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Mahishi D, Triphan T, Hesse R, Huetteroth W. The Panopticon-Assessing the Effect of Starvation on Prolonged Fly Activity and Place Preference. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:640146. [PMID: 33841109 PMCID: PMC8026880 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.640146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviours are demonstrably governed by sensory stimulation, previous experience and internal states like hunger. With increasing hunger, priorities shift towards foraging and feeding. During foraging, flies are known to employ efficient path integration strategies. However, general long-term activity patterns for both hungry and satiated flies in conditions of foraging remain to be better understood. Similarly, little is known about how permanent contact chemosensory stimulation affects locomotion. To address these questions, we have developed a novel, simplistic fly activity tracking setup—the Panopticon. Using a 3D-printed Petri dish inset, our assay allows recording of walking behaviour, of several flies in parallel, with all arena surfaces covered by a uniform substrate layer. We tested two constellations of providing food: (i) in single patches and (ii) omnipresent within the substrate layer. Fly tracking is done with FIJI, further assessment, analysis and presentation is done with a custom-built MATLAB analysis framework. We find that starvation history leads to a long-lasting reduction in locomotion, as well as a delayed place preference for food patches which seems to be not driven by immediate hunger motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Mahishi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilman Triphan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ricarda Hesse
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf Huetteroth
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Schumann I, Triphan T. The PEDtracker: An Automatic Staging Approach for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:612313. [PMID: 33390912 PMCID: PMC7772430 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.612313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-embryonal development of arthropod species, including crustaceans and insects, is characterized by ecdysis or molting. This process defines growth stages and is controlled by a conserved neuroendocrine system. Each molting event is divided in several critical time points, such as pre-molt, molt, and post-molt, and leaves the animals in a temporarily highly vulnerable state while their cuticle is re-hardening. The molting events occur in an immediate ecdysis sequence within a specific time window during the development. Each sub-stage takes only a short amount of time, which is generally in the order of minutes. To find these relatively short behavioral events, one needs to follow the entire post-embryonal development over several days. As the manual detection of the ecdysis sequence is time consuming and error prone, we designed a monitoring system to facilitate the continuous observation of the post-embryonal development of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Under constant environmental conditions we are able to observe the life cycle from the embryonic state to the adult, which takes about 10 days in this species. Specific processing algorithms developed and implemented in Fiji and R allow us to determine unique behavioral events on an individual level—including egg hatching, ecdysis and pupation. In addition, we measured growth rates and activity patterns for individual larvae. Our newly created RPackage PEDtracker can predict critical developmental events and thus offers the possibility to perform automated screens that identify changes in various aspects of larval development. In conclusion, the PEDtracker system presented in this study represents the basis for automated real-time staging and analysis not only for the arthropod development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schumann
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilman Triphan
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Triphan T, Thum AS. Connectomics: Arrested Development. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R90-R92. [PMID: 30721681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Connectomics, the reconstruction of neuronal wiring diagrams via electron microscopy, is bringing us closer to understanding how brains organize behavior. But high-resolution imaging of the brain can do more. A new study now provides insights into how neuronal circuits develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Triphan
- University of Leipzig, Institute for Biology, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas S Thum
- University of Leipzig, Institute for Biology, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Triphan T, Nern A, Roberts SF, Korff W, Naiman DQ, Strauss R. A screen for constituents of motor control and decision making in Drosophila reveals visual distance-estimation neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27000. [PMID: 27255169 PMCID: PMC4891706 DOI: 10.1038/srep27000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climbing over chasms larger than step size is vital to fruit flies, since foraging and mating are achieved while walking. Flies avoid futile climbing attempts by processing parallax-motion vision to estimate gap width. To identify neuronal substrates of climbing control, we screened a large collection of fly lines with temporarily inactivated neuronal populations in a novel high-throughput assay described here. The observed climbing phenotypes were classified; lines in each group are reported. Selected lines were further analysed by high-resolution video cinematography. One striking class of flies attempts to climb chasms of unsurmountable width; expression analysis guided us to C2 optic-lobe interneurons. Inactivation of C2 or the closely related C3 neurons with highly specific intersectional driver lines consistently reproduced hyperactive climbing whereas strong or weak artificial depolarization of C2/C3 neurons strongly or mildly decreased climbing frequency. Contrast-manipulation experiments support our conclusion that C2/C3 neurons are part of the distance-evaluation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Triphan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sonia F Roberts
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Daniel Q Naiman
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Roland Strauss
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Zoologie III, Col.-Kleinmann-Weg 2, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Martín-Peña A, Acebes A, Rodríguez JR, Chevalier V, Casas-Tinto S, Triphan T, Strauss R, Ferrús A. Cell types and coincident synapses in the ellipsoid body ofDrosophila. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1586-601. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Martín-Peña
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; C.S.I.C.; Ave. Dr. Arce 37 E-28002 Madrid Spain
- Department of Neurology; McKnight Brain Institute; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Angel Acebes
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; C.S.I.C.; Ave. Dr. Arce 37 E-28002 Madrid Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands; Institute of Biomedical Technologies; University of La Laguna; Tenerife Spain
| | - José-Rodrigo Rodríguez
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; C.S.I.C.; Ave. Dr. Arce 37 E-28002 Madrid Spain
| | - Valerie Chevalier
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; C.S.I.C.; Ave. Dr. Arce 37 E-28002 Madrid Spain
| | - Sergio Casas-Tinto
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; C.S.I.C.; Ave. Dr. Arce 37 E-28002 Madrid Spain
| | - Tilman Triphan
- Biozentrum der Universitaet Wuerzburg; Lehrstuhl für Genetik und Neurobiologie; Wuerzburg Germany
- HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus; Ashburn VA USA
| | - Roland Strauss
- Biozentrum der Universitaet Wuerzburg; Lehrstuhl für Genetik und Neurobiologie; Wuerzburg Germany
- Department of Zoologie III-Neurobiologie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Alberto Ferrús
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; C.S.I.C.; Ave. Dr. Arce 37 E-28002 Madrid Spain
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Eschbach C, Cano C, Haberkern H, Schraut K, Guan C, Triphan T, Gerber B. Associative learning between odorants and mechanosensory punishment in larval Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:3897-905. [PMID: 22071180 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether Drosophila larvae can associate odours with a mechanosensory disturbance as a punishment, using substrate vibration conveyed by a loudspeaker (buzz:). One odour (A) was presented with the buzz, while another odour (B) was presented without the buzz (A/B training). Then, animals were offered the choice between A and B. After reciprocal training (A/B), a second experimental group was tested in the same way. We found that larvae show conditioned escape from the previously punished odour. We further report an increase of associative performance scores with the number of punishments, and an increase according to the number of training cycles. Within the range tested (between 50 and 200 Hz), however, the pitch of the buzz does not apparently impact associative success. Last, but not least, we characterized odour-buzz memories with regard to the conditions under which they are behaviourally expressed--or not. In accordance with what has previously been found for associative learning between odours and bad taste (such as high concentration salt or quinine), we report that conditioned escape after odour-buzz learning is disabled if escape is not warranted, i.e. if no punishment to escape from is present during testing. Together with the already established paradigms for the association of odour and bad taste, the present assay offers the prospect of analysing how a relatively simple brain orchestrates memory and behaviour with regard to different kinds of 'bad' events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Eschbach
- Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Neurobiologie und Genetik, Würzburg, Germany
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Schnaitmann C, Vogt K, Triphan T, Tanimoto H. Appetitive and aversive visual learning in freely moving Drosophila. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:10. [PMID: 20300462 PMCID: PMC2839846 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare appetitive and aversive visual memories of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we developed a new paradigm for classical conditioning. Adult flies are trained en masse to differentially associate one of two visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (blue and green light as CS) with an appetitive or aversive chemical substance (unconditioned stimulus or US). In a test phase, flies are given a choice between the paired and the unpaired visual stimuli. Associative memory is measured based on altered visual preference in the test. If a group of flies has, for example, received a sugar reward with green light in the training, they show a significantly higher preference for the green stimulus during the test than another group of flies having received the same reward with blue light. We demonstrate critical parameters for the formation of visual appetitive memory, such as training repetition, order of reinforcement, starvation, and individual conditioning. Furthermore, we show that formic acid can act as an aversive chemical reinforcer, yielding weak, yet significant, aversive memory. These results provide a basis for future investigations into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying visual memory and perception in Drosophila.
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Carmine-Simmen K, Proctor T, Tschäpe J, Poeck B, Triphan T, Strauss R, Kretzschmar D. Neurotoxic effects induced by the Drosophila amyloid-beta peptide suggest a conserved toxic function. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 33:274-81. [PMID: 19049874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) into plaques is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While amyloid precursor protein (APP)-related proteins are found in most organisms, only Abeta fragments from human APP have been shown to induce amyloid deposits and progressive neurodegeneration. Therefore, it was suggested that neurotoxic effects are a specific property of human Abeta. Here we show that Abeta fragments derived from the Drosophila orthologue APPL aggregate into intracellular fibrils, amyloid deposits, and cause age-dependent behavioral deficits and neurodegeneration. We also show that APPL can be cleaved by a novel fly beta-secretase-like enzyme. This suggests that Abeta-induced neurotoxicity is a conserved function of APP proteins whereby the lack of conservation in the primary sequence indicates that secondary structural aspects determine their pathogenesis. In addition, we found that the behavioral phenotypes precede extracellular amyloid deposit formation, supporting results that intracellular Abeta plays a key role in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Carmine-Simmen
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Neuser K, Triphan T, Mronz M, Poeck B, Strauss R. Analysis of a spatial orientation memory in Drosophila. Nature 2008; 453:1244-7. [PMID: 18509336 DOI: 10.1038/nature07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Poeck B, Triphan T, Neuser K, Strauss R. Locomotor control by the central complex inDrosophila—An analysis of thetay bridge mutant. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:1046-58. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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