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Ma Q, Gao R, Liu Y, Dou H, Zheng Y, Or T, Yang L, Li Q, Cu Q, Feng R, Zhang Z, Nie Y, Ren B, Luo D, Wang X, Yu A, Chen Z. Regulation of Outer Solvation Shell Toward Superior Low-Temperature Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2207344. [PMID: 36177699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries are well regarded among a next-generation energy-storage technology due to their low cost and high safety. However, the unstable stripping/plating process leading to severe dendrite growth under high current density and low temperature impede their practical application. Herein, it is demonstrated that the addition of 2-propanol can regulate the outer solvation shell structure of Zn2+ by replacing water molecules to establish a "eutectic solvation shell", which provides strong affinity with the Zn (101) crystalline plane and fast desolvation kinetics during the plating process, rendering homogeneous Zn deposition without dendrite formation. As a result, the Zn anode exhibits promising cycle stability over 500 h under an elevated current density of 15 mA cm-2 and high depth of discharge of 51.2%. Furthermore, remarkable electrochemical performance is achieved in a 150 mAh Zn|V2 O5 pouch cell over 1000 cycles at low temperature of -20 °C. This work not only offers a new strategy to achieve excellent performance of aqueous Zn-ion batteries under harsh conditions, but also reveals electrolyte structure designs that can be applied in related energy storage and conversion fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yizhou Liu
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Leixin Yang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingying Li
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiao Cu
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yihang Nie
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bohua Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin Wang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Qian L, Zheng Y, Or T, Park HW, Gao R, Park M, Ma Q, Luo D, Yu A, Chen Z. Advanced Material Engineering to Tailor Nucleation and Growth towards Uniform Deposition for Anode-Less Lithium Metal Batteries. Small 2022; 18:e2205233. [PMID: 36319473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anode-less lithium metal batteries (ALMBs), whether employing liquid or solid electrolytes, have significant advantages such as lowered costs and increased energy density over lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Among many issues, dendrite growth and non-uniform plating which results in poor coulombic efficiency are the key issues that viciously decrease the longevity of the ALMBs. As a result, lowering the nucleation barrier and facilitating lithium growth towards uniform plating is even more critical in ALMBs. While extensive reviews have focused to describe strategies to achieve high performance in LMBs and ALMBs, this review focuses on strategies designed to directly facilitate nucleation and growth of dendrite-free ALMBs. The review begins with a discussion of the primary components of ALMBs, followed by a brief theoretical analysis of the nucleation and growth mechanism for ALMBs. The review then emphasizes key examples for each strategy in order to highlight the mechanisms and rationale that facilitate lithium plating. By comparing the structure and mechanisms of key materials, the review discusses their benefits and drawbacks. Finally, major trends and key findings are summarized, as well as an outlook on the scientific and economic gaps in ALMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hey Woong Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Moon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Or T, Gourley SWD, Kaliyappan K, Zheng Y, Li M, Chen Z. Recent Progress in Surface Coatings for Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a systemic disorder involved in several disease processes, including cancer, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous studies showed that psoriasis is most likely an independent risk factor for CVD, yet the extent of its impact on CVD and the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. We investigated the correlation of psoriasis to the severity of CAD in age and gender-matched patients with CAD with and without psoriasis. METHODS This is a retrospective, case-control study of 59 patients with psoriasis who underwent coronary angiography were matched using a computer software to 59 patients without psoriasis according to age, gender, smoking status, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes. CAD severity was defined according to number of affected vessels (single vs. multiple) and location of lesions (proximal vs. distal). RESULTS CAD severity was significantly higher in the control group compared to the psoriasis group (P = 0.038). Among patients with psoriasis, 20.3% were disease free or with low severity (42.4%), while only 37.3% had severe CAD. Among patients without psoriasis, the majority had severe CAD (57.6%), followed by low severity (30.5%) or disease free (11.9%). We did not find an association of prior treatment with anti-inflammatory medications and the severity of CAD. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that although psoriasis may be a risk factor for CAD, psoriatic patients have a less severe CAD compared to the general population. The use of anti-inflammatory medications does not explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hadi
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, 1 Ben Tzvi Blvd., Nahariya 2210001, Israel
| | - T Or
- From the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, 8 Szold St., Safed 1311502, Israel
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, 1 Ben Tzvi Blvd., Nahariya 2210001, Israel
| | - G Moady
- From the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, 8 Szold St., Safed 1311502, Israel
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center , 1 Ben Tzvi Blvd., Nahariya 2210001, Israel
| | - S Atar
- From the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine , 8 Szold St., Safed 1311502, Israel
- Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, 1 Ben Tzvi Blvd., Nahariya 2210001, Israel
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Ma Q, Zheng Y, Luo D, Or T, Liu Y, Yang L, Dou H, Liang J, Nie Y, Wang X, Yu A, Chen Z. 2D Materials for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2108079. [PMID: 34963198 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although one of the most mature battery technologies, lithium-ion batteries still have many aspects that have not reached the desired requirements, such as energy density, current density, safety, environmental compatibility, and price. To solve these problems, all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB) based on lithium metal anodes with high energy density and safety have been proposed and become a research hotpot in recent years. Due to the advanced electrochemical properties of 2D materials (2DM), they have been applied to mitigate some of the current problems of ASSLBs, such as high interface impedance and low electrolyte ionic conductivity. In this work, the background and fabrication method of 2DMs are reviewed initially. The improvement strategies of 2DMs are categorized based on their application in the three main components of ASSLBs: The anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Finally, to elucidate the mechanisms of 2DMs in ASSLBs, the role of in situ characterization, synchrotron X-ray techniques, and other advanced characterization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yizhou Liu
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Leixin Yang
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jiequan Liang
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yihang Nie
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Li Q, Zheng Y, Xiao D, Or T, Gao R, Li Z, Feng M, Shui L, Zhou G, Wang X, Chen Z. Faradaic Electrodes Open a New Era for Capacitive Deionization. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2002213. [PMID: 33240769 PMCID: PMC7675053 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technology for effective removal of ionic species from aqueous solutions. Compared to conventional CDI, which is based on carbon electrodes and struggles with high salinity streams due to a limited salt removal capacity by ion electrosorption and excessive co-ion expulsion, the emerging Faradaic electrodes provide unique opportunities to upgrade the CDI performance, i.e., achieving much higher salt removal capacities and energy-efficient desalination for high salinity streams, due to the Faradaic reaction for ion capture. This article presents a comprehensive overview on the current developments of Faradaic electrode materials for CDI. Here, the fundamentals of Faradaic electrode-based CDI are first introduced in detail, including novel CDI cell architectures, key CDI performance metrics, ion capture mechanisms, and the design principles of Faradaic electrode materials. Three main categories of Faradaic electrode materials are summarized and discussed regarding their crystal structure, physicochemical characteristics, and desalination performance. In particular, the ion capture mechanisms in Faradaic electrode materials are highlighted to obtain a better understanding of the CDI process. Moreover, novel tailored applications, including selective ion removal and contaminant removal, are specifically introduced. Finally, the remaining challenges and research directions are also outlined to provide guidelines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Dengji Xiao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103P. R. China
| | - Ming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103P. R. China
| | - Lingling Shui
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityGuangdong510631P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute of NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooOntarioN2L 3G1Canada
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Abstract
The exponential growth in demand for electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates increasing supplies of low-cost and high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Naturally, the ramp-up in LIB production raises concerns over raw material availability, where constraints can generate severe price spikes and bring the momentum and optimism of the EV market to a halt. Particularly, the reliance of cobalt in the cathode is concerning owing to its high cost, scarcity, and centralized and volatile supply chain structure. However, compositions suitable for EV applications that demonstrate high energy density and lifetime are all reliant on cobalt to some degree. In this work, we assess the necessity and feasibility of developing and commercializing cobalt-free cathode materials for LIBs. Promising cobalt-free compositions and critical areas of research are highlighted, which provide new insight into the role and contribution of cobalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Storm William D. Gourley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Or T, Kaliyappan K, Bai Z, Chen Z. High Voltage Stability and Characterization of P2‐Na
0.66
Mn
1‐
y
Mg
y
O
2
Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Or
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2 L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karthikeyan Kaliyappan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2 L 3G1, Canada
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationHenan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationHenan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2 L 3G1, Canada
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Or T, Kaliyappan K, Li G, Abureden S, Bai Z, Chen Z. Na2CoPO4F as a pseudocapacitive anode for high-performance and ultrastable hybrid sodium-ion capacitors. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Or T, Miettunen K, Cranston ED, Moran-Mirabal JM, Vapaavuori J. Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogels as Electrolyte Scaffolds for Glass and Plastic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2019; 2:5635-5642. [PMID: 31559393 PMCID: PMC6752057 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication, thickness, and structure of aerogel films composed of covalently cross-linked cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) were optimized for use as electrolyte absorbers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The aerogel films were cast directly on transparent conducting counter electrode substrates (glass and flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastic) and then used to absorb drop-cast liquid electrolyte, thus providing an alternative method of filling electrolyte in DSSCs. This approach eliminates the use of electrolyte-filling holes, which are a typical pathway of electrolyte leakage, and furthermore enables a homogeneous distribution of electrolyte components within the photoelectrode. Unlike typical in situ electrolyte gelation approaches, the phase inversion method used here results in a highly porous (>99%) electrolyte scaffold with excellent ionic conductivity and interfacial properties. DSSCs prepared with CNC-POEGMA aerogels reached similar power conversion efficiencies as compared to liquid electrolyte devices, indicating that the aerogel does not interfere with the operation of the device. These aerogels retain their structural integrity upon bending, which is critical for their application in flexible devices. Furthermore, the aerogels demonstrate impressive chemical and mechanical stability in typical electrolyte solvents because of their stable covalent cross-linking. Overall, this work demonstrates that the DSSC fabrication process can be simplified and made more easily upscalable by taking advantage of CNCs, being an abundant and sustainable bio-based material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Or
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kati Miettunen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems,
School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department
of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jose M. Moran-Mirabal
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster
University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems,
School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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