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Lopez T, Fischer TP, Plank T, Malinverno A, Rizzo AL, Rasmussen DJ, Cottrell E, Werner C, Kern C, Bergfeld D, Ilanko T, Andrys JL, Kelley KA. Tracking carbon from subduction to outgassing along the Aleutian-Alaska Volcanic Arc. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf3024. [PMID: 37379389 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Subduction transports volatiles between Earth's mantle, crust, and atmosphere, ultimately creating a habitable Earth. We use isotopes to track carbon from subduction to outgassing along the Aleutian-Alaska Arc. We find substantial along-strike variations in the isotopic composition of volcanic gases, explained by different recycling efficiencies of subducting carbon to the atmosphere via arc volcanism and modulated by subduction character. Fast and cool subduction facilitates recycling of ~43 to 61% sediment-derived organic carbon to the atmosphere through degassing of central Aleutian volcanoes, while slow and warm subduction favors forearc sediment removal, leading to recycling of ~6 to 9% altered oceanic crust carbon to the atmosphere through degassing of western Aleutian volcanoes. These results indicate that less carbon is returned to the deep mantle than previously thought and that subducting organic carbon is not a reliable atmospheric carbon sink over subduction time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Lopez
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Volcano Observatory, UAF Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - Terry Plank
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Malinverno
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Andrea L Rizzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel J Rasmussen
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cottrell
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cynthia Werner
- U.S. Geological Survey Contractor, New Plymouth, New Zealand
| | - Christoph Kern
- Cascades Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Deborah Bergfeld
- California Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | - Janine L Andrys
- U.S. Geological Survey Contractor, New Plymouth, New Zealand
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Katherine A Kelley
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
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Hu Y, Teng FZ, Plank T, Chauvel C. Potassium isotopic heterogeneity in subducting oceanic plates. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb2472. [PMID: 33268367 PMCID: PMC7821876 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic crust and sediments are the primary K sinks for seawater, and they deliver considerable amounts of K to the mantle via subduction. Historically, these crustal components were not studied for K isotopes because of the lack of analytical precision to differentiate terrestrial variations. Here, we report a high-precision dataset that reveals substantial variability in oceanic plates and provides further insights into the oceanic K cycle. Sixty-nine sediments worldwide yield a broad δ41K range from -1.3 to -0.02‰. The unusually low values are indicative of release of heavy K during continental weathering and uptake of light K during submarine diagenetic alteration. Twenty samples of altered western Pacific crust from ODP Site 801 display δ41K from -0.60 to -0.05‰, averaging at -0.32‰. Our results indicate that submarine alteration of oceanic plates is essential for generating the high-δ41K signature of seawater. These regionally varying subducting components are heterogeneous K inputs to the mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Isotope Laboratory, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Fang-Zhen Teng
- Isotope Laboratory, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Terry Plank
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA
| | - Catherine Chauvel
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, ISTerre, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
A hidden carbon cycle exists inside Earth. Every year, megatons of carbon disappear into subduction zones, affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen over Earth's history. Here we discuss the processes that move carbon towards subduction zones and transform it into fluids, magmas, volcanic gases and diamonds. The carbon dioxide emitted from arc volcanoes is largely recycled from subducted microfossils, organic remains and carbonate precipitates. The type of carbon input and the efficiency with which carbon is remobilized in the subduction zone vary greatly around the globe, with every convergent margin providing a natural laboratory for tracing subducting carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Plank
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Lava discharge to the ocean from volcano Kīlauea, Hawai'i, triggers phytoplankton blooms
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Ducklow
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Terry Plank
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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Aiuppa A, Fischer TP, Plank T, Bani P. CO 2 flux emissions from the Earth's most actively degassing volcanoes, 2005-2015. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5442. [PMID: 30931997 PMCID: PMC6443792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The global carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from subaerial volcanoes remains poorly quantified, limiting our understanding of the deep carbon cycle during geologic time and in modern Earth. Past attempts to extrapolate the global volcanic CO2 flux have been biased by observations being available for a relatively small number of accessible volcanoes. Here, we propose that the strong, but yet unmeasured, CO2 emissions from several remote degassing volcanoes worldwide can be predicted using regional/global relationships between the CO2/ST ratio of volcanic gases and whole-rock trace element compositions (e.g., Ba/La). From these globally linked gas/rock compositions, we predict the CO2/ST gas ratio of 34 top-degassing remote volcanoes with no available gas measurements. By scaling to volcanic SO2 fluxes from a global catalogue, we estimate a cumulative “unmeasured” CO2 output of 11.4 ± 1.1 Mt/yr (or 0.26 ± 0.02·1012 mol/yr). In combination with the measured CO2 output of 27.4 ± 3.6 Mt/yr (or 0.62 ± 0.08·1012 mol/yr), our results constrain the time-averaged (2005–2015) cumulative CO2 flux from the Earth’s 91 most actively degassing subaerial volcanoes at 38.7 ± 2.9 Mt/yr (or 0.88 ± 0.06·1012 mol/yr).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias P Fischer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, New Mexico University, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Terry Plank
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Philipson Bani
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal - CNRS -IRD, OPGC, Aubière, France
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Greenlee MW, Rosengarth K, Schmalhofer C, Goldhacker M, Brandl-Ruhle S, Plank T. Perceptual learning in patients with central scotomata due to hereditary and age-related macular dystrophy. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ferguson DJ, Maclennan J, Bastow ID, Pyle DM, Jones SM, Keir D, Blundy JD, Plank T, Yirgu G. Melting during late-stage rifting in Afar is hot and deep. Nature 2013; 499:70-3. [PMID: 23823795 DOI: 10.1038/nature12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Staudigel H, Plank T, White B, Schmincke HU. Geochemical Fluxes During Seafloor Alteration of the Basaltic Upper Oceanic Crust: DSDP Sites 417 and 418. Subduction Top to Bottom 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm096p0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Langmuir CH, Klein EM, Plank T. Petrological Systematics of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts: Constraints on Melt Generation Beneath Ocean Ridges. Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm071p0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Plank T, Spiegelman M, Langmuir CH, Forsyth DW. The meaning of “meanF”: Clarifying the mean extent of melting at ocean ridges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Greenlee MW, Anstis S, Rosengarth K, Goldhacker M, Brandl-Ruhle S, Plank T. Neural correlates of perceptual filling-in: fMRI evidence in the foveal projection zone of patients with central scotoma. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Greenlee MW, Rosengarth K, Plank T. Brain plasticity associated with supervised and unsupervised learning in a coherent-motion detection task. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kelley KA, Plank T, Grove TL, Stolper EM, Newman S, Hauri E. Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath back-arc basins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wang
- Department of Geology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - T. Plank
- Department of Earth Sciences; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - J. D. Walker
- Department of Geology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - E. I. Smith
- Department of Geosciences; University of Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
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Smith EI, Keenan DL, Plank T. Episodic Volcanism and Hot Mantle: Implications for Volcanic Hazard Studies at the Proposed Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1130/1052-5173(2002)012<0004:evahmi>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are considered a major public health problem, globally. In particular, increasing STI rates have been documented throughout eastern Europe and central Asia. The Russian Federation and adjacent countries have, traditionally, managed STIs on an aetiological basis. This approach is expensive in terms of laboratory costs and it may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. To overcome the limitations of the aetiological management of STIs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has placed an increased emphasis on integrated care using syndromic management at the primary care level, especially in developing countries. This article reviews the current aetiology of STIs in Estonia, an eastern European country bordering the Baltic Sea and formerly a part of the Soviet Union, with the aim of defining whether infection with Trichomonas vaginalis is common enough to include its management in a syndromic management protocol. The use of syndromic management, in general, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uusküla
- Clinic of Dermatovenereology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Abstract
Strain 4R is a phycocyanin-minus mutant of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain 6803. Although it lacks the light-harvesting protein phycocyanin, 4R has normal levels of phycocyanin (cpc) transcripts. Sequence analysis of the cpcB gene encoding the phycocyanin beta subunit shows an insertion mutation in 4R that causes early termination of translation. Other work has shown that the phycocyanin alpha subunit and the linker proteins encoded on the cpc transcripts are all functional in 4R, yet the defective phycocyanin beta subunit results in the complete absence of the alpha subunit and the linkers. Phycocyanin-minus mutants were constructed in a wild-type background by interruption of cpcB and cpcA with an antibiotic resistance gene and were compared with the 4R strain. Immunoblot analysis of the mutants demonstrated that interruption of one subunit was accompanied by a complete absence of the unassembled partner subunit. Phycocyanin assembly begins with the formation of the alpha beta heterodimer (the monomer) and continues through higher-order trimeric and hexameric aggregates that associate with linker proteins to form the phycobilisome rods. The results in this paper indicate that monomer formation is a critical stage in the biliprotein assembly pathway and that unassembled subunits are subject to stringent controls that prevent their appearance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Plank
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA
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Plank T, Anderson LK. Heterologous assembly and rescue of stranded phycocyanin subunits by expression of a foreign cpcBA operon in Synechocystis sp. strain 6803. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6804-9. [PMID: 7592471 PMCID: PMC177546 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.23.6804-6809.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Light harvesting in cyanobacteria is performed by the biliproteins, which are organized into membrane-associated complexes called phycobilisomes. Most phycobilisomes have a core substructure that is composed of the allophycocyanin biliproteins and is energetically linked to chlorophyll in the photosynthetic membrane. Rod substructures are attached to the phycobilisome cores and contain phycocyanin and sometimes phycoerythrin. The different biliproteins have discrete absorbance and fluorescence maxima that overlap in an energy transfer pathway that terminates with chlorophyll. A phycocyanin-minus mutant in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain 6803 (strain 4R) has been shown to have a nonsense mutation in the cpcB gene encoding the phycocyanin beta subunit. We have expressed a foreign phycocyanin operon from Synechocystis sp. strain 6701 in the 4R strain and complemented the phycocyanin-minus phenotype. Complementation occurs because the foreign phycocyanin alpha and beta subunits assemble with endogenous phycobilisome components. The phycocyanin alpha subunit that is normally absent in the 4R strain can be rescued by heterologous assembly as well. Expression of the Synechocystis sp. strain 6701 cpcBA operon in the wild-type Synechocystis sp. strain 6803 was also examined and showed that the foreign phycocyanin can compete with the endogenous protein for assembly into phycobilisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Plank
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA
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Plank T, Langmuir CH. A view from the Sunda arc. Nature 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/367224b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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