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Raza MT, Tandon A, Park S, Lee S, Nguyen TBN, Vu THN, Park SH. DNA lattice growth with single, double, and triple double-crossover boundaries by stepwise self-assembly. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:245603. [PMID: 36881902 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc1ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Construction of various nanostructures with nanometre-scale precision through various DNA building blocks depends upon self-assembly, base-pair complementarity and sequence programmability. During annealing, unit tiles are formed by the complementarity of base pairs in each strand. Enhancement of growth of target lattices is expected if seed lattices (i.e. boundaries for growth of target lattices) are initially present in a test tube during annealing. Although most processes for annealing DNA nanostructures adopt a one-step high temperature method, multi-step annealing provides certain advantages such as reusability of unit tiles and tuneability of lattice formation. We can construct target lattices effectively (through multi-step annealing) and efficiently (via boundaries) by multi-step annealing and combining boundaries. Here, we construct efficient boundaries made of single, double, and triple double-crossover DNA tiles for growth of DNA lattices. Two unit double-crossover DNA tile-based lattices and copy-logic implemented algorithmic lattices were introduced to test the growth of target lattices on boundaries. We used multi-step annealing to tune the formation of DNA crystals during fabrication of DNA crystals comprised of boundaries and target lattices. The formation of target DNA lattices was visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The borders between boundaries and lattices in a single crystal were clearly differentiable from AFM images. Our method provides way to construct various types of lattices in a single crystal, which might generate various patterns and enhance the information capacity in a given crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tayyab Raza
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anshula Tandon
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoun Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Jo S, Lee S, Park S, Tandon A, Nguyen TBN, Vu THN, Raza MT, Park SH. Multi-Domains in a Single Lattice Formed by DNA Self-Assembly. ACS Omega 2022; 7:26514-26522. [PMID: 35936484 PMCID: PMC9352336 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using sequence programmability and the characteristics of self-assembly, DNA has been utilized in the construction of various nanostructures and the placement of specific patterns on lattices. Even though many complex structures and patterns formed by DNA assembly have been reported, the fabrication of multi-domain patterns in a single lattice has rarely been discussed. Multi-domains possessing specifically designed patterns in a single lattice provide the possibility to generate multiple patterns that enhance the pattern density in a given single lattice. Here, we introduce boundaries to construct double- and quadruple-domains with specific patterns in a single lattice and verify them with atomic force microscopy. ON, OFF, and ST (stripe) patterns on a lattice are made of DNA tiles with hairpins (ON), without hairpins (OFF), and alternating DNA tiles without and with hairpins (formed as a stripe, ST). For double- and quadruple-domain lattices, linear and cross boundaries were designed to fabricate two (e.g., ON and OFF, ON and ST, and OFF and ST) and four (OFF, ST, OFF, and ON) different types of patterns in single lattices, respectively. In double-domain lattices, each linear boundary is placed between two different domains. Similarly, four linear boundaries connected with a seed tile (i.e., a cross boundary) can separate four domains in a single lattice in quadruple-domain lattices. Due to the presence of boundaries, the pattern growth directions are different in each domain. The experimentally obtained multi-domain patterns agree well with our design. Lastly, we propose the possibility of the construction of a hexadomain lattice through the mapping from hexagonal to square grids converted by using an axial coordinate system. By proposing a hexadomain lattice design, we anticipate the possibility to extend to higher numbers of multi-domains in a single lattice, thereby further increasing the information density in a given lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Jo
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- Institute
of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- Institute
of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoun Park
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- Institute
of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anshula Tandon
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
- Institute
of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Raza
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Department
of Physics and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
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Park S, Tandon A, Raza MT, Lee S, Nguyen TBN, Vu THN, Ha TH, Park SH. Construction and Configuration Analysis of Zelkova Serrata Lenticel-Like Patterns Generated through DNA Algorithmic Self-Assembly. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:97-104. [PMID: 35014830 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple models and simulations have been proposed and performed to understand the mechanism of the various pattern formations existing in nature. However, the logical implementation of those patterns through efficient building blocks such as nanomaterials and biological molecules is rarely discussed. This study adopts a cellular automata model to generate simulation patterns (SPs) and experimental patterns (EPs) obtained from DNA lattices similar to the discrete horizontal brown-color line-like patterns on the bark of the Zelkova serrata tree, known as lenticels [observation patterns (OPs)]. SPs and EPs are generated through the implementation of six representative rules (i.e., R004, R105, R108, R110, R126, and R218) in three-input/one-output algorithmic logic gates. The EPs obtained through DNA algorithmic self-assembly are visualized by atomic force microscopy. Three different modules (A, B, and C) are introduced to analyze the similarities between the SPs, EPs, and OPs of Zelkova serrata lenticels. Each module has unique configurations with specific orientations allowing the calculation of the deviation of the SPs and the EPs with respect to the OPs within each module. The findings show that both the SP and the EP generated under R105 and R126 and analyzed with module B provide a higher similarity of Zelkova serrata lenticel-like patterns than the other four rules. This study provides a perspective regarding the use of DNA algorithmic self-assembly for the construction of various complex natural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoun Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Anshula Tandon
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Raza
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tai Hwan Ha
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Raza MT, Tandon A, Park S, Lee S, Nguyen TBN, Vu THN, Jo S, Nam Y, Jeon S, Jeong JH, Park SH. Demonstration of elementary functions via DNA algorithmic self-assembly. Nanoscale 2021; 13:19376-19384. [PMID: 34812465 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Target-oriented cellular automata with computation are the primary challenge in the field of DNA algorithmic self-assembly in connection with specific rules. We investigate the feasibility of using the principle of cellular automata for mathematical subjects by using specific logic gates that can be implemented into DNA building blocks. Here, we connect the following five representative elementary functions: (i) enumeration of multiples of 2, 3, and 4 (demonstrated via R094, R062, and R190 in 3-input/1-output logic rules); (ii) the remainder of 0 and 1 (R132); (iii) powers of 2 (R129); (iv) ceiling function for n/2 and n/4 (R152 and R144); and (v) analogous pattern of annihilation (R184) to DNA algorithmic patterns formed by specific rules. After designing the abstract building blocks and simulating the generation of algorithmic lattices, we conducted an experiment as follows: designing of DNA tiles with specific sticky ends, construction of DNA lattices via a two-step annealing method, and verification of expected algorithmic patterns on a given DNA lattice using an atomic force microscope (AFM). We observed representative patterns, such as horizontal and diagonal stripes and embedded triangles, on the given algorithmic lattices. The average error rates of individual rules are in the range of 8.8% (R184) to 11.9% (R062), and the average error rate for all the rules was 10.6%. Interpretation of elementary functions demonstrated through DNA algorithmic patterns could be extended to more complicated functions, which may lead to new insights for achieving the final answers of functions with experimentally obtained patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tayyab Raza
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Anshula Tandon
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Suyoun Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Soojin Jo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Yeonju Nam
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Nanomechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea.
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Nanomechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea.
- Department of Nanomechatronics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Department of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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Tandon A, Raza MT, Park S, Lee S, Nguyen TBN, Vu THN, Kim S, Ha TH, Park SH. Configuration Analysis of a Lizard Skin-like Pattern Formed by DNA Self-Assembly. ACS Omega 2021; 6:27038-27044. [PMID: 34693123 PMCID: PMC8529593 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nature manifests diverse and complicated patterns through efficient physical, chemical, and biological processes. One of the approaches to generate complex patterns, as well as simple patterns, is the use of the cellular automata algorithm. However, there are certain limitations to produce such patterns experimentally due to the difficulty of finding candidate programmable building blocks. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility of generating an ocellated lizard skin-like pattern by simulation considering the probabilistic occurrence of cells and constructed the simulation results on DNA lattices via bottom-up self-assembly. To understand the similarity between the simulated pattern (SP) and the observed pattern (OP) of lizard skin, a unique configuration scheme (unit configuration was composed of 7 cells) was conceived. SPs were generated through a computer with a controlling population of gray and black cells in a given pattern. Experimental patterns (EPs) on DNA lattices, consisting of double-crossover (DX) tiles without and with protruding hairpins, were fabricated and verified through atomic force microscopy (AFM). For analyzing the similarity of the patterns, we introduced deviation of the average configuration occurrence for SP and EP with respect to OP, i.e., σα(SO) and σα(EO). The configuration and deviation provide characteristic information of patterns. We recognized that the minimum values of <σα(SO)> and <σα(EO)> occurred when 50% (55%) of black cells in given SPs (DX tiles with hairpins in given EPs) appeared to be most similar to the OP. Our study provides a novel platform for the applicability of DNA molecules to systematically demonstrate other naturally existing complex patterns or processes with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshula Tandon
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Raza
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Suyoun Park
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seungjae Kim
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tai Hwan Ha
- Core
Facility Management Center, Korea Research
Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung Ha Park
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Basic Science, and Sungkyunkwan Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Le QP, Olekhnovich RO, Uspenskaya MV, Vu THN. Study on polyvinyl chloride nanofibers ability for oil spill elimination. Iran Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morozkina SN, Nhung Vu TH, Generalova YE, Snetkov PP, Uspenskaya MV. Mangiferin as New Potential Anti-Cancer Agent and Mangiferin-Integrated Polymer Systems-A Novel Research Direction. Biomolecules 2021; 11:79. [PMID: 33435313 PMCID: PMC7827323 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the pharmaceutical industry focused on natural biologically active molecules due to their unique properties, availability and significantly less side-effects. Mangiferin is a naturally occurring C-glucosylxantone that has substantial potential for the treatment of various diseases thanks to its numerous biological activities. Many research studies have proven that mangiferin possesses antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, neuroprotective properties and it also increases immunity. It is especially important that it has no toxicity. However, mangiferin is not being currently applied to clinical use because its oral bioavailability as well as its absorption in the body are too low. To improve the solubility, enhance the biological action and bioavailability, mangiferin integrated polymer systems have been developed. In this paper, we review molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer action as well as a number of designed polymer-mangiferin systems. Taking together, mangiferin is a very promising anti-cancer molecule with excellent properties and the absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Morozkina
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
| | - Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
| | - Yuliya E. Generalova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Industrial Technology of Dosage Forms, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popova Street 14A, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Petr P. Snetkov
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
| | - Mayya V. Uspenskaya
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.H.N.V.); (P.P.S.); (M.V.U.)
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Snetkov P, Morozkina S, Olekhnovich R, Vu THN, Tyanutova M, Uspenskaya M. Curcumin/Usnic Acid-Loaded Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Hyaluronic Acid. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3476. [PMID: 32784533 PMCID: PMC7475843 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid, curcumin, and usnic acid are separately utilized as effective biological agents in medicine, and materials based on its blend are considered to have wider therapeutic effects than individual ones. In this study, for the first time, native hyaluronic acid-based fibers containing curcumin and usnic acid with an average diameter of 298 nm were successfully prepared by the electrospinning technique and characterized. Additionally, unstable and hydrophobic curcumin and usnic acid were loaded into the hydrophilic hyaluronic acid matrix without utilizing the activating (catalyzing) agents, resulting in the formation of an electrospinnable solution. Only the binary mixture deionized water-dimethyl sulfoxide (50:50)-was used as solvent. The presence of small amounts of dimethyl sulfoxide in the fibrous materials was expected to provide the materials with local anesthetic and antiseptic activity. The effect of electric voltage on the electrospinning process, diameter, and morphology of hyaluronic acid/curcumin/usnic acid fibers was investigated in detail. The impact of curcumin and usnic acid on the stability of fiber formation was observed. The investigation of fibers based on pure hyaluronic acid without additional polymers and with active pharmaceutical ingredients will lay the groundwork for the development of highly effective wound dressings and new drug delivery scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Snetkov
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy prospekt, 49A, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.M.); (R.O.); (T.H.N.V.); (M.T.); (M.U.)
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