIV infection and GDM. Subgroup analyses were performed among WLHIV to assess the association between maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy [DTG vs. efavirenz (EFV) with tenofovir/emtricitabine] and GDM. RESULTS Of 486 pregnant women, 66.5% were WLHIV, and they were older than women without HIV (median age 30 vs. 25 years, P < 0.01). Among WLHIV, 97.8% had an HIV-1 RNA level < 400 copies/mL at enrolment. Overall, 8.4% had GDM with similar rates between WLHIV and those without HIV (9.0% vs. 7.4%). The WLHIV receiving DTG-based ART had a 60% lower risk for GDM compared with those on EFV-based ART (adjusted odds ratio = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18-0.92) after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant WLHIV on ART in Botswana were not at increased risk of GDM compared with women without HIV. Among WLHIV, the risk of GDM was lower with DTG- than with EFV-based ART. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Mmasa
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - K Powis
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - S Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - M Mmalane
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - S Kgole
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - G Masasa
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - S Moyo
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - M Gerschenson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - T Mohammed
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - J Legbedze
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E J Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia, Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M E Geffner
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Jao
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mohammad W, Mohammed T, El-Wakeil KA, Hassan MM. Effects of combined treatment of cadmium and oxytetracycline on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio leavis. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e246979. [PMID: 34133578 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of pharmaceutical residues and heavy metals on living organisms has received global attention. The present study assessed the interactive effect of antibiotic residues and heavy metals in soil, as contaminated food with cadmium (Cd) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on the isopod Porcellio leavis. It was fed on fresh plant leaves contaminated with different concentrations of cadmium, Cd+OTC1000 ppm, Cd+OTC2000 ppm and Cd+OTC3000 ppm for 4 weeks. The changes in the feeding patterns, protein, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and total free amino acids (TFAA) were recorded. There were significant differences in the obtained results where Cd reduced the egestion ratio (ER) however, OTC enhanced this ratio. Biochemical analysis illustrated that combination between OTC and Cd inhibits the toxic effects of Cd at low concentration (1000 ppm), while at high concentration (3000 ppm) raise the toxicity. Detailed studies are required for further understanding of the interaction between OTC and heavy metals, and also its impact on soil animals and for improving soil risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mohammad
- New valley University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, New valley, Egypt
| | - T Mohammed
- Assiut University, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut, Egypt
| | - K A El-Wakeil
- Assiut University, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut, Egypt
| | - M M Hassan
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Ain Shams University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Cairo, Egypt
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Sundaram V, Mohammed T, Rampersad S, Williams G. A rare report on 18-month survival of a dog born with multiple anomalies including atresia ani. Morphologie 2020; 105:252-258. [PMID: 33172785 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Long term survival of animals with major congenital anomalies is very rare. This report documents the 18-month survival of a dog with multiple anomalies including atresia ani. An 18-month-old black Cocker Spaniel bitch was presented for evaluation of prolapsed glands of the third eyelid involving both the eyes. Clinical examination revealed a single perineal opening, fecal matter in the vestibule, distended abdomen, hypoplastic vulva, and the absence of a tail without any neurological deficits. Abdominal contrast radiography revealed a distended colon with fecal stasis, rectovestibular fistula, termination of the rectum as a blind pouch, lumbar scoliosis due to block vertebrae, and the presence of only two hypoplastic coccygeal vertebrae. The case was diagnosed as atresia ani type II with rectovestibular fistula, hypoplastic vulva, lumbar scoliosis, and anury, in the global context of a caudal regression syndrome. The wide aperture fistula, connected to the vestibule, undamaged spinal cord and sacrum without any neurological deficits were the favorable prognostic factors that maintained continence and allowed the dog to survive to adult life with these anomalies. Thus, an appropriate bowel management program and specialty care can improve the quality of life and longevity of this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sundaram
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - T Mohammed
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - S Rampersad
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - G Williams
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Zewude A, Mohammed T, Terfassa L, Hunt WG, Pan X, Balada-Llasat JM, Gebreyes W, Torrelles JB, Wang SH, Ameni G. Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan antigen assay and rapid serology blood test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:359. [PMID: 31640672 PMCID: PMC6805383 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is prevalent in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Currently used diagnostic tools such as the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) are time consuming and labor intensive. A rapid, easy-to-use and cost-effective diagnostic test would greatly contribute to the control of bTB in developing countries like Ethiopia. In the present study, two point-of-care diagnostic tests were evaluated for the detection of bTB: LIONEX® Animal TB Rapid test, a membrane-based test for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in blood and ALERE® Determine TB Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Ag, an immunoassay for the detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen (Ag) of mycobacteria in urine. A combination of the SICTT and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) test was used as the gold standard for the validation of these point-of-care tests, as it was not feasible to slaughter the study animals to carry out the historical gold standard of mycobacterial culture. A total of 175 heads of cattle having three different bTB infection categories (positive SICTT, negative SICTT, and unknown SICTT status) were used for this study. Result The sensitivity and specificity of TB LAM Ag were 72.2% (95% CI = 62.2, 80.4) and 98.8% (95% CI = 93.6, 99.7), respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of the LIONEX Animal TB rapid test assay were 54% (95% CI = 44.1 64.3) and 98.8% (95% CI = 93.6, 99.7) respectively. The agreement between TB LAM Ag and SICTT was higher (κ = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.65–0.94) than between TB LAM Ag and IFN-γ (κ = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.52–0.81). The agreement between LIONEX Animals TB Rapid blood test and SICTT was substantial, (κ = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.49–0.77) while the agreement between LIONEX Animal TB rapid blood test and IFN-γ test was moderate (κ = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.40–0.67). Analysis of receiver operating curve (ROC) indicated that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for TB LAM Ag was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.79–0.91) while it was 0.76 (95% CI; =0.69–0.83) for LIONEX Animal TB rapid test assay. Conclusion This study showed that TB LAM Ag had a better diagnostic performance and could potentially be used as ancillary either to SICTT or IFN-γ test for diagnosis of bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lemma Terfassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - W Garrett Hunt
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xueliang Pan
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joan Miquel Balada-Llasat
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Present Address: Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Damena D, Tolosa S, Hailemariam M, Zewude A, Worku A, Mekonnen B, Mohammed T, Admasu A, Chimusa ER, Mihret A, Abebe T, Ameni G. Genetic diversity and drug susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis obtained from Saint Peter's TB specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218545. [PMID: 31233535 PMCID: PMC6590806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems in Ethiopia. Data on genetic diversity and resistance profile of circulating TB strains is critical for informing the national TB control program. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 213 smear positive pulmonary TB patients between 2015 and 2016. Sputum samples were cultured on LJ media following the Petroff’s method. Region of difference-9 (RD9)-deletion typing and spoligo-typing were performed for molecular analysis of M. tuberculosis at species and strain levels, respectively. Drug sensitivity and mutation patterns of the isolates were assessed by the conventional indirect proportion method and molecular line probe assays (LPAs), respectively. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 20. Results Spoligo-typing of 150 M. tuberculosis isolates led to 57 different patterns of which 25 were new strains. The majority (71.6%) of the isolates were grouped in to 17 clusters consisting 2 to 24 isolates. The majority of the strains belonged to Euro-American lineage and the predominant spoligotypes were SIT 37 and SIT 149. MDR-TB was detected in 5.2% and 20.3% of new and retreatment cases, respectively. Two MDR-TB isolates exhibited additional resistance to one of the second line anti-TB drugs. Common gene mutations including S531L, S315T1 and M306V were detected in RIF, INH and EMB resistant strains, respectively. Conclusions The identification of several new strains, higher proportion of MDR-TB and higher clustering rate in this study, warrants the need for re-enforcement of the national TB control program. The detection of common gene mutations in the majority drug resistant strains might suggest the feasibility of LPAs for rapid screening of drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delesa Damena
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Science Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel Tolosa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Milkessa Hailemariam
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Worku
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Mekonnen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Science Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Admasu
- Saint Peter’s TB specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emile R. Chimusa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adane Mihret
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Science Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Science Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Alelign A, Zewude A, Mohammed T, Tolosa S, Ameni G, Petros B. Molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensitivity to rifampicin and isoniazid in South Gondar Zone, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:343. [PMID: 31023267 PMCID: PMC6485134 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) has become a persistent health threat in Ethiopia. In this respect, baseline data are scarce in many parts of high TB burden regions including the different zones of Ethiopia. Methods A total of 111 culture positive M. tuberculosis isolates were recovered from TB patients and identified using region of difference (RD) 9 based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and spoligotyping. Thereafter, their drug sensitivities to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) were evaluated using GenoType MTBDRplus assay. Results The result showed that 18.0% (20/111) of the isolates were resistant to either RIF or INH. Furthermore, 16.7 and 23.8% of the isolates from new and retreatment cases were resistant to any of the two anti-TB drugs, respectively. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB was detected on 1.8% (2/111) of all cases. Significantly higher frequencies of any drug resistance were observed among Euro-American (EA) major lineage (χ2: 9.67; p = 0.046). Conclusion Considerably high proportion of drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains was detected which could suggest a need for an increased effort to strengthen TB control program in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Alelign
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,College of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Debrebrhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debrebrhan, Ethiopia.
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Tolosa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Wondale B, Medhin G, Abebe G, Tolosa S, Mohammed T, Teklu T, Pieper R, Ameni G. Phenotypic and genotypic drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:1581-1589. [PMID: 30288068 PMCID: PMC6161742 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s165088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of drug-sensitivity patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated from patients is an important aspect of TB control strategy. This study was conducted to evaluate the drug sensitivity of MTBC isolates in South Omo, southern Ethiopia. Materials and methods A total of 161 MTBC isolates (153 from new cases and eight re-treatment TB cases) were isolated using Lowenstein Jensen medium of which 126 isolates were able to be tested for drug sensitivity by BACTEC™MGIT™ 960 system, while all the 161 isolates were tested by GenoType® MTBDRplus VER 2.0. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to express and present results. Results On the basis of MGIT 960 system, the prevalence of mono-resistance was 9.2% (11/119) in the new cases, although neither poly-resistance nor multidrug resistance (MDR) was recorded in these cases. On the basis of GenoType MTBDRplus assay, two of the 153 isolates (1.3%) of the new cases were mono-resistant for rifampicin (RIF) and one of these isolates had known rpoB gene mutation (H526D). One of the eight (12.5%) isolates obtained from the re-treatment cases was MDR with rpoB gene mutation (D516V) and katG gene mutation (S315T2). Taking MGIT 960 system as a gold standard, the sensitivities of the MTBDRplus assay were 33.3%, 100% and 100% for detection of resistance to isoniazid, RIF and MDR, respectively. On the other hand, its specificities were 99.2%, 100% and 100% for detection of resistance to RIF, isoniazid and MDR, respectively. Conclusion The magnitude of drug resistance was relatively low in the new TB cases of South Omo as compared to the reports from the other regions of the country. This is encouraging and hence the TB Control Program in the Zone should strengthen its program so that the emergence of drug resistance is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam Wondale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, .,Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia,
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
| | - Gemeda Abebe
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Tolosa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
| | - Takele Teklu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, .,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
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Nuru A, Zewude A, Mohammed T, Wondale B, Teshome L, Getahun M, Mamo G, Medhin G, Pieper R, Ameni G. Nontuberculosis mycobacteria are the major causes of tuberculosis like lesions in cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar Abattoir, northwestern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:237. [PMID: 28810868 PMCID: PMC5558754 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The main cause of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is believed to be Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are neglected but opportunistic pathogens and obstacles for bTB diagnosis. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the mycobacteria organisms involved in causing TB-like lesions in cattle in northwestern Ethiopia. Results A total of 2846 carcasses of cattle were inspected for TB lesions. Ninety six tissues (including lymph nodes such as submandibular, retropharyngeal, tonsilar, mediatinal, bronchial and mesenteric, and organs such as lung, liver and kidney) with suspicious TB lesion(s) were collected and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Twenty one showed culture growth, of which only 17 were identified containing acid fast bacilli (AFB) by Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Among the 17 AFB isolates 15 generated a polymerase chain reaction product of 1030 bp by gel electrophoresis based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification. No M. tuberculosis complex species were isolated. Further characterization by Genotype Mycobacterium CM assay showed 6 isolates identified as M. peregrinum. Eight isolates represented by mixed species, which includes M. fortuitum-peregrinum (3 isolates), M. gordonae-peregrinum (3 isolates) and M. fortuitum-gordonae-peregrinum (2 isolates). One NTM could not be interpreted. Conclusion A significant number of NTM species were isolated from TB-like lesions of grazing cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar Abattoir. Such finding could suggest the role of NTM in causing lesions in cattle. Further investigations are recommended on the pathogenesis of the reported NTM species in cattle, and if they have public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Nuru
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 346, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Wondale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Laikemariam Teshome
- Animal Diseases Investigation and Diagnostic Laboratory, Amhara Region Bureau of Agriculture, P. 0. Box 70, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluwork Getahun
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P. O. Box181689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Madonna R, Robertson A, Campagnolo P, Taylor D, Lyubomir P, Gobin AS, Geng YJ, Ferdinandy P, De Caterina R, Cabriera M, Perin E, Willerson JT, Mohammed T, Cartwright E, Oceandy D, Chiappini C, Leonardo V, Becce M, Perbellini F, Terracciano C, Smart N, Harding SA, Stevens MM. Tissue Engineering and Repair of the Damaged Heart490Transplantation of adipose mesenchymal cells overexpressing telomerase and myocardin preserved cardiac function and promoted tissue repair in murine myocardial infarction491Targeting the hippo signalling pathway to enhance the therapeutic potential of iPS-derived cardiomyocytes492Porous silicon nanoneedles for localised in situ gene transfer for cardiac therapy. Cardiovasc Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mench A, Lipnharski I, Carranza C, Sinclair L, Lamoureux R, Smajdor L, Cormack B, Mohammed T, Rill L, Arreola M. SU-F-207-02: Use of Postmortem Subjects for Subjective Image Quality Assessment in Abdominal CT Protocols with Iterative Reconstruction. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper presents the results of the long term biofilter experiments conducted with raw stormwater collected from a canal at Carlton, in Sydney. Anthracite and granular activated carbon (GAC) were used as a single filter media in biofilter columns. Media heights of 75 and 40 cm were used. The filter columns were operated at filtration velocities of 0.12 and 0.25 m/h. The removal efficiency for turbidity and DOC for the GAC filter media were found to be 75% and almost 100% respectively. The removal efficiency for the anthracite filter was much lower. Molecular weight distribution analysis showed an almost similar trend to the DOC removal. Compared with anthracite filter media, the GAC biofilter removed a much larger range of organic compounds present in the stormwater. The GAC biofilter removes organic matter earlier as compared to anthracite. Based on a limited sample of stormwater, the removal efficiency for phosphorus was upto 74% and that of nitrogen was up to 30%. In general GAC filter shows higher heavy metal removal efficiency than anthracite. The removal of zinc, iron, lead and nickel were good. However the concentration of heavy metal in the raw surface water sample was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mohammed
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
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Gibbons SM, Hegab Z, Zi M, Prehar S, Mohammed T, Oceandy D, Goldsworthy M, Cox RD, Cartwright E, Neyses L, Mamas MA. 008 Spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy and identification of novel hypertrophic pathways in a genetic mouse model that emulates human diabetes. Heart 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.195941.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cross SS, Stephenson TJ, Mohammed T, Harrisont RF. Validation of a decision support system for the cytodiagnosis of fine needle aspirates of the breast using a prospectively collected dataset from multiple observers in a working clinical environment. Cytopathology 2000; 11:503-12. [PMID: 11194082 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2303.2000.00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have used a 692 case dataset, collected retrospectively by a single observer, to develop decision support systems for the cytodiagnosis of fine needle aspirates of breast lesions. In this study, we use a 322 case dataset that was prospectively collected by multiple observers in a working clinical environment to test two predictive systems, using logistic regression and the multilayer perceptron (MLP) type of neural network. Ten observed features and the patient age were used as input features. The systems were developed using a training set and test set from the single observer dataset and then applied to the multiple observer dataset. For the independent test cases from the single observer dataset, with a threshold set for no false positives on the training set, logistic regression produced a sensitivity of 82% (95% confidence interval 73-91) and a predictive value of a positive result (PV +) of 98% (95-99), the values for the MLP were 79% (69-89) and 100%, respectively. However the performance on the prospective multiple observer dataset was much worse, with a sensitivity of 72% (65-80), and PV + of 97% (94-99) for logistic regression and 67% (60-75) and 91% (85-97) for the MLP. These results suggest that there is considerable interobserver variability for the defined features and that this system is unsuitable for further development in the clinical environment unless this problem can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Cross
- Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to directly investigate the mechanisms of K+ transfer across the rat placenta, which was isolated and perfused through both its maternal and fetal circulations. Unidirectional maternofetal (Kmf) and fetomaternal (Kfm) clearances for 42K, 51Cr-labeled EDTA (used as a diffusion-limited paracellular marker), and 3H2O (used as a flow-limited marker) were respectively 232 +/- 36, 12 +/- 4, and 1,020 +/- 260 (mf) and 96 +/- 26, 18 +/- 6, and 737 +/- 176 (fm) microliters.min-1 x g placenta-1. Calculated K+ fluxes were asymmetric, being 0.75 +/- 0.12 and 0.41 +/- 0.12 mumol.min-1 x g placenta-1 for maternofetal and fetomaternal, respectively (mean +/- SE, n = 6; P < 0.01, paired t test). Although Kmf for 3H2O was 28% higher than Kfm, this could not completely account for the asymmetry in K+ fluxes. Kmf for 42K was 12-70 times higher than that for 51Cr-EDTA (presumed to be a paracellular marker), although its diffusion coefficient is only 2.5 times higher. An apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of 11.0 +/- 2.4 mM and maximum velocity (Vmax) of 3.8 +/- 0.33 mumol.min-1 x g placenta-1 was calculated by Michaelis-Menten analysis of the transcellular component of maternofetal flux (Jmf) for K+. Ouabain or barium (1 mM in maternal and fetal perfusate) reduced Kmf for 42K from 250 +/- 38 to 76 +/- 13 microliters.min-1 x g placenta-1 (n = 4; P < 0.01) and from 358 +/- 31 to 106 +/- 18 microliters.min-1 x g placenta-1 (n = 5; P < 0.001). Neither drug had any effect on Kmf for 51Cr-EDTA or 3H2O.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mohammed
- Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, United Kingdom
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Mohammed T, Stulc J, Sibley CP, Boyd RD. Effect of maternal hypokalaemia on unidirectional maternofetal and net potassium fluxes across the placenta of the anaesthetized rat. Placenta 1992; 13:231-40. [PMID: 1635911 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(92)90038-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) fluxes across the placenta of rats, at 21 days gestation, fed a low K+ diet or a control diet were studied. The rats on the low K+ diet had a significantly (P less than 0.001) lower arterial plasma K+ concentration compared to those on the control diet (1.95 +/- 0.12 and 2.93 +/- 0.06 mmol/l respectively; mean +/- s.e., n = 17). Fetal umbilical arterial plasma K+ concentration was unaltered in maternal hypokalaemia and was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than that of maternal plasma (4.58 +/- 0.15 and 4.66 +/- 0.12 mmol/l in low K+ and control groups respectively). Net K+ flux across the placentas (as measured by fetal accretion between days 20 and 21 of gestation) of hypokalaemic mothers (0.106 +/- 0.02 mumol/min/g placenta, n = 6) was not different to that in controls (0.104 +/- 0.01 mumol/min/g placenta, n = 8). Unidirectional maternofetal flux (Jmf) across the placentas, measured as the accumulation of 42K in the fetuses after injection of the radioisotope into maternal blood, was also not significantly different between the hypokalaemic and control mothers (0.5 +/- 0.08 mumol/min/g placenta, n = 8 versus 0.63 +/- 0.06 mumol/min/g placenta, n = 7, respectively). However, measurement of Jmf by perfusion of the placentas through their fetal circulations yielded a higher value than the accumulation method and in this analysis was significantly (P less than 0.02) lower in the low K+ than in the control group (0.75 +/- 0.10 mumol/min/g placenta, n = 11, and 1.27 +/- 0.14 mumol/min/g placenta, n = 9, respectively). These results show that net placental K+ fluxes are unaltered during maternal hypokalaemia but suggest that unidirectional maternofetal fluxes may be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mohammed
- Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital
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25
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Abstract
Mechanisms of maternofetal Mg transfer have been investigated across the in situ perfused rat placenta at 21 d gestation (term = 23 d). The fetal placental circulation was perfused with Mg-free Krebs-Ringer solution and clearance of Mg from maternal plasma across the placenta [unidirectional maternofetal clearance (Kmf) Mg] compared with that for 45Ca and 51Cr-EDTA, the latter being used as a diffusional marker. Because diffusion coefficients determined for these solutes were similar (6.8-7.6 X 10(-6) cm2.sec-1), greater Kmf values determined for Mg and 45Ca (mean +/- SD: 26.7 +/- 9.2 and 93.1 +/- 29.8 microL.min-1.g-1 placenta, respectively) compared to 51Cr-EDTA (3.2 +/- 0.9 microL.min-1.g-1) suggest that maternofetal transfer of these cations occurs by mechanisms in addition to diffusion. Kmf Mg was also greater than Kmf 51Cr-EDTA when measured across the dually perfused rat placenta, in which the maternal uterine artery was additionally perfused with Mg-containing (0.5 mmol.L-1) Krebs-Ringer solution. Decreasing the Mg concentration in the maternal perfusate by 90% reduced Mg appearance in the fetal perfusate by 87% within 8 min; this suggests that Kmf Mg across the in situ perfused placenta largely reflects Mg transfer from maternal plasma and not simply elution of a placental Mg pool. Addition of KCN (1 mmol.L-1) to the fetal perfusate or lowering perfusate temperature from 37 to 26 degrees C significantly reduced Kmf Mg and Kmf 45Ca across the in situ perfused placenta. In contrast, Kmf 51Cr-EDTA was increased by KCN and unaffected by temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Shaw
- Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, England, United Kingdom
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26
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Abstract
Mean (SE) umbilical venous plasma potassium concentrations at 5.5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after the start of laparotomy at term were 4.75 (0.15), 5.95 (0.26), 6.81 (0.23), and 7.59 (0.81) mmol/kg plasma water. Maternal peripheral venous plasma concentrations were 4.30 (0.13) before and 4.26 (0.23) mmol/kg plasma water after laparotomy. Plasma calcium concentration in maternal and cord blood did not change significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mohammed
- Department of Child Health, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester
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27
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Mohammed T, Stulc J, Sibley C, Glazier J, Boyd R. Evidence for carrier-mediated potassium transfer across dually perfused rat placenta. Placenta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(89)90175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmidt J, Halle E, Halle H, Mohammed T, Gunther E. Colonization of pregnant women and their newborn infants with group B streptococci in the Gondar College of Medical Sciences. Ethiop Med J 1989; 27:115-9. [PMID: 2666125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a study of Group B streptococcal carriage, 200 postpartum women and 80 newborn infants were investigated in the Gondar College of Medical Sciences from January to April 1987, using swabs from the vagina and rectum, and from the throat and external ear, respectively. We found a colonization rate of 9% (18/200) in the mothers and 5% (4/80) in the neonates. The serological typing of the 25 isolated strains showed 60% (15/25) to be Type Ib/c and 16% (4/25) to be Type Ia strains. Therefore, in newborn infants with infections, diagnostic and bacteriological procedures should include a search for Group B Streptococci.
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Abstract
Asians living in Pakistan have serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations which are well within the normal range and significantly higher than in Asians resident in Britain. Clearly, Asians can maintain an adequate vitamin D state given an abundant supply of ultraviolet light, and the expression of vitamin D deficiency is an environmental and not a genetically determined characteristic. The risk of an Asian developing vitamin D deficiency increases after migration to Britain. The most efficient way to treat this is by supplementation with vitamin D.
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