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Liu F, Golani P, Truttmann TK, Evangelista I, Smeaton MA, Bugallo D, Wen J, Manjeshwar AK, May SJ, Kourkoutis LF, Janotti A, Koester SJ, Jalan B. Doping the Undopable: Hybrid Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth, n-Type Doping, and Field-Effect Transistor Using CaSnO 3. ACS Nano 2023; 17:16912-16922. [PMID: 37638732 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The alkaline earth stannates are touted for their wide band gaps and the highest room-temperature electron mobilities among all of the perovskite oxides. CaSnO3 has the highest measured band gap in this family and is thus a particularly promising ultrawide band gap semiconductor. However, discouraging results from previous theoretical studies and failed doping attempts had described this material as "undopable". Here we redeem CaSnO3 using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, which provides an adsorption-controlled growth for the phase-pure, epitaxial, and stoichiometric CaSnO3 films. By introducing lanthanum (La) as an n-type dopant, we demonstrate the robust and predictable doping of CaSnO3 with free electron concentrations, n3D, from 3.3 × 1019 cm-3 to 1.6 × 1020 cm-3. The films exhibit a maximum room-temperature mobility of 42 cm2 V-1 s-1 at n3D = 3.3 × 1019 cm-3. Despite having a comparable radius as the host ion, La expands the lattice parameter. Using density functional calculations, this effect is attributed to the energy gain by lowering the conduction band upon volume expansion. Finally, we exploit robust doping by fabricating CaSnO3-based field-effect transistors. The transistors show promise for CaSnO3's high-voltage capabilities by exhibiting low off-state leakage below 2 × 10-5 mA/mm at a drain-source voltage of 100 V and on-off ratios exceeding 106. This work serves as a starting point for future studies on the semiconducting properties of CaSnO3 and many devices that could benefit from CaSnO3's exceptionally wide band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Prafful Golani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tristan K Truttmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Igor Evangelista
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michelle A Smeaton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David Bugallo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Jiaxuan Wen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anusha Kamath Manjeshwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven J May
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bharat Jalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Yoon H, Truttmann TK, Liu F, Matthews BE, Choo S, Su Q, Saraswat V, Manzo S, Arnold MS, Bowden ME, Kawasaki JK, Koester SJ, Spurgeon SR, Chambers SA, Jalan B. Freestanding epitaxial SrTiO 3 nanomembranes via remote epitaxy using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadd5328. [PMID: 36563139 PMCID: PMC9788776 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The epitaxial growth of functional oxides using a substrate with a graphene layer is a highly desirable method for improving structural quality and obtaining freestanding epitaxial nanomembranes for scientific study, applications, and economical reuse of substrates. However, the aggressive oxidizing conditions typically used in growing epitaxial oxides can damage graphene. Here, we demonstrate the successful use of hybrid molecular beam epitaxy for SrTiO3 growth that does not require an independent oxygen source, thus avoiding graphene damage. This approach produces epitaxial films with self-regulating cation stoichiometry. Furthermore, the film (46-nm-thick SrTiO3) can be exfoliated and transferred to foreign substrates. These results open the door to future studies of previously unattainable freestanding oxide nanomembranes grown in an adsorption-controlled manner by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. This approach has potentially important implications for the commercial application of perovskite oxides in flexible electronics and as a dielectric in van der Waals thin-film electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tristan K. Truttmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fengdeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bethany E. Matthews
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sooho Choo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Qun Su
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vivek Saraswat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sebastian Manzo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael S. Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark E. Bowden
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jason K. Kawasaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Steven J. Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Steven R. Spurgeon
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Scott A. Chambers
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Bharat Jalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Yue J, Ayino Y, Truttmann TK, Gastiasoro MN, Persky E, Khanukov A, Lee D, Thoutam LR, Kalisky B, Fernandes RM, Pribiag VS, Jalan B. Anomalous transport in high-mobility superconducting SrTiO 3 thin films. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabl5668. [PMID: 35613270 PMCID: PMC9132441 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of subtle effects on transport in semiconductors requires high-quality epitaxial structures with low defect density. Using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), SrTiO3 films with a low-temperature mobility exceeding 42,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at a low carrier density of 3 × 1017 cm-3 were achieved. A sudden and sharp decrease in residual resistivity accompanied by an enhancement in the superconducting transition temperature were observed across the second Lifshitz transition where the third band becomes occupied, revealing dominant intraband scattering. These films further revealed an anomalous behavior in the Hall carrier density as a consequence of the antiferrodistortive (AFD) transition and the temperature dependence of the Hall scattering factor. Using hybrid MBE growth, phenomenological modeling, temperature-dependent transport measurements, and scanning superconducting quantum interference device imaging, we provide critical insights into the important role of inter- versus intraband scattering and of AFD domain walls on normal-state and superconducting properties of SrTiO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yilikal Ayino
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tristan K. Truttmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maria N. Gastiasoro
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eylon Persky
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Alex Khanukov
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Dooyong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laxman R. Thoutam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Beena Kalisky
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Rafael M. Fernandes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vlad S. Pribiag
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bharat Jalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Thoutam LR, Truttmann TK, Rajapitamahuni AK, Jalan B. Hysteretic Magnetoresistance in a Non-Magnetic SrSnO 3 Film via Thermal Coupling to Dynamic Substrate Behavior. Nano Lett 2021; 21:10006-10011. [PMID: 34807629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hysteretic magnetoresistance (MR) is often used as a signature of ferromagnetism in conducting oxide films and heterostructures. Here, magnetotransport is investigated in a nonmagnetic La-doped SrSnO3 film. A 12 nm La:SrSnO3/2 nm SrSnO3/GdScO3 (110) film with insulating behavior exhibited a robust hysteresis loop in the MR at T < 5 K accompanied by an anomaly at ∼±3 T at T < 2.5 K. Furthermore, MR with the field in-plane yielded a value exceeding 100% at 1.8 K. Using detailed temperature-, angle- and magnetic field-dependent resistance measurements, we illustrate the origin of hysteresis is not due to magnetism in the film but rather is associated with the magnetocaloric effect of the substrate. Given GdScO3 and similar substrates are commonly used, this work highlights the importance of thermal coupling to processes in the substrates which must be carefully accounted for in the data interpretation for heterostructures utilizing these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Raju Thoutam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tristan K Truttmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anil Kumar Rajapitamahuni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bharat Jalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Prakash A, Wang T, Bucsek A, Truttmann TK, Fali A, Cotrufo M, Yun H, Kim JW, Ryan PJ, Mkhoyan KA, Alù A, Abate Y, James RD, Jalan B. Self-Assembled Periodic Nanostructures Using Martensitic Phase Transformations. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1246-1252. [PMID: 33263403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel approach for the rational design and synthesis of self-assembled periodic nanostructures using martensitic phase transformations. We demonstrate this approach in a thin film of perovskite SrSnO3 with reconfigurable periodic nanostructures consisting of regularly spaced regions of sharply contrasted dielectric properties. The films can be designed to have different periodicities and relative phase fractions via chemical doping or strain engineering. The dielectric contrast within a single film can be tuned using temperature and laser wavelength, effectively creating a variable photonic crystal. Our results show the realistic possibility of designing large-area self-assembled periodic structures using martensitic phase transformations with the potential of implementing "built-to-order" nanostructures for tailored optoelectronic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Prakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ashley Bucsek
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tristan K Truttmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alireza Fali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michele Cotrufo
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Hwanhui Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jong-Woo Kim
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Philip J Ryan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - K Andre Mkhoyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Richard D James
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bharat Jalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Abstract
Although transfer of electrophilic alkoxyl ("RO+") from organic peroxides to organometallics offers a complement to traditional methods for etherification, application has been limited by constraints associated with peroxide reactivity and stability. We now demonstrate that readily prepared tetrahydropyranyl monoperoxyacetals react with sp(3) and sp(2) organolithium and organomagnesium reagents to furnish moderate to high yields of ethers. The method is successfully applied to the synthesis of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and cyclopropyl ethers, mixed O,O-acetals, and S,S,O-orthoesters. In contrast to reactions of dialkyl and alkyl/silyl peroxides, the displacements of monoperoxyacetals provide no evidence for alkoxy radical intermediates. At the same time, the high yields observed for transfer of primary, secondary, or tertiary alkoxides, the latter involving attack on neopentyl oxygen, are inconsistent with an SN2 mechanism. Theoretical studies suggest a mechanism involving Lewis acid promoted insertion of organometallics into the O-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShivaKumar Kyasa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Rebecca
N. Meier
- Department
of Chemistry, Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Ruth A. Pardini
- Department
of Chemistry, Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Tristan K. Truttmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Keith T. Kuwata
- Department
of Chemistry, Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Patrick H. Dussault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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