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Schwarz TM, Woods E, Singh MP, Chen X, Jung C, Aota LS, Jang K, Krämer M, Kim SH, McCarroll I, Gault B. In Situ Metallic Coating of Atom Probe Specimen for Enhanced Yield, Performance, and Increased Field-of-View. Microsc Microanal 2024:ozae006. [PMID: 38366381 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography requires needle-shaped specimens with a diameter typically below 100 nm, making them both very fragile and reactive, and defects (notches at grain boundaries or precipitates) are known to affect the yield and data quality. The use of a conformal coating directly on the sharpened specimen has been proposed to increase yield and reduce background. However, to date, these coatings have been applied ex situ and mostly are not uniform. Here, we report on the controlled focused-ion beam in situ deposition of a thin metal film on specimens immediately after specimen preparation. Different metallic targets e.g. Cr were attached to a micromanipulator via a conventional lift-out method and sputtered using Ga or Xe ions. We showcase the many advantages of coating specimens from metallic to nonmetallic materials. We have identified an increase in data quality and yield, an improvement of the mass resolution, as well as an increase in the effective field-of-view. This wider field-of-view enables visualization of the entire original specimen, allowing to detect the complete surface oxide layer around the specimen. The ease of implementation of the approach makes it very attractive for generalizing its use across a very wide range of atom probe analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Schwarz
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Eric Woods
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Xinren Chen
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Chanwon Jung
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Leonardo S Aota
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Kyuseon Jang
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathias Krämer
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Ingrid McCarroll
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Woods EV, Singh MP, Kim SH, Schwarz TM, Douglas JO, El-Zoka AA, Giulani F, Gault B. A Versatile and Reproducible Cryo-sample Preparation Methodology for Atom Probe Studies. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1992-2003. [PMID: 37856778 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Repeatable and reliable site-specific preparation of specimens for atom probe tomography (APT) at cryogenic temperatures has proven challenging. A generalized workflow is required for cryogenic specimen preparation including lift-out via focused ion beam and in situ deposition of capping layers, to strengthen specimens that will be exposed to high electric field and stresses during field evaporation in APT and protect them from environment during transfer into the atom probe. Here, we build on existing protocols and showcase preparation and analysis of a variety of metals, oxides, and supported frozen liquids and battery materials. We demonstrate reliable in situ deposition of a metallic capping layer that significantly improves the atom probe data quality for challenging material systems, particularly battery cathode materials which are subjected to delithiation during the atom probe analysis itself. Our workflow design is versatile and transferable widely to other instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Woods
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Finn Giulani
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Schwarz TM, Ott J, Solodenko H, Schmitz G, Stender P. Nanoscale analysis of frozen honey by atom probe tomography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17786. [PMID: 36273026 PMCID: PMC9587987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the analysed volume is one of the main goals of atom probe tomography (APT) and can deliver nearly atomic resolution (~ 0.2 nm spatial resolution) and chemical information with a mass sensitivity down to the ppm range. Extending this technique to frozen biological systems would have an enormous impact on the structural analysis of biomolecules. In previous works, we have shown that it is possible to measure frozen liquids with APT. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of APT to trace nanoscale precipitation in frozen natural honey. While the mass signals of the common sugar fragments CxHy and CxOyHz overlap with (H2O)nH from water, we achieved correct stoichiometric values via different interpretation approaches for the peaks and thus determined the water content reliably. Next, we use honey to investigate the spatial resolution capabilities as a step toward the measurement of biological molecules in solution in 3D with sub-nanometer resolution. This may take analytical techniques to a new level, since methods of chemical characterization for cryogenic samples, especially biological samples, are still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. Schwarz
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas Ott
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helena Solodenko
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guido Schmitz
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Stender
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Segreto N, Schwarz TM, Dietrich CA, Stender P, Schuldt R, Schmitz G, Kästner J. Understanding the Underlying Field Evaporation Mechanism of Pure Water Tips in High Electrical Fields. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5663-5671. [PMID: 35972399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the field evaporation process of frozen water in atom probe tomography (APT) by density functional simulations. In previous experiments, a strong tailing effect was observed for peaks caused by the molecular structure (H2O)nH+, in contrast to other peaks. In purely field-induced and thermally assisted evaporation simulations, we found that chains of protonated water molecules were pulled out of the dielectric surface by up to 6 Å, which are stable over a wide range of field strengths. Therefore, the resulting water clusters experience only part of the acceleration after evaporation compared to molecules evaporating directly from the surface and, thus, exhibit an energy deficit, which explains the tailing effect. Our simulations provide new insight into the complex evaporation behavior of water in high electrical fields and reveal possibilities for adapting the existing reconstruction algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Segreto
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin A Dietrich
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Stender
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robin Schuldt
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Stender P, Gault B, Schwarz TM, Woods EV, Kim SH, Ott J, Stephenson LT, Schmitz G, Freysoldt C, Kästner J, El-Zoka AA. Status and Direction of Atom Probe Analysis of Frozen Liquids. Microsc Microanal 2022; 28:1-18. [PMID: 35039105 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of liquids and cryogenic biological materials by electron microscopy has been recently enabled by innovative approaches for specimen preparation and the fast development of optimized instruments for cryo-enabled electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Yet, cryo-EM typically lacks advanced analytical capabilities, in particular for light elements. With the development of protocols for frozen wet specimen preparation, atom probe tomography (APT) could advantageously complement insights gained by cryo-EM. Here, we report on different approaches that have been recently proposed to enable the analysis of relatively large volumes of frozen liquids from either a flat substrate or the fractured surface of a wire. Both allowed for analyzing water ice layers which are several micrometers thick consisting of pure water, pure heavy water, and aqueous solutions. We discuss the merits of both approaches and prospects for further developments in this area. Preliminary results raise numerous questions, in part concerning the physics underpinning field evaporation. We discuss these aspects and lay out some of the challenges regarding the APT analysis of frozen liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric V Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Ott
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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Schwarz TM, Dietrich CA, Ott J, Weikum EM, Lawitzki R, Solodenko H, Hadjixenophontos E, Gault B, Kästner J, Schmitz G, Stender P. 3D sub-nanometer analysis of glucose in an aqueous solution by cryo-atom probe tomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11607. [PMID: 34078953 PMCID: PMC8172843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is currently a well-established technique to analyse the composition of solid materials including metals, semiconductors and ceramics with up to near-atomic resolution. Using an aqueous glucose solution, we now extended the technique to frozen solutions. While the mass signals of the common glucose fragments CxHy and CxOyHz overlap with (H2O)nH from water, we achieved stoichiometrically correct values via signal deconvolution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the stability of the detected pyranose fragments. This paper demonstrates APT’s capabilities to achieve sub-nanometre resolution in tracing whole glucose molecules in a frozen solution by using cryogenic workflows. We use a solution of defined concentration to investigate the chemical resolution capabilities as a step toward the measurement of biological molecules. Due to the evaporation of nearly intact glucose molecules, their position within the measured 3D volume of the solution can be determined with sub-nanometre resolution. Our analyses take analytical techniques to a new level, since chemical characterization methods for cryogenically-frozen solutions or biological materials are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Schwarz
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C A Dietrich
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Ott
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E M Weikum
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - R Lawitzki
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Solodenko
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Hadjixenophontos
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
| | - J Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G Schmitz
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Stender
- Chair of Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schwarz TM, Weikum EM, Meng K, Hadjixenophontos E, Dietrich CA, Kästner J, Stender P, Schmitz G. Field evaporation and atom probe tomography of pure water tips. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20271. [PMID: 33219263 PMCID: PMC7680140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring biological samples by atom probe tomography (APT) in their natural environment, i.e. aqueous solution, would take this analytical method, which is currently well established for metals, semi-conductive materials and non-metals, to a new level. It would give information about the 3D chemical structure of biological systems, which could enable unprecedented insights into biological systems and processes, such as virus protein interactions. For this future aim, we present as a first essential step the APT analysis of pure water (Milli-Q) which is the main component of biological systems. After Cryo-preparation, nanometric water tips are field evaporated with assistance by short laser pulses. The obtained data sets of several tens of millions of atoms reveal a complex evaporation behavior. Understanding the field evaporation process of water is fundamental for the measurement of more complex biological systems. For the identification of the individual signals in the mass spectrum, DFT calculations were performed to prove the stability of the detected molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Schwarz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E M Weikum
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Meng
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Hadjixenophontos
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C A Dietrich
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Stender
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - G Schmitz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Kolben T, Schwarz TM, Goess C, Blume C, Degenhardt T, Engel J, Wuerstlein R, Ditsch N, Harbeck N, Kahlert S. Abstract P3-13-02: Surcigal management of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p3-13-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PURPOSE
Approximately 10-15% of breast cancer patients treated by breast conserving surgery (BCS) and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) will develop ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR).
International guidelines suggest total mastectomy as treatment of choice for IBTR following lumpectomy and RT. Nevertheless, there is evidence that second BCS might be equally sufficient.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with IBTR diagnosed between 1990 and 2014 after BCS and RT were included (n=170).
34.1% women underwent secondary BCS, whereas 65.9% were treated by mastectomy. We determined predictive factors for time to local progression (TTP), disease free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) comparing these two groups.
RESULTS
Median follow-up after primary IBTR was 49 months (59 months for patients still alive at time of analysis). Five-year IBTR-free rate after secondary BCS was 77.6% (SD±6.1%) and 75.0% (SD±4.5%) for patients after mastectomy. Five-year DFS was 57.3% (SD±8.2%), and 61.9% (SD±5.5%), five-year OS was 84.7% (SD±5.8%), and 72.6% (SD±5.1%), respectively.
Prior adjuvant systemic therapy, muscular invasion, and skin infiltration were independent significant risk factors for a shorter TTP.
Additionally, lymphovascular infiltration (LVI) in the IBTR increased the risk for a shorter DFS.
LVI, muscular invasion, and skin infiltration were identified as independent significant risk factors for a shorter OS.
CONCLUSION
No significant difference in local control, DFS, and OS was seen between IBTR patients treated either by secondary BCS or mastectomy. Our data suggest that secondary BCS for IBTR patients after initial BCS and RT is feasible in selected patients.
Citation Format: Kolben T, Schwarz TM, Goess C, Blume C, Degenhardt T, Engel J, Wuerstlein R, Ditsch N, Harbeck N, Kahlert S. Surcigal management of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kolben
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - TM Schwarz
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Goess
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Blume
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - T Degenhardt
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - J Engel
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - R Wuerstlein
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - N Ditsch
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - N Harbeck
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Kahlert
- Breast Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center of LMU, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cancer Registry (MCR) of the Munich Cancer Center (MCC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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