Therapeutic solutions for anterior restorations in disabled patients: Systematic review and case report

INTRODUCTION

Treating anterior restorations is a real challenge for a dentist and conventional protocols are not always applicable. The aim of this study is to determine different therapeutic to conducting anterior restorations in disabled people.

CASE REPORT

We begin by presenting the case of a 23-year-old, handicapped man, who was brought in consultation to compensate for the loss of the left upper central incisor (#21).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We then performed a systematic literature review in December 2022, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The publications, on three databases, dealing with dental treatments on disabled people were selected whether they were clinical studies or case reports.

RESULTS

In the end, 14 publications were included. Most of the treatments described in the studies (n = 10; 71.43%) concern people aged under 19. The patients present different types of handicaps with various degrees of severity and the oral diseases described are as heterogeneous as the handicaps retrieved.

DISCUSSION

It is therefore difficult to make common treatment recommendations for all these variable profiles and situations. Most of patients in this study are very young, so there is a need for preventive and therapeutic care as earlier as possible, to preserve the vitality of their teeth and dental occlusion.

Description and Durability of the Various Indirect Restoration Techniques in Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation: A Systematic Review

Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative defect of the enamel structure. Indirect restorations may represent the most suitable therapeutic solutions for patients presenting MIH with tooth restorative procedures. This systematic review aims to determine the feasibility of indirect restorations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic review has been performed and is reported following the PRISMA guidelines. It was performed on three databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar). Ten articles were included.

RESULTS

Only two articles reported the use of CAD/CAM technologies, whereas the other eight preferred conventional registration and handmade stratification for ceramics. All indirect bonded restorations made of composite resins or ceramics had significant success rates. A temporary material was placed in most of the articles. There was no clear consensus for tissue conditioning before bonding. Depending on the authors and the articles, the follow-up period extended from 2 months to 6 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The survival rate and the non-invasive procedures of indirect restorations are two main arguments that can help dental practitioners in daily practice. Development of CAD/ CAM technologies adds new perspectives in the registration, the design and production. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm the conclusions.

Advanced Platelet Lysate Aerogels: Biomaterials for Regenerative Applications

Human platelet lysate (HPL), rich in growth factors, is increasingly recognized for its potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, its use in liquid or gel form is constrained by limited stability and handling difficulties. This study aimed to develop dry and porous aerogels from HPL hydrogel using an environmentally friendly supercritical CO2-based shaping process, specifically tailored for tissue engineering applications. The aerogels produced retained their three-dimensional structure and demonstrated significant mechanical robustness and enhanced manageability. Impressively, they exhibited high water absorption capacity, absorbing 87% of their weight in water within 120 min. Furthermore, the growth factors released by these aerogels showed a sustained and favourable biological response in vitro. They maintained the cellular metabolic activity of fibroblasts (BALB-3T3) at levels akin to conventional culture conditions, even after prolonged storage, and facilitated the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Additionally, the aerogels themselves supported the adhesion and proliferation of murine fibroblasts (BALB-3T3). Beyond serving as excellent matrices for cell culture, these aerogels function as efficient systems for the delivery of growth factors. Their multifunctional capabilities position them as promising candidates for various tissue regeneration strategies. Importantly, the developed aerogels can be stored conveniently and are considered ready to use, enhancing their practicality and applicability in regenerative medicine.

[Teeth and oral cavity at the heart of systemic health]

Research into the interrelationships between oral and systemic diseases has been growing exponentially for over 20 years. Teeth and their supporting tissues can be affected by pathologies, particularly infectious ones, the consequences of which are felt locally in the oral cavity and at a distance in the body. Oral diseases frequently lead to the maintenance of an inflammatory state in oral bones and mucosa, which complicates the treatment of systemic inflammatory pathologies. The aim of this review is to take stock of current knowledge concerning the interrelationships that may exist between the oral environment and other organs, in both adults and children.

Association between malocclusions and amelogenesis imperfecta genotype and phenotype: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this systematic review (Prospero CRD42022323188) is to investigate whether an association exists in patients with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) between occlusal characteristics and genotype on the one hand and enamel structural phenotype on the other.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Reports up to May 2023 assessing occlusion of individuals with AI were browsed in a systematic search using Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and the grey literature. Randomised control trials, case control studies, and case series specifying both occlusion, assessed by cephalometric or clinical analysis, and genotype or dental phenotype in patients with AI were included without any age limitation. Two authors independently selected the publications and extracted the data in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The risk of bias was assessed with the Critical Appraisal Checklists from the Johanna Briggs Institute.

RESULTS

Twenty-five articles were chosen from the 261 results. Most of the included publications were case series (n=22) and case control studies (n=3). Thirteen studies reported both a genotype (ENAM, FAM83H, FAM20A, DLX3, CNMM4, WDR72) and occlusal diagnostic. The methodological quality of the studies was moderate. All AI phenotypes showed an open bite (OB) rate around 35%, except mixed form. The other malocclusions were not often mentioned. No correlation between occlusal phenotype and genotype or AI phenotype could be identified in patients with AI, as most studies had short occlusal descriptions and small sample sizes.

CONCLUSION

OB malocclusions were more frequently reported in AI. This review highlighted the need for a more accurate description of orofacial features associated with AI, to better clarify the role of amelogenesis genes in the regulation of craniofacial morphogenesis and identify patients requiring orthognathic surgery at an early stage.

Impact of Finishing and Polishing Procedures on CAD/CAM In Vitro Milled Ceramics Surfaces: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

CAD/CAM prostheses may be produced in prosthetic laboratories or directly by practitioners. Quality of ceramic polishing procedures is a controversial topic and it would be interesting for practitioners working with CAD/CAM devices to determine which method is the most efficient regarding finishing and polishing. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of different finishing and polishing procedures on the surface of milled ceramics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A precise request was launched on the PubMed database. Studies included if they met the criteria of a specifically prepared PICO search. A first selection was performed by analysing titles and abstracts: the articles presenting a study conducted on non-CAD/CAM milled ceramics and research not containing comparisons of finishing procedures were not included. Roughness was evaluated in 15 articles. Nine papers recommended mechanical polishing over glazing regardless of the type of ceramic used. However, no significant differences were detected between the surface roughness of glazed and polished ceramics in nine other publications.

CONCLUSIONS

there is no scientific evidence demonstrating the superiority of hand polishing over glazing on CAD/CAM-milled ceramics.

Obesity Is Associated with the Severity of Periodontal Inflammation Due to a Specific Signature of Subgingival Microbiota

The aim of this study was to analyze the link between periodontal microbiota and obesity in humans. We conducted a cohort study including 45 subjects with periodontitis divided into two groups: normo-weighted subjects with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 25 kg/m2 (n = 34) and obese subjects with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 (n = 11). Our results showed that obesity was associated with significantly more severe gingival inflammation according to Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA index). Periodontal microbiota taxonomic analysis showed that the obese (OB) subjects with periodontitis were characterized by a specific signature of subgingival microbiota with an increase in Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal pockets, associated with a decrease in microbiota diversity compared to that of normo-weighted subjects with periodontitis. Finally, periodontal treatment response was less effective in OB subjects with persisting periodontal inflammation, reflecting a still unstable periodontal condition and a risk of recurrence. To our knowledge, this study is the first exploring both salivary and subgingival microbiota of OB subjects. Considering that OB subjects are at higher periodontal risk, this could lead to more personalized preventive or therapeutic strategies for obese patients regarding periodontitis through the specific management of oral microbiota of obese patients.

Evaluation of Poly(etheretherketone) Post's Mechanical Strength in Comparison with Three Metal-Free Biomaterials: An In Vitro Study

The thinking about metallic replacement has begun in a global context of reducing metallic alloys' use in odontology. Among the materials proposed for their replacement, poly(etheretherketone) may present interesting properties, especially in removable dentures' frames. The purpose of this study is to evaluate fracture resistance of PEEK posts-and-cores compared to non-metallic CAD/CAM materials and fiber glass posts. Forty extracted maxillary central incisors were prepared to receive posts. Samples were divided into four groups depending on whether they had been reconstructed with LuxaCam® PEEK, Enamic®, Numerys GF® or LuxaPost®. Samples were submitted to an oblique compressive test and results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Student's tests (or non-parametric tests depending on the conditions). Glass fiber posts and Numerys GF® reveal a significantly higher fracture resistance than LuxaCam® PEEK and Enamic®. No exclusively dental fracture has been noted for the Enamic group, which significantly distinguishes these samples from the three other groups. In our study, it appears that the conception of posts and cores with hybrid ceramic never conducts to a unique tooth fracture. By weighting the results according to the materials used, our data, obtained for the first time on this type of PEEK block, cannot confirm the possibility of using PEEK for inlay-core conception, excepted for specific cases when the material is considered in a patient presenting allergies or systemic disease contraindicating resin or metal.

Association between Dentofacial Features and Bullying from Childhood to Adulthood: A Systematic Review

Bullying occurs when an individual is repeatedly victimised by negative actions performed by peers. As oral features, like malocclusion and dental structural defects, can promote psychological distress, which is also found in those who are bullied, we aimed to study the association between orofacial conditions and bullying. A systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42022331693), including articles dealing with bullying and dentofacial traits, was performed following the PRISMA chart. The iterative search of eligible publications was carried out on 27 March 2023 on four databases (PubMed, PubPsych, Web of Science and Cochrane Reviews) and in the grey literature. Among the 25 articles included, 4 referred to qualitative studies, which analysed 632 interviews with children, 8 interviews with parents, 292 letters, and 321 Twitter posts. The other 21 were cross-sectional studies, which included 10,026 patients from 7 to 61 years old. Two of the qualitative studies and seven of the cross-sectional studies rated a low risk of bias, according to Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Tools. The majority of studies (88%) reported a relationship between malocclusion or structural defects and exposure to bullying among young adolescents. Structural dental abnormalities and severe malocclusion should be managed, among others, for psychological questions because they crystallise the loss of self-confidence and increase the risk of bullying.

Oral and periodontal assessment at the first trimester of pregnancy: The PERISCOPE longitudinal study

INTRODUCTION

Periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) are chronic non-communicable inflammatory diseases. The risk of developing gingivitis and periodontitis increases during pregnancy. Also, periodontitis increases the risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and preeclampsia. Early diagnosis of adverse pregnancy outcomes is essential and periodontitis could be an early sign to take into consideration.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted a longitudinal observational study (PERISCOPE study: CNIL, no. 1 967 084 v 0; CER, no. 01-0416) on 121 pregnant women in the first trimester to determine their oral and periodontal health status. We explored the relations between oral and periodontal health status and sociodemographic and behavior characteristics, as well as their course and outcome of pregnancy.

RESULTS

A total of 47.1% of the women had periodontitis, of which only 66.7% presented clinical manifestations associated with the disease such as gingival bleeding. These women had a poorer oral and periodontal health, and a higher body mass index, and more of them developed gestational diabetes during the course of pregnancy. The remaining 33.3% showed only discreet and isolated inflammatory signs and, unless thoroughly examined, would have gone undiagnosed for periodontitis. Interestingly these women were more often primiparous, still active professionally and had had a recent oral examination.

CONCLUSIONS

The PERISCOPE study is one of the few studies that reports the oral and periodontal health status of pregnant women in the first trimester. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for early oral and periodontal assessment and treatment, even in the absence of exterior clinical signs, in order to prevent periodontal disease aggravation and also, by reducing low grade systemic inflammation, possibly adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Gingival Orofacial Granulomatosis Clinical and 2D/3D Microscopy Features after Orthodontic Therapy: A Pediatric Case Report

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) represents a heterogeneous group of rare orofacial diseases. When affecting gingiva, it appears as a chronic soft tissue inflammation, sometimes combined with the enlargement and swelling of other intraoral sites, including the lips. Gingival biopsy highlights noncaseating granulomatous inflammation, similar to that observed in Crohn’s disease and sarcoidosis. At present, the etiology of OFG remains uncertain, although the involvement of the genetic background and environmental triggers, such as oral conditions or therapies (including orthodontic treatment), has been suggested. The present study reports the results of a detailed clinical and 2D/3D microscopy investigation of a case of gingival orofacial granulomatosis in an 8-year-old male patient after orthodontic therapy. Intraoral examination showed an erythematous hyperplasia of the whole gingiva with a granular appearance occurring a few weeks after the installation of a quad-helix. Peri-oral inspection revealed upper labial swelling and angular cheilitis. General investigations did not report ongoing extra-oral disturbances with the exception of a weakly positive anti-Saccharomyces cerevicae IgG auto-antibody. Two- and three-dimensional microscopic investigations confirmed the presence of gingival orofacial granulomatosis. Daily corticoid mouthwashes over a period of 3 months resulted in a slight improvement in clinical signs, despite an intermittent inflammation recurrence. This study brings new insights into the microscopic features of gingival orofacial granulomatosis, thus providing key elements to oral practitioners to ensure accurate and timely OFG diagnosis. The accurate diagnosis of OFG allows targeted management of symptoms and patient monitoring over time, along with early detection and treatment of extra-oral manifestations, such as Crohn’s disease.

Effects of Translucency and Thickness of Lithium Disilicate-Reinforced Glass-Ceramic Veneers on the Degree of Conversion of a Purely Light-Curing Bonding Resin: An In Vitro Study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the variations in the degree of conversion (DC) of a light-curing composite resin when the thickness or the translucency of lithium disilicate-enriched glass-ceramic veneers are modified. IPS e. max® CAD blocks of the MT-A2, LT-A2 and MO1 types were cut to obtain four slices with thicknesses ranging from 0.6 mm to 1 mm. A strictly light-curing composite resin (G-aenial Universal Injectable) was injected in the empty part of a silicone mold so that the veneer could then be inserted under digital pressure to the stop. A 40 s light cure (1400 mW/cm2) was then performed. Resin samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. When the degree of translucency of the ceramic was modified, a decrease in the resin conversion rate was noted, but with a non-significant global p-value (p = 0.062). Interestingly, the degree of conversion of the light-curing composite resin was also modified when the ceramic’s thickness increased, especially when it was over 1 mm (DC0.6 > DC0.7 > DC0.8 > DC1; p < 0.0001). This confirms that the degree of conversion of a bonding material is very dependent on the ceramic’s thickness. Contradictory data are, however, found in the literature, where there are reports of an absence of a difference between the DC obtained with thicknesses of ceramics of 0.7 and 2 mm.

Characterization and Safety Profile of a New Combined Advanced Therapeutic Medical Product Platelet Lysate-Based Fibrin Hydrogel for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Local Delivery in Regenerative Medicine

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC) transplant to recover the optimal tissue structure/function relationship is a promising strategy to regenerate tissue lesions. Because filling local tissue defects by injection alone is often challenging, designing adequate cell carriers with suitable characteristics is critical for in situ ASC delivery. The aim of this study was to optimize the generation phase of a platelet-lysate-based fibrin hydrogel (PLFH) as a proper carrier for in situ ASC implantation and (1) to investigate in vitro PLFH biomechanical properties, cell viability, proliferation and migration sustainability, and (2) to comprehensively assess the local in vivo PLFH/ASC safety profile (local tolerance, ASC fate, biodistribution and toxicity). We first defined the experimental conditions to enhance physicochemical properties and microscopic features of PLFH as an adequate ASC vehicle. When ASC were mixed with PLFH, in vitro assays exhibited hydrogel supporting cell migration, viability and proliferation. In vivo local subcutaneous and subgingival PLFH/ASC administration in nude mice allowed us to generate biosafety data, including biodegradability, tolerance, ASC fate and engraftment, and the absence of biodistribution and toxicity to non-target tissues. Our data strongly suggest that this novel combined ATMP for in situ administration is safe with an efficient local ASC engraftment, supporting the further development for human clinical cell therapy.

The use of PEEK as an occlusal splint in a patient with histaminosis: A case report

Poly-(etheretherketone) (PEEK) began to be used in the field of odontology more than 10 years ago, especially in relation to the creation of removable partial dentures. Here we report the case of a 62 years old woman diagnosed with histamine intolerance (or histaminosis), who presented a very particular set of oral symptoms. She described a certain tingling, burning, and swelling of the mucous membranes. These symptoms seem to be linked with the wearing of a resin occlusal splint which was initially prescribed to compensate for the absence of a meniscus in the left temporomandibular joint of the patient. After a multidisciplinary concertation, it was decided to create a new splint with a resin-free material. For this reason, the production of a PEEK prosthesis was considered. Following the installation of the occlusal splint in the patient, and after clinical adjustments, she described the occlusion positioning as correct and a disappearance of the symptomatology. Mechanically, PEEK seems to have higher mechanical resistance than PMMA. Despite these characteristics, the use of PEEK still presents some limitations, especially concerning the overall aesthetic. Additionally, the prescription of the occlusal splint seems to be limited to patients who need special care. The case presented here thus confirms a new perspective concerning the use of PEEK as an occlusal splint.

Oral Microbiota: A Major Player in the Diagnosis of Systemic Diseases

The oral cavity is host to a complex and diverse microbiota community which plays an important role in health and disease. Major oral infections, i.e., caries and periodontal diseases, are both responsible for and induced by oral microbiota dysbiosis. This dysbiosis is known to have an impact on other chronic systemic diseases, whether triggering or aggravating them, making the oral microbiota a novel target in diagnosing, following, and treating systemic diseases. In this review, we summarize the major roles that oral microbiota can play in systemic disease development and aggravation and also how novel tools can help investigate this complex ecosystem. Finally, we describe new therapeutic approaches based on oral bacterial recolonization or host modulation therapies. Collaboration in diagnosis and treatment between oral specialists and general health specialists is of key importance in bridging oral and systemic health and disease and improving patients' wellbeing.

Morbidity and Mortality Review in a University Dental Hospital: A Necessary Tool to Improve Quality of Care

OBJECTIVE

 The study aimed to describe and to analyze the first morbidity and mortality review (MMRs) set up within a Dental University Hospital using detailed case reports to highlight the benefits of MMRs for patients, practitioners, teachers and to implement appropriate protocols to prevent recurrence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 The MMRs were performed within the dentistry departments of the hospital over the 1-year study period. Each case was reviewed according to a protocol based on a tool defined by the Clinical Risk Unit and the Association of Litigation and Risk Management (ALARM).

RESULTS

 Four cases were selected based on an oral report by a doctor from the dental service, a downstream service, or by the attending physician. The first case report related to a patient who suffered a breathing shock. The second concerned a tooth inhalation by a young disabled boy. The third was a therapeutic failure instigated by a student during a tooth preparation, and the fourth case involved an unexpected face-to-face meeting between a prisoner accompanied by police guards and an ancient victim at the dental hospital.

DISCUSSION

 Clinical incidents were investigated with the ALARM protocol. This process is also less focused on the individual who makes the error and more on contributing systemic factors. The systematic analysis of cases associated with bibliographic reviews improves learning and performance outcomes. Clear answers were given in response to the problems raised during these MMRs.

CONCLUSION

 In dental hospitals, the culture of MMRs needs to be integrated into resident training like in medical hospitals.

Dental practice-based research networks (D-PBRN) worldwide: A scoping review

OBJECTIVES

For more than twenty years, dental practice-based research networks (D-PBRN) have helped to structure clinical research in private practice. They bring together practitioners working in several structures and may include a greater number of subjects. The aims of this study were thus to systematically explore the scientific production from dental private practices in general and to map and describe the D-PBRN activity worldwide.

DATA SOURCES

Two research procedures were carried out in parallel. The first was conducted as a scoping review to examine peer-reviewed literature indexed in the PubMed database and the second was performed on the World Wide Web to identify the main characteristics of the networks (location, scientific production…).

STUDY SELECTION

368 publications were identified among which 202 were published by PBRN members and the others by private practitioners not affiliated to any network. 210 (57 % of the included articles) were produced in the USA. A higher number of diverse centers are involved in each study when it is conducted by a PBRN (59.06 ± 66.59 vs. 13.51 ± 31.58 for networks and independent teams, respectively; p < 0.01). 24 D-PBRN were identified, a majority being based in the USA and 8 in Europe.

CONCLUSIONS

Although dental practice-based research has grown over the years, the number of D-PBRN worldwide remains low. Even if it requires some investment to produce research in dental offices, this type of networks helps to fill the gap between private practice and research and to improve knowledge on oral health.

RELEVANCE

The mapping of all the dental PBRN together with the research topics studied throughout the world make the relevance of this article. The ways to improve practice-based research in dentistry are also discussed in the paper.

Oral care of a patient with a SAPHO syndrome and a nickel allergy

SAPHO is an acronym for Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis. The syndrome is difficult to diagnose because it may present many different manifestations in adults and children. Its origin is still unknown, although some infectious, genetic and immune hypotheses have been put forward. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman with SAPHO syndrome, who developed a serious cutaneous allergy following the insertion of a removable partial denture (RPD). The oral care and treatment of this patient are described.

Oral health and microbiota status in professional rugby players: A case-control study

OBJECTIVE

Elite athletes are prone to develop oral diseases, which could increase the risk for injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health and the composition of oral microbiota of elite rugby players compared to the general population.

METHODS

We set up a case-control study by screening 24 professional rugby players (PRG) and 22 control patients (CG) for dental and gingival examinations and performed a taxonomic analysis and a predicted functional analysis of oral microbiota.

RESULTS

The Decay, Missing and Filled (DMF) teeth index (5.54 ± 6.18 versus 2.14 ± 3.01; p = 0.01) and the frequency of gingivitis (58,33% versus 13.63%) were significantly increased in PRG compared to CG. PRG were characterized by a dysbiotic oral microbiota (Shannon Index: 3.32 ± 0.62 in PRG versus 3.79 ± 0.68 in CG; p = 0.03) with an increase of Streptococcus (58.43 ± 16.84 versus 42.60 ± 17.45; p = 0.005), the main genus implicated in caries. Predicted metagenomics of oral microbiota in rugby players was suggestive of a cariogenic metagenome favourable to the development of caries.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that the oral health of PRG was poorer than the general population. PRG are characterized by a dysbiotic oral microbiota with an increase of the relative abundance of Streptococcus genus, positively correlated to the weight and negatively correlated to the diversity of oral microbiota.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Dental screening should be included in the medical follow-up of professional rugby players as a part of their health management. New strategies such as using probiotics like Lactobacillus could help to control the dysbiosis of oral microbiota.

The effects of periodontal treatment on diabetic patients: The DIAPERIO randomized controlled trial

AIM

To assess whether periodontal treatment can lead to clinical, glycaemic control and quality of life improvements in metabolically unbalanced diabetic patients (type 1 or type 2) diagnosed with periodontitis.

METHODS

In this open-labelled randomized controlled trial, diabetic subjects (n = 91) were given "immediate" or "delayed" periodontal treatment (full-mouth non-surgical scaling and root planing, systemic antibiotics, and oral health instructions). The main outcome was the effect on glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1C ) and fructosamine levels. The General Oral Health Assessment Index and the SF-36 index were used to assess quality of life (QoL).

RESULTS

Periodontal health significantly improved after periodontal treatment (p < 0.001). Periodontal treatment seemed to be safe but had no significant effects on glycaemic control based on HbA_1C (adjusted mean difference with a 95% confidence interval (aMD) of 0.04 [-0.16;0.24]) and fructosamine levels (aMD 5.0 [-10.2;20.2]). There was no obvious evidence of improvement in general QoL after periodontal treatment. However, there was significant improvement in oral health-related QoL (aMD 7.0 [2.4;11.6], p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Although periodontal treatment showed no clinical effect on glycaemic control in this trial, important data were provided to support periodontal care among diabetic patients. Periodontal treatment is safe and improves oral health-related QoL in patients living with diabetes. ISRCTN15334496.