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Abstract
AbstractThe relationship between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions is highly debated among social scientists. We emphasize the need for a multidimensional theoretical and empirical approach to extend the two-step behavioral gender revolution approach to a three-step attitudinal gender revolution approach distinguishing between gender roles in the public sphere, mothers’ role in the family, and fathers’ role in the family. Using the Generations and Gender Survey of eight European countries, we demonstrate the usefulness of such an approach. Gender equal attitudes related to the public sphere are more widespread than those concerning mothers’ or fathers’ roles in the family. Our results show that the association between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions varies—in terms of significance and magnitude—according to the dimension considered (gender roles in the public sphere, mothers’ and fathers’ role in the family), gender, parity, and country. We conclude that without a clear concept of and empirical distinction between the various elements of the gender role attitudes/fertility nexus, scientific investigations will continue to send conflicting messages.
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Comolli CL, Neyer G, Andersson G, Dommermuth L, Fallesen P, Jalovaara M, Jónsson AK, Kolk M, Lappegård T. Correction to: Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries. Eur J Popul 2021; 37:521. [PMID: 33927585 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-021-09579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s10680-020-09570-0.].
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Comolli
- University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Mouline, Bâtiment Géopolis, Bureau : 5321, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Neyer
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - L Dommermuth
- The Research Department at Statistics Norway (SSB), Oslo, Norway
| | - P Fallesen
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - M Kolk
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Comolli CL, Neyer G, Andersson G, Dommermuth L, Fallesen P, Jalovaara M, Jónsson AK, Kolk M, Lappegård T. Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries. Eur J Popul 2021; 37:473-520. [PMID: 33230356 PMCID: PMC7676408 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-020-09570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the 2010s, fertility rates fell across the Nordic region. The onset of these declines seems linked to the Great Recession of 2008-2009, but their continuation cannot easily be linked to subsequent economic change. The 1990s, too, brought episodes of economic crises to the Nordic region that were followed by different degrees of fertility decline. In this study, we provide an empirical overview of parity-, age- and education-specific fertility developments in the five Nordic countries in the wake of the economic recessions in 2008 and the early 1990s, respectively. We demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in fertility developments across countries after 1990, whereas after 2008, the trends are much more similar across the five countries. Likewise, the educational differences in birth hazards that characterized the developments after 1990 were much smaller in the initial years after 2008-2009. This reversal from heterogeneity to homogeneity in the fertility response to recessions calls for an expansion of theories on the cyclicality of fertility in relation to uncertainty and economic and social change. In our discussion, we consider the role of a set of factors that also incorporates the state, crisis management, and perceptions of economic and welfare uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Comolli
- University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Mouline, Bâtiment Géopolis, Bureau : 5321, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. Neyer
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - L. Dommermuth
- The Research Department at Statistics Norway (SSB), PO Box 2633, St. Hanshaugen, 0131 Oslo, Norway
| | - P. Fallesen
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - M. Kolk
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Nisén J, Klüsener S, Dahlberg J, Dommermuth L, Jasilioniene A, Kreyenfeld M, Lappegård T, Li P, Martikainen P, Neels K, Riederer B, Te Riele S, Szabó L, Trimarchi A, Viciana F, Wilson B, Myrskylä M. Educational Differences in Cohort Fertility Across Sub-national Regions in Europe. Eur J Popul 2021; 37:263-295. [PMID: 33597840 PMCID: PMC7864854 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-020-09562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Educational differences in female cohort fertility vary strongly across high-income countries and over time, but knowledge about how educational fertility differentials play out at the sub-national regional level is limited. Examining these sub-national regional patterns might improve our understanding of national patterns, as regionally varying contextual conditions may affect fertility. This study provides for the first time for a large number of European countries a comprehensive account of educational differences in the cohort fertility rate (CFR) at the sub-national regional level. We harmonise data from population registers, censuses, and large-sample surveys for 15 countries to measure women’s completed fertility by educational level and region of residence at the end of the reproductive lifespan. In order to explore associations between educational differences in CFRs and levels of economic development, we link our data to regional GDP per capita. Empirical Bayesian estimation is used to reduce uncertainty in the regional fertility estimates. We document an overall negative gradient between the CFR and level of education, and notable regional variation in the gradient. The steepness of the gradient is inversely related to the economic development level. It is steepest in the least developed regions and close to zero in the most developed regions. This tendency is observed within countries as well as across all regions of all countries. Our findings underline the variability of educational gradients in women’s fertility, suggest that higher levels of development may be associated with less negative gradients, and call for more in-depth sub-national-level fertility analyses by education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nisén
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klüsener
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.,Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Johan Dahlberg
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University Demography Unit (SUDA), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Trude Lappegård
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Bernhard Riederer
- University of Vienna, Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laura Szabó
- Hungarian Demographic Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Francisco Viciana
- Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ben Wilson
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University Demography Unit (SUDA), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Perelli-Harris B, Hoherz S, Lappegård T, Evans A. Mind the "Happiness" Gap: The Relationship Between Cohabitation, Marriage, and Subjective Well-being in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Norway. Demography 2020; 56:1219-1246. [PMID: 31290087 PMCID: PMC6667403 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-019-00792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found that married people have higher subjective well-being than those who are not married. Yet the increase in cohabitation raises questions as to whether only marriage has beneficial effects. In this study, we examine differences in subjective well-being between cohabiting and married men and women in midlife, comparing the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Norway. We apply propensity score–weighted regression analyses to examine selection processes into marriage and differential treatment bias. We find no differences between cohabitation and marriage for men in the United Kingdom and Norway, and women in Germany. However, we do find significant differences for men in Australia and women in Norway. The differences disappear after we control for selection in Australia, but they unexpectedly persist for Norwegian women, disappearing only when we account for relationship satisfaction. For German men and British and Australian women, those with a lower propensity to marry would benefit from marriage. Controls eliminate differences for German men, although not for U.K. women, but relationship satisfaction reduces differences. Overall, our study indicates that especially after selection and relationship satisfaction are taken into account, differences between marriage and cohabitation disappear in all countries. Marriage does not lead to higher subjective well-being; instead, cohabitation is a symptom of economic and emotional strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienna Perelli-Harris
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography and Centre for Population Change, School of Social, Economic, and Political Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefanie Hoherz
- Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Trude Lappegård
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Evans
- School of Demography, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Jalovaara M, Neyer G, Andersson G, Dahlberg J, Dommermuth L, Fallesen P, Lappegård T. Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries. Eur J Popul 2019; 35:563-586. [PMID: 31372105 PMCID: PMC6639448 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Systematic comparisons of fertility developments based on education, gender and country context are rare. Using harmonized register data, we compare cohort total fertility and ultimate childlessness by gender and educational attainment for cohorts born beginning in 1940 in four Nordic countries. Cohort fertility (CTF) initially declined in all four countries, although for cohorts born in the 1950s and later, the CTF remained stable or declined only modestly. Childlessness, which had been increasing, has plateaued in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Women's negative educational gradient in relation to total fertility has vanished, except in Finland, while men's positive gradient has persisted. The highest level of men's childlessness appears among the least educated. In the oldest female cohorts, childlessness was highest among the highly educated, but these patterns have changed over the cohorts as childlessness has increased among the low educated and remained relatively stable among higher educated women. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, childlessness is now highest among the least educated women. We witness both a new gender similarity and persistent (among men) and new (among women) educational disparities in childbearing outcomes in the Nordic region. Overall, the number of low educated has decreased remarkably over time. These population segments face increasing social and economic disadvantages that are reflected as well in their patterns of family formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Jalovaara
- Department of Social Research, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Fallesen
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Abstract
Abstract
Using data from administrative registers for the period 1970–2007 in Norway and Sweden, we investigate the intergenerational transmission of multipartner fertility. We find that men and women with half-siblings are more likely to have children with more than one partner. The differences are greater for those with younger versus older half-siblings, consistent with the additional influence of parental separation that may not arise when one has only older half-siblings. The additional risk for those with both older and younger half-siblings suggests that complexity in childhood family relationships also contributes to multipartner fertility. Only a small part of the intergenerational association is accounted for by education in the first and second generations. The association is to some extent gendered. Half-siblings are associated with a greater risk of women having children with a new partner in comparison with men. In particular, maternal half-siblings are more strongly associated with multipartner fertility than paternal half-siblings only for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude Lappegård
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Postboks 1096 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Research Department, Statistics Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Demography Unit, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Thomson
- Demography Unit, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Demography and Ecology, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1393, USA
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Perelli-Harris B, Hoherz S, Addo F, Lappegård T, Evans A, Sassler S, Styrc M. Do Marriage and Cohabitation Provide Benefits to Health in Mid-Life? The Role of Childhood Selection Mechanisms and Partnership Characteristics Across Countries. Popul Res Policy Rev 2018; 37:703-728. [PMID: 30546176 PMCID: PMC6267248 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-018-9467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has found that marriage provides health benefits to individuals, particularly in the U.S. The rise of cohabitation, however, raises questions about whether simply being in an intimate co-residential partnership conveys the same health benefits as marriage. Here, we use OLS regression to compare differences between partnered and unpartnered, and cohabiting and married individuals with respect to self-rated health in mid-life, an understudied part of the lifecourse. We pay particular attention to selection mechanisms arising in childhood and characteristics of the partnership. We compare results in five countries with different social, economic, and policy contexts: the U.S. (NLSY), U.K. (UKHLS), Australia (HILDA), Germany (SOEP), and Norway (GGS). Results show that living with a partner is positively associated with self-rated health in mid-life in all countries, but that controlling for children, prior separation, and current socio-economic status eliminates differences in Germany and Norway. Significant differences between cohabitation and marriage are only evident in the U.S. and the U.K., but controlling for childhood background, union duration, and prior union dissolution eliminates partnership differentials. The findings suggest that cohabitation in the U.S. and U.K., both liberal welfare regimes, seems to be very different than in the other countries. The results challenge the assumption that only marriage is beneficial for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienna Perelli-Harris
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, Bldg 58, Room 4013, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | | | | | - Ann Evans
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
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9
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Dommermuth L, Klobas J, Lappegård T. Realization of fertility intentions by different time frames. Adv Life Course Res 2015; 24:34-46. [PMID: 26047988 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the realization of positive fertility intentions with different time frames. The analyses are based on a unique combination of survey data and information from Norwegian administrative registers on childbearing in the years following the complete selected sample. Guided by the theoretical and empirical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the results suggest that a fertility intention's time frame is relevant for childbearing behaviour, but the patterns are somewhat different for respondents who were childless at the time of the interview compared to those who already had children. Overall, childless were less likely to realize their fertility intentions than parents. Following the TPB, childless may underestimate the difficulty of acting on their intentions and therefore have more difficulty realizing their intentions, versus parents who take into account their ability to manage another child. The results also show that childless with an immediate fertility intention are more likely to succeed than those with a longer-term intention. Likewise, parents with an immediate fertility intention are more likely to realize their intention during the two first years after the interview, but after four years the childbearing rate was higher among those with longer-term fertility intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dommermuth
- Research Department, Statistics Norway, PB 8131 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jane Klobas
- Murdoch University, PO Box 1164, Nedlands 6909, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Trude Lappegård
- Research Department, Statistics Norway, PB 8131 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Abstract
The article analyzes the diffusion of childbearing within cohabitation in Norway, using municipality data over a 24-year period (1988-2011). Research has found substantial spatial heterogeneity in this phenomenon but also substantial spatial correlation, and the prevalence of childbearing within cohabitation has increased significantly over time. We consider several theoretical perspectives and implement a spatial panel model that allows accounting for autocorrelation not only on the dependent variable but also on key explanatory variables, and hence identifies the key determinants of diffusion of childbearing within cohabitation across space and over time. We find only partial support for the second demographic transition as a theory able to explain the diffusion of childbearing within cohabitation. Our results show that at least in the first phase of the diffusion (1988-1997), economic difficulties as measured by increased unemployment among men contributed to the diffusion of childbearing within cohabitation. However, the most important driver for childbearing within cohabitation is expansion in education for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Vitali
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography and ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton, Social Sciences, Building 58 Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK,
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Abstract
This article compares mothers' experience of having children with more than one partner in two liberal welfare regimes (the United States and Australia) and two social democratic regimes (Sweden and Norway). We use survey-based union and birth histories in Australia and the United States and data from national population registers in Norway and Sweden to estimate the likelihood of experiencing childbearing across partnerships at any point in the childbearing career. We find that births with new partners constitute a substantial proportion of all births in each country we study. Despite quite different arrangements for social welfare, the determinants of childbearing across partnerships are very similar. Women who had their first birth at a very young age or who are less well-educated are most likely to have children with different partners. The educational gradient in childbearing across partnerships is also consistently negative across countries, particularly in contrast to educational gradients in childbearing with the same partner. The risk of childbearing across partnerships increased dramatically in all countries from the 1980s to the 2000s, and educational differences also increased, again, in both liberal and social democratic welfare regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomson
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, S106 91, Stockholm, Sweden,
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12
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Abstract
This article analyzes male fertility, with a particular focus on multipartner fertility, for cohorts born 1955 to 1984 in Norway. We find that socioeconomically disadvantaged men have the lowest chance of becoming fathers and the lowest likelihood of fathering multiple children in stable unions. Multipartner fertility, on the other hand, is positively associated with both disadvantage and advantage: higher-order birth risks with a new partner are more prevalent among men with low as well as high socioeconomic status. An intervening factor among disadvantaged men may be a higher union dissolution risk, and an elevated risk among advantaged men may be associated with their higher preferences for children and other features that make these men more attractive to women as partners and fathers of future children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude Lappegård
- Research Department, Statistics Norway, P.O.B. 8131 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway,
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13
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Perelli-Harris B, Kreyenfeld M, Sigle-Rushton W, Keizer R, Lappegård T, Jasilioniene A, Berghammer C, Di Giulio P. Changes in union status during the transition to parenthood in eleven European countries, 1970s to early 2000s. Population Studies 2012; 66:167-82. [DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2012.673004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Perelli-Harris B, Sigle-Rushton W, Kreyenfeld M, Lappegård T, Keizer R, Berghammer C. The educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation in Europe. Popul Dev Rev 2010; 36:775-801. [PMID: 21174870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.
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