White hard clam (Meretrix lyrata) shells as novel filter media to augment the phosphorus removal from wastewater

It is well recognized that filter media play a crucial role in constructed wetlands (CWs) for decontamination of phosphorus (P)-rich wastewater. This study investigates the suitability of raw white hard clam shells (WHC) and white hard clam shells thermally modified at 800 °C (WHC-M800) as potential media to enhance P treatment performance in CWs. The results indicated that both WHC and WHC-M800 displayed appropriate physicochemical properties, such as high porosity, excellent hydraulic conductivity, and rich Ca content. WHC-M800 exhibited a superior P adsorption capacity (38.7 mg/g) to WHC (12.8 mg/g). However, the practical utilization of WHC-M800 as filter media in CWs may be compromised, due to certain limitations, for example: extremely high pH values in the post-adsorption solutions; high weight losses during calcination and adsorption processes; low mechanical strength; and intensive energy consumption. In contrast, the WHC demonstrated significant advantages of reasonably high P adsorption capacity, locally abundant availability, low cost, and marginal side effects. The fractionation of inorganic P of WHC and WHC-M800 revealed that Ca-bounded P was the most dominant binding form, followed by loosely bound P, Fe-P, occluded P, and Al-P. The present study demonstrates that recycling of WHC shells as a potential substrate in CWs provides a feasible method for upgrading P removal in CWs. Additionally, it helps to reduce waste WHC shells in a simple, cheap, and eco-friendly way, thus can double environmental benefits.

Highlight on the solution processes occurring on silver(i)-assembling porphyrins in the presence of an excess of silver salt

Coordination cages obtained upon complexation of pyridyl functionalized porphyrins by Ag⁺ disassemble when overtaking a 1 : 2 stoichiometric amount of silver salt. An excess of Ag⁺ then leads to unusual chemical processes, here analyzed in detail, which permanently transform the monomeric porphyrins. The observed processes, discussed with reference to model compounds devoid of polyether substituted pyridyl residues, evidence a peculiar reactivity for meso 2,6-dimethylphenyl substituted porphyrins.

Recurrent pneumonia: a review with focus on clinical epidemiology and modifiable risk factors in elderly patients

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common reasons for physician visits and hospitalizations in North America. Rates of CAP increase with age and CAP is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly. Though there is much written about the epidemiology and risk factors of incident (first episode) pneumonia, much less is known about recurrent pneumonia. Rates of recurrent pneumonia within 3-5-years of an episode of CAP are 9-12% with a median time to recurrence of 123-317 days and mortality ranging from 4 to 10%. Age ≥65-years-old and impaired functional status are the only patient characteristics that are independently associated with increased risk of recurrence. In terms of modifiable risk factors, only the use of proton-pump inhibitors and systemic and inhaled corticosteroids have consistently been associated with increased risk of recurrent pneumonia, while angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may exert a protective effect. Many chronic medical conditions typically associated with increased incident pneumonia-such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neurological disease (resulting in dysphagia or silent aspiration), and heart failure-were not associated with increased risk of recurrent pneumonia. However, those who are immune-suppressed (e.g., immunoglobulin deficiencies) may be at increased risk of recurrent pneumonia. In summary, among those who survive an episode of pneumonia, recurrence is not uncommon, particularly in the elderly. Following recovery from an episode of pneumonia, patients should be evaluated for risk factors that would predispose to a second episode including seeking evidence of immunosuppression in younger patients and medication optimization, particularly in the elderly.

Stacking patterns of thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes functionalized by sequential palladium-catalyzed Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions

The crystal structures of three 5-alkenyl-2-arylthieno[3,2-b]thiophenes, namely 3,6-dibromo-5-(4-tert-butylstyryl)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, C(28)H(22)Br(2)S(2), (I), 3,6-dibromo-5-(4-methylstyryl)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, C(25)H(16)Br(2)S(2), (II), and 3,6-dibromo-2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-methylstyryl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, C(25)H(22)Br(2)S(2), (III), have been determined in order to evaluate the geometry of the molecules. The π-conjugated system containing the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene skeleton, the ethylene bridge and the phenyl rings is almost planar. The aromatic ring directly attached to the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moiety is not coplanar with the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moiety itself due to steric hindrance of the bromo substituent. The crystal packings are characterized by π-π stacking [only for (II)] and C-Br...π interactions. The long axes of the molecules in (I) are oriented in two directions; for the two other structures the long axis is oriented in one direction only.

Rates and risk factors for recurrent pneumonia in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: population-based prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up

BACKGROUND

The rates and risk factors for developing recurrent pneumonia following hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are poorly understood.

METHODS

We examined a population-based cohort of patients with CAP who survived hospital admission and who were free of pneumonia for at least 3 months. We collected clinical, functional, and medication-related information and pneumonia severity index (PSI). Using linked databases we followed patients for 5 years and captured any clinical episode of pneumonia 90 days or more post-discharge. We used Cox proportional hazards models (adjusted for age, sex, PSI, functional status, medications) to determine rates and independent correlates of recurrent pneumonia.

RESULTS

The final cohort included 2709 inpatients; 43% were 75 years or older, 34% were not fully independent, and 56% had severe pneumonia. Over 5 years of follow-up, 245 (9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8%-10%) patients developed recurrent pneumonia, and 156 (64%) of these episodes required hospitalization. Rate of recurrence was 3.0/100 person-years and median time to recurrence was 317 days (interquartile range, 177-569); 32 (13%) patients had 2 or more recurrences. In multivariable analyses only age >75 years (adjusted P = .047) and less than fully independent functional status (12% recurrence rate with impaired functional status vs 7% for fully independent; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2; P < .001) were significantly associated with recurrent pneumonia.

CONCLUSIONS

One of 11 patients who survived CAP hospitalization had recurrent pneumonia over 5 years and those with impaired functional status were at particularly high risk. Recurrent pneumonia is common and more attention to preventive strategies at discharge and closer follow-up over the long-term seem warranted.

[Population genetic structure of wild-growing ginseng (Planax ginseng C. A. Meyer) assessed using AFLP markers]

Genetic variability in ten populations of wild-growing ginseng was assessed using AFLP markers with the application of fragment analysis on a genetic analyzer. The variation indices were high in the populations (P = 55.68%; H(S) = 0.1891) and for the species (P = 99.65%; H(S) = 0.2857). Considerable and statistically significant population differentiation was demonstrated (theta = 0.363; Bayesian approach, "full model"; F(ST) = 0.36, AMOVA). The results of AMOVA and Bayesian analysis indicate that 64.46% of variability is found within the populations. Mantel test showed no correlation between the genetic and geographic distances among the populations (r = -0.174; P = 0.817). Hierarchical AMOVA and analysis of genetic relationships based on Euclidean distances (NJ, PCoA, and MST) identified two divergent population groups of ginseng. Low gene flow between these groups (N(m) = 0.4) suggests their demographic independence. In accordance to the concept of evolutionary significant units (ESU), these population groups, in terms of the strategy and tactics for conservation and management of natural resources, should be treated as management units (MUs). The MS tree topology suggests recolonization of southern Sikhote-Alin by ginseng along two directions, from south and west.

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy of jet-cooled silane isotopologues in the Si-H stretch overtone region

Absorption spectra of silane in the region of the first overtone of the Si-H stretch vibration have been recorded in a seeded supersonic jet expansion by cavity ring-down spectroscopy as well as in a static gas cell at room temperature by photoacoustic spectroscopy. Spectral simplification due to strong rotational cooling in the jet expansion enables us to clearly resolve and assign the rovibrational transitions of the (2000) and (1100) bands of the three isotopologues, (28)SiH(4), (29)SiH(4), and (30)SiH(4), in their natural isotopic abundance. Interconversion between different nuclear spin species of SiH(4) is found to be absent during the jet expansion. Isotope shifts for (29)SiH(4) and (30)SiH(4) relative to (28)SiH(4) are measured and found to be suitable for selective vibrational excitation of any of three silane isotopologues by pulsed laser excitation in a jet expansion.

Vibrational Mode-Specific Reaction of Methane on a Nickel Surface

The dissociation of methane on a nickel catalyst is a key step in steam reforming of natural gas for hydrogen production. Despite substantial effort in both experiment and theory, there is still no atomic-scale description of this important gas-surface reaction. We report quantum state-resolved studies, using pulsed laser and molecular beam techniques, of vibrationally excited methane reacting on the nickel (100) surface. For doubly deuterated methane (CD2H2), we observed that the reaction probability with two quanta of excitation in one C-H bond was greater (by as much as a factor of 5) than with one quantum in each of two C-H bonds. These results clearly exclude the possibility of statistical models correctly describing the mechanism of this process and attest to the importance of full-dimensional calculations of the reaction dynamics.

Molecular characterization of CD40 signaling intermediates

Signal transduction through the CD40 receptor is initiated by binding of its trimeric ligand and propagated by interactions of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins with the multimerized CD40 cytoplasmic domain. Using defined multimeric constructs of the CD40 cytoplasmic domain expressed as either soluble or myristoylated proteins, we have addressed the extent of receptor multimerization needed to initiate signal transduction and identified components of CD40 signaling complexes. Signal transduction in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, measured by nuclear factor kappaB activation, was observed in cells expressing soluble trimeric CD40 cytoplasmic domain and to a lesser extent in cells expressing dimeric CD40 cytoplasmic domain. Nuclear factor kappaB activation was strongest in cells expressing myristoylated trimeric CD40 cytoplasmic domain. Signal transduction through trimeric CD40 cytoplasmic domains with various point mutations in the TRAF binding sites was similar to signal transduction through analogous full-length receptors. Transiently expressed soluble trimeric CD40 cytoplasmic domain was isolated as complexes that contained TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, TRAF6, and the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (c-IAP1). Association of c-IAP1 with the CD40 cytoplasmic domain complex was indirect and dependent on the presence of an intact TRAF1/2/3 binding site. These results suggest that extracellular ligation of CD40 can be bypassed and that soluble trimerized CD40 complexes can be isolated and used to identify components that link CD40 with signaling pathways.

CD40 signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). Binding site specificity and activation of downstream pathways by distinct TRAFs

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) associate with the CD40 cytoplasmic domain and initiate signaling after CD40 receptor multimerization by its ligand. We used saturating peptide-based mutational analyses of the TRAF1/TRAF2/TRAF3 and TRAF6 binding sequences in CD40 to finely map residues involved in CD40-TRAF interactions. The core binding site for TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 in CD40 could be minimally substituted. The TRAF6 binding site demonstrated more amino acid sequence flexibility and could be optimized. Point mutations that eliminated or enhanced binding of TRAFs to one or both sites were made in CD40 and tested in quantitative CD40-TRAF binding assays. Sequences flanking the core TRAF binding sites were found to modulate TRAF binding, and the two TRAF binding sites were not independent. Cloned stable transfectants of human embryonic kidney 293 cells that expressed wild type CD40 or individual CD40 mutations were used to demonstrate that both TRAF binding sites were required for optimal NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. In contrast, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was primarily dependent upon TRAF6 binding. These studies suggest a role in CD40 signaling for competitive TRAF binding and imply that CD40 responses reflect an integration of signals from individual TRAFs.

CD40-tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) interactions: regulation of CD40 signaling through multiple TRAF binding sites and TRAF hetero-oligomerization

CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member that provides activation signals in antigen-presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Multimerization of CD40 by its ligand initiates signaling by recruiting TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) to the CD40 cytoplasmic domain. Recombinant human TRAF proteins overexpressed in insect cells were biochemically characterized and used to finely map TRAF binding regions in the human CD40 cytoplasmic domain. TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF6, but not TRAF4 or TRAF5, bound directly to the CD40 cytoplasmic domain. CD40 interactions with TRAF2 and TRAF3 were stronger than the interactions with TRAF1 and TRAF6. Full-length TRAF3 and TRAF5 formed hetero-oligomers, presumably through their predicted isoleucine zippers. TRAF3-TRAF5 hetero-oligomers interacted with CD40, indicating that TRAF5 can be indirectly recruited to the CD40 cytoplasmic domain. Overlapping peptides synthesized on cellulose membranes were used to map each TRAF interaction region. TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 interacted with the same region. The recognition site for TRAF6 was a nonoverlapping membrane proximal region. Using peptides with progressive deletions, a minimal TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 binding region was mapped to the PVQET sequence in the CD40 cytoplasmic domain. The minimal region for TRAF6 binding was the sequence QEPQEINF. These studies demonstrate that the CD40 cytoplasmic domain contains two nonoverlapping TRAF binding regions and suggest that TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 could bind competitively to one site. Relative affinities and competition of individual and hetero-oligomeric TRAF proteins for CD40 binding sites may contribute to receptor specificity and cell-type selectivity in CD40-dependent signaling.

Immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-A during adjuvant arthritis in the Lewis rat

A prerequisite in defining the role of a growth factor in a disease is knowledge of its expression kinetics during the natural course of the disease. We, therefore, used immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses to examine tissue distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-A) during the development of destructive arthropathy in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. In normal joints, bFGF was primarily localized in endothelial cells. In inflamed joints, increased staining for bFGF was found in the invading panni, hyperplastic synovium, and thickened periosteum where bFGF was also co-localized with two cell proliferation markers. Staining for bFGF began to increase at the onset of arthritis (days 11 to 13), reached peak level on days 17 to 24, and gradually declined afterward. In contrast, PDGF-A staining did not change until day 17 and the increased staining was restricted to areas of newly formed bone. The district temporal and spatial distribution pattern of these two growth factors during the destructive arthropathy strongly suggests that they play different roles during arthritis. Although PDGF-A seems to be exclusively related to osteogenesis, bFGF may have a more extensive impact on synovial proliferation and bone destruction as well as bone formation.

Tumour-associated antigens in maternal and fetal blood

Normal levels of cancer-associated antigen (CA) 19-9, neurone-specific enolase (NSE), cancer-associated antigen (CA) 125, and mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA) during pregnancy were determined in 87 mothers and fetuses, using a solid-phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay. CA 19-9 concentrations were higher in the fetuses, whereas the other three tumour-associated antigen levels were higher in the mothers. Only fetal NSE and MCA levels were positively correlated with those in maternal serum. Contrary to adult samples, no difference was demonstrated between male and female fetal levels of CA 125. MCA was the only maternal marker that increased significantly with gestational age between 20 and 34 weeks' pregnancy.

Chiral recognition in the gas phase: Mass spectrometric studies of diastereomeric cobalt complexes

Results of mass analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectra and kinetic energy release (KER) measurements of diastereomeric octahedral cobalt complexes indicate that these diastereomers can be distinguished in the gas phase. Four alkyl tartrate esters were complexed to cobalt trisacetylacetonate (Co(acac)3) in the presence of a chiral auxiliary, RR- and SS-threohydrobenzoin. Different KER values of the product ion generated from [Co(acac)2/D- or L-diisopropyl tartrate](+) reflect differences in the precursor ion structure. The dissociation pathway resulting in this product ion is believed to arise via a hydride transfer from the acetylacetonate ligand to the metal center with subsequent loss of neutral organic species. It has been established that two conditions are necessary for observation of chiral recognition in this system; (1) the cobalt complex must be octahedral and (2) a chemical kinetic resolving agent must be present during formation of the complex.

Retinal pigment epithelial cells secrete interleukin-6 in response to interleukin-1

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a peptide whose properties include the ability to activate T-lymphocytes, stimulate the secretion of immunoglobulin, induce neuronal differentiation, and trigger the release of acute phase proteins. We have detected IL-6-like activity in conditioned medium from cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with a bioassay based on the ability of IL-6 to induce the proliferation of murine B-9 plasmacytoma cells. Biologic activity increased approximately 90-fold when the cells were cultured in the presence of IL-1 alpha (30 units/ml). Western blot analysis confirmed that conditioned medium from IL-1 alpha-stimulated RPE cells contained peptides with molecular weights ranging between 19,000 and 30,000 and reactive with antibody to IL-6. Finally, Northern blot analysis indicated that cells cultured in the presence of interleukin-1 contained a 1.2 kilobase transcript that hybridized to a cDNA probe specific for IL-6 messenger RNA. IL-6 peptide on Western blots and mRNA on Northern blots were undetectable unless cells were cultured in the presence of IL-1 alpha. Although IL-6 is synthesized by a variety of cell types, this report is the first to detect its synthesis by an eye-specific cell type. Furthermore, these observations indicate that retinal pigment epithelial cells respond to IL-1, a cytokine that previously has been implicated in ocular inflammation.

Purification of a synthetic myristylated peptide by counter-current chromatography

A preparative purification of myristyl-Gly-Asn-Ile-Phe-Ala-Asn-Leu-Phe-Lys-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Lys-Lys-Glu -NH2 was accomplished using the multi-coil counter-current chromatograph. A partition coefficient was determined in the n-butanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:5) system. Chromatographic runs were made in this system and one modified with ethyl acetate. The peptide material showed anomalous elution behavior due to its surfactant properties. It was found that by loading the sample exclusively in the stationary phase, satisfactory retention of the compound occurred. Finally, conditions utilizing the upper phase as the mobile phase successfully separated the impurities.