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Zhang JY, Xiao J, Xie B, Barba H, Boachie-Mensah M, Shah RN, Nadeem U, Spedale M, Dylla N, Lin H, Sidebottom AM, D'Souza M, Theriault B, Sulakhe D, Chang EB, Skondra D. Oral Metformin Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization by Modulating the Gut-Retina Axis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:21. [PMID: 38108689 PMCID: PMC10732090 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emerging data indicate that metformin may prevent the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Whereas the underlying mechanisms of metformin's anti-aging properties remain undetermined, one proposed avenue is the gut microbiome. Using the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model, we investigate the effects of oral metformin on CNV, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid transcriptome, and gut microbiota. Methods Specific pathogen free (SPF) male mice were treated via daily oral gavage of metformin 300 mg/kg or vehicle. Male mice were selected to minimize sex-specific differences to laser induction and response to metformin. Laser-induced CNV size and macrophage/microglial infiltration were assessed by isolectin and Iba1 immunostaining. High-throughput RNA-seq of the RPE/choroid was performed using Illumina. Fecal pellets were analyzed for gut microbiota composition/pathways with 16S rRNA sequencing/shotgun metagenomics, as well as microbial-derived metabolites, including small-chain fatty acids and bile acids. Investigation was repeated in metformin-treated germ-free (GF) mice and antibiotic-treated/GF mice receiving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from metformin-treated SPF mice. Results Metformin treatment reduced CNV size (P < 0.01) and decreased Iba1+ macrophage/microglial infiltration (P < 0.005). One hundred forty-five differentially expressed genes were identified in the metformin-treated group (P < 0.05) with a downregulation in pro-angiogenic genes Tie1, Pgf, and Gata2. Furthermore, metformin altered the gut microbiome in favor of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, with a significant increase in fecal levels of butyrate, succinate, and cholic acid. Metformin did not suppress CNV in GF mice but colonization of microbiome-depleted mice with metformin-derived FMT suppressed CNV. Conclusions These data suggest that oral metformin suppresses CNV, the hallmark lesion of advanced neovascular AMD, via gut microbiome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Zhang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jason Xiao
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Rohan N. Shah
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Nicholas Dylla
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Huaiying Lin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ashley M. Sidebottom
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mark D'Souza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Xie EF, Xie B, Nadeem U, D'Souza M, Reem G, Sulakhe D, Skondra D. Using Advanced Bioinformatics Tools to Identify Novel Therapeutic Candidates for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 37191619 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.5.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the dreaded cause of failure following retinal detachment repair; however, no cures or preventative therapies exist to date. The purpose of this study was to use bioinformatics tools to identify drugs or compounds that interact with biomarkers and pathways involved in PVR pathogenesis that could be eligible for further testing for the prevention and treatment of PVR. Methods We queried PubMed to compile a comprehensive list of genes described in PVR to date from human studies, animal models, and genomic studies found in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Gene enrichment analysis was performed using ToppGene on PVR-related genes against drug-gene interaction databases to construct a pharmacome and estimate the statistical significance of overrepresented compounds. Compounds with no clinical indications were filtered out from the resulting drug lists. Results Our query identified 34 unique genes associated with PVR. Out of 77,146 candidate drugs or compounds in the drug databases, our analysis revealed multiple drugs and compounds that have significant interactions with genes involved in PVR, including antiproliferatives, corticosteroids, cardiovascular agents, antioxidants, statins, and micronutrients. Top compounds, including curcumin, statins, and cardiovascular agents such as carvedilol and enalapril, have well-established safety profiles and potentially could be readily repurposed for PVR. Other significant compounds such as prednisone and methotrexate have shown promising results in ongoing clinical trials for PVR. Conclusions This bioinformatics approach of studying drug-gene interactions can identify drugs that may affect genes and pathways implicated in PVR. Predicted bioinformatics studies require further validation by preclinical or clinical studies; however, this unbiased approach could identify potential candidates among existing drugs and compounds that could be repurposed for PVR and guide future investigations. Translational Relevance Novel repurposable drug therapies for PVR can be found using advanced bioinformatics models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Xie
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark D'Souza
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gonnah Reem
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Xie E, Nadeem U, Xie B, D’Souza M, Sulakhe D, Skondra D. Using Computational Drug-Gene Analysis to Identify Novel Therapeutic Candidates for Retinal Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012648. [PMID: 36293505 PMCID: PMC9604082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal cell death is responsible for irreversible vision loss in many retinal disorders. No commercially approved treatments are currently available to attenuate retinal cell loss and preserve vision. We seek to identify chemicals/drugs with thoroughly-studied biological functions that possess neuroprotective effects in the retina using a computational bioinformatics approach. We queried the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to identify genes associated with retinal neuroprotection. Enrichment analysis was performed using ToppGene to identify compounds related to the identified genes. This analysis constructs a Pharmacome from multiple drug-gene interaction databases to predict compounds with statistically significant associations to genes involved in retinal neuroprotection. Compounds with known deleterious effects (e.g., asbestos, ethanol) or with no clinical indications (e.g., paraquat, ozone) were manually filtered. We identified numerous drug/chemical classes associated to multiple genes implicated in retinal neuroprotection using a systematic computational approach. Anti-diabetics, lipid-lowering medicines, and antioxidants are among the treatments anticipated by this analysis, and many of these drugs could be readily repurposed for retinal neuroprotection. Our technique serves as an unbiased tool that can be utilized in the future to lead focused preclinical and clinical investigations for complex processes such as neuroprotection, as well as a wide range of other ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Xie
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind, Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark D’Souza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Correspondence:
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Nadeem U, Xie B, Xie EF, D'Souza M, Dao D, Sulakhe D, Skondra D. Using Advanced Bioinformatics Tools to Identify Novel Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:10. [PMID: 35972434 PMCID: PMC9396676 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of aging-related blindness in the developing world. Although medications can slow progressive wet AMD, currently, no drugs to treat dry-AMD are available. We use a systems or in silico biology analysis to identify chemicals and drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for other indications that can be used to treat and prevent AMD. Methods We queried National Center for Biotechnology Information to identify genes associated with AMD, wet AMD, dry AMD, intermediate AMD, and geographic atrophy to date. We combined genes from various AMD subtypes to reflect distinct stages of disease. Enrichment analysis using the ToppGene platform predicted molecules that can influence AMD genes. Compounds without clinical indications or with deleterious effects were manually filtered. Results We identified several drug/chemical classes that can affect multiple genes involved in AMD. The drugs predicted from this analysis include antidiabetics, lipid-lowering agents, and antioxidants, which could theoretically be repurposed for AMD. Metformin was identified as the drug with the strongest association with wet AMD genes and is among the top candidates in all dry AMD subtypes. Curcumin, statins, and antioxidants are also among the top drugs correlating with AMD-risk genes. Conclusions We use a systematic computational process to discover potential therapeutic targets for AMD. Our systematic and unbiased approach can be used to guide targeted preclinical/clinical studies for AMD and other ocular diseases. Translational Relevance Advanced bioinformatics models identify novel chemicals and approved drug candidates that can be efficacious for different subtypes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward F Xie
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark D'Souza
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gut microbiome, trillions of microorganisms residing in our digestive tract, is now believed to play a significant role in retinal diseases. Breakthroughs in computational biology and specialized animal models have allowed researchers not only to characterize microbes associated with retinal diseases, but also to provide early insights into the function of the microbiome in relation to biological processes in the retinal microenvironment. This review aims to provide an update on recent advances in the current knowledge on the relationship between the gut microbiome and retinal disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work demonstrates distinct gut microbial compositions associated with retinal diseases such as agerelated macular degeneration and retinopathy of prematurity. Currently, it is believed that gut dysbiosis leads to increased gut permeability, elevated circulation of bacterial products, microbial metabolites and inflammatory mediators that result in immune dysregulation at distant anatomic sites including the retina. SUMMARY Emerging evidence for the gut-retina axis can elucidate previously unknown pathways involved in retinal diseases and also presents an exciting potential therapeutic avenue. Further preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to establish causation and delineate the precise relationship of the gut microbiome with retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
- Microbiome Medicine Program, Retina Microbiome Team, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Sharma A, Siddique H, Oyeyipo Y, Sajorda L, Nadeem U, Watfah J, Qurashi K. 1368 TED Talks and Fragmin Shots: Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis (VTEP) in a busy Emergency Surgical Unit (ESU) - A Quality Improvement Project. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
VTE results in > 30,000 deaths/ year. Surgical inpatients are at 25% risk of developing VTE. National guidelines state all surgical admissions must be risk assessed for VTE within 24 hours.
Aim
Evaluate our current practice of VTEP. Create and disseminate interactive tutorials for healthcare professionals (HCPs). Improve patient understanding and adherence to VTEP.
Method
A baseline audit analysed existing VTEP measures. Inclusion criteria: all ESU admissions, age >18. Parameters included ensuring completion of VTE risk assessment (VTERA) proformas; scrutinizing low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and TED stockings (TEDs) prescriptions; observing patients’ TEDs use and reasons for non-adherence. Subsequently, plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles were performed.
Results
Baseline [September 2020] (n = 93): VTERA complete: 54%; LMWH (57%) and TEDs (37%) prescribed; 26% wearing TEDs; 42% deemed TEDs unnecessary. PDSA Cycle 1 [October 2020] (n = 68): Educational poster displayed in clinical areas. VTERA complete (73.5%), LMWH (75%) and TEDs (53%) prescribing improved. Only 29% wearing TEDs. PDSA Cycle 2 [November 2020] (n = 55): Implementation of VTE e-learning module and inter-professional educational tutorials. HCPs (n = 25) felt more knowledgeable (pre:3.4/5, post:5/5) and confident (pre: 3.2/5, post: 4.7/5) on VTEP. All parameters improved, except patients wearing TEDs (31%). PDSA Cycle 3 [December 2020]: Initial patient questionnaire (n = 30) revealed - 33% misconstrued LMWH use; >50% deemed TEDs unnecessary. A patient information leaflet was created and distributed alongside TEDs. Upon re-audit (n = 72), we noted significant improvement in patient adherence to TEDs (64%), alongside sustained improvement in all other parameters.
Conclusions
Our initiative highlights the necessity of empowering both patients and the multidisciplinary team in achieving optimum rates of VTEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Siddique
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Y Oyeyipo
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Sajorda
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - U Nadeem
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Watfah
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Qurashi
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Dao D, Xie B, Nadeem U, Xiao J, Movahedan A, D’Souza M, Leone V, Hariprasad SM, Chang EB, Sulakhe D, Skondra D. High-Fat Diet Alters the Retinal Transcriptome in the Absence of Gut Microbiota. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082119. [PMID: 34440888 PMCID: PMC8392173 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between retinal disease, diet, and the gut microbiome has shown increasing importance over recent years. In particular, high-fat diets (HFDs) are associated with development and progression of several retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. However, the complex, overlapping interactions between diet, gut microbiome, and retinal homeostasis are poorly understood. Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of whole retinas, we compare the retinal transcriptome from germ-free (GF) mice on a regular diet (ND) and HFD to investigate transcriptomic changes without influence of gut microbiome. After correction of raw data, 53 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 19 were upregulated and 34 were downregulated in GF-HFD mice. Key genes involved in retinal inflammation, angiogenesis, and RPE function were identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that the top 3 biological processes affected were regulation of blood vessel diameter, inflammatory response, and negative regulation of endopeptidase. Molecular functions altered include endopeptidase inhibitor activity, protease binding, and cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Human and mouse pathway analysis revealed that the complement and coagulation cascades are significantly affected by HFD. This study demonstrates novel data that diet can directly modulate the retinal transcriptome independently of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (D.D.); (J.X.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (B.X.); (M.D.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Jason Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (D.D.); (J.X.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Asad Movahedan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06437, USA;
| | - Mark D’Souza
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (B.X.); (M.D.)
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Animal Biologics and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Department of Medicine, Microbiome Medicine Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Seenu M. Hariprasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (D.D.); (J.X.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Department of Medicine, Microbiome Medicine Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (D.D.); (J.X.); (S.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Movahedan A, Barba H, Spedale M, Deng N, Arvans D, Nadeem U, Leone V, Chang EB, Theriault B, Skondra D. Gnotobiotic Operations and Assembly for Development of Germ-Free Animal Model of Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:14. [PMID: 34388237 PMCID: PMC8363772 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Compelling new evidence reveals a close link between the gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Germ-free (GF) animal models are the current gold standard for studying host the microbe interactions in vivo; yet, no GF animal models of nAMD are available today. This protocol describes gnotobiotic operations and assembly for a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model in GF mice to study the gut microbiome in neovascular AMD. Methods We developed a step-wise approach to performing retinal laser photocoagulation in GF C57BL/6J mice that were bred and maintained at the gnotobiotic facility. Following a strict sterility protocol, we administered laser photocoagulation via an Argon 532-nm laser attached to a customized slit-lamp delivery system. Sterility was confirmed by weekly fecal cultures and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results The experiment was repeated twice at different time points using seven mice (14 eyes). Stool cultures and RT-PCR remained negative for 14 days post-procedure in all mice. Lectin immunostaining performed on choroidal flatmounts confirmed the presence of CNV lesions 2 weeks after laser treatment. Conclusions We established a GF mouse model of nAMD with detailed guidelines to deliver retinal laser in GF mice maintaining sterility after the laser procedure. Translational Relevance To our knowledge, this is the first protocol that describes a GF murine model of laser-induced CNV. In addition to nAMD, this animal model can be used to investigate host-microbial interactions in other eye diseases with laser-induced mouse models such as glaucoma and retinal vein occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadolah Movahedan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nini Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Donna Arvans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Salazar P, Chen A, Narichania A, Burris R, Rao S, Nadeem U, Tung R. Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia Originating From an Intracardiac Metastasis Treated With Catheter Ablation. JACC Case Rep 2021; 3:1231-1235. [PMID: 34401766 PMCID: PMC8353569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A 45-year-old man with stage IV melanoma presented with incessant nonsustained wide complex tachycardia. He was found to have a right ventricular intracardiac metastasis that created a nidus for ventricular tachycardia refractory to multiple therapeutic interventions. The patient underwent catheter ablation for this rare indication, with successful arrhythmia control by direct ablation over the tumor surface. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Salazar
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aalap Narichania
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Burris
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Swati Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roderick Tung
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Arrhythmia Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Nadeem U, Raafey M, Kim G, Treger J, Pytel P, N Husain A, Schulte JJ. Chloroquine- and Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:793-801. [PMID: 33316045 PMCID: PMC7799247 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present an index case and review the histologic and electron microscopic findings in chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) myopathy, focusing primarily on cardiomyopathy. CQ and HCQ are antimalarial drugs with disease-modifying activity in rheumatic diseases (DMARD) and now are among the most widely used DMARDs. Although they are rare, severe adverse effects caused mainly by deposition of intracellular metabolites in both cardiac and skeletal muscle have been described. Currently, both CQ and HCQ have been proposed to have efficacy for patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and several large centers in the United States and other countries have started clinical trials. METHODS A case of HCQ cardiotoxicity diagnosed on an endomyocardial biopsy is presented. A review of the pathology archives was performed to identify additional cases of CQ or HCQ myopathy, and histologic changes were recorded. A brief literature review with an emphasis on pathologic findings in myopathies was performed. RESULTS Including the index case, 4 cases of CQ or HCQ myopathy were identified. Light microscopic findings included vacuolated myopathy, and electron microscopic findings included myeloid bodies and curvilinear inclusion bodies. CONCLUSION CQ and HCQ myopathy can present following long-term administration of the drug. The pathologic findings are nonspecific and overlap with other vacuolated myopathies, necessitating careful correlation of the histologic changes with the patient's medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Muhammad Raafey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gene Kim
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jerermy Treger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Aliya N Husain
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jefree J Schulte
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Lin P, McClintic SM, Nadeem U, Skondra D. A Review of the Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2072. [PMID: 34065988 PMCID: PMC8151249 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blindness from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an escalating problem, yet AMD pathogenesis is incompletely understood and treatments are limited. The intestinal microbiota is highly influential in ocular and extraocular diseases with inflammatory components, such as AMD. This article reviews data supporting the role of the intestinal microbiota in AMD pathogenesis. Multiple groups have found an intestinal dysbiosis in advanced AMD. There is growing evidence that environmental factors associated with AMD progression potentially work through the intestinal microbiota. A high-fat diet in apo-E-/- mice exacerbated wet and dry AMD features, presumably through changes in the intestinal microbiome, though other independent mechanisms related to lipid metabolism are also likely at play. AREDS supplementation reversed some adverse intestinal microbial changes in AMD patients. Part of the mechanism of intestinal microbial effects on retinal disease progression is via microbiota-induced microglial activation. The microbiota are at the intersection of genetics and AMD. Higher genetic risk was associated with lower intestinal bacterial diversity in AMD. Microbiota-induced metabolite production and gene expression occur in pathways important in AMD pathogenesis. These studies suggest a crucial link between the intestinal microbiota and AMD pathogenesis, thus providing a novel potential therapeutic target. Thus, the need for large longitudinal studies in patients and germ-free or gnotobiotic animal models has never been more pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Lin
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
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Hines J, Daily E, Pham AK, Shea CR, Nadeem U, Husain AN, Stadler WM, Reid P. Steroid-refractory dermatologic and pulmonary toxicity in a patient on rituximab treated with pembrolizumab for progressive urothelial carcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:124. [PMID: 33736690 PMCID: PMC7977267 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly widespread use of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treatment of a variety of progressive malignancies continues to reveal a range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), necessitating immunosuppressive therapy for management. While a single course of systemic corticosteroids may be sufficient for many irAEs, no clear standard-of-care guidelines exist for steroid-refractory cases. We present an unusual case of a patient who developed several steroid-refractory novel irAEs on pembrolizumab despite ongoing B cell-directed immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab, who ultimately noted resolution of symptoms with tacrolimus, a T-cell-directed immunosuppressant. CASE PRESENTATION This 72-year-old Caucasian man with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody-associated neuropathy was being treated with maintenance rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin when he was started on pembrolizumab (2.26 mg/kg) for metastatic urothelial cancer 31 months after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. After his third dose of pembrolizumab, he developed a painful blistering papular rash of the distal extremities. He received two more doses of pembrolizumab before he also developed diarrhea, and it was held; he was initiated on 1 mg/kg prednisone for presumed ICI-induced dermatitis and colitis. Skin biopsy 10 weeks after cessation of pembrolizumab and taper of steroids to 20 mg daily revealed a unique bullous erythema multiforme. He was then admitted with dyspnea and imaging concerning for necrotizing pneumonia, but did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Bronchoscopy and biopsy revealed acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia. His symptoms failed to fully respond to multiple courses of high-dose systemic corticosteroids and a trial of azathioprine, but pneumonia, diarrhea, and skin rash all improved markedly with tacrolimus. The patient has since completed his therapy for tacrolimus, continues off of ICI, and has not experienced a recurrence of any irAEs, though has more recently experienced progression of his cancer. CONCLUSION Despite immunosuppression with rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin, two immunomodulators targeting B cells, ICI cessation, and systemic corticosteroid therapy, our patient developed two high-grade unusual irAEs, bullous erythema multiforme and acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia. Our patient's improvement with tacrolimus can offer critical insight into the pathophysiology of steroid-refractory irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobi Hines
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, UChicago Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Ste MC 7082, Chicago, IL, 60637-1465, USA
| | - Ellen Daily
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, UChicago Medicine, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Ste MC 7082, Chicago, IL, 60637-1465, USA.
| | - Anh Khoa Pham
- Department of Pathology, UChicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher R Shea
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, UChicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, UChicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aliya N Husain
- Department of Pathology, UChicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Walter M Stadler
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UChicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankti Reid
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UChicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Ghafoor M, Kamal M, Nadeem U, Husain AN. Educational Case: Myocardial Infarction: Histopathology and Timing of Changes. Acad Pathol 2020; 7:2374289520976639. [PMID: 33415186 PMCID: PMC7750744 DOI: 10.1177/2374289520976639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the
Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national
standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic
competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and
Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information,
and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies,
seehttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ghafoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Kamal
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aliya N Husain
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Han M, Watts JA, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Nadeem U, Siegel ER, Zharov VP, Galanzha EI. Lymph Liquid Biopsy for Detection of Cancer Stem Cells. Cytometry A 2020; 99:496-502. [PMID: 32869909 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Collection of a blood sample defined by the term "blood liquid biopsy" is commonly used to detect diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision-making markers of metastatic tumors including circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Many tumors also release CTCs and other markers into lymph fluid, but the utility of lymphatic markers largely remains unexplored. Here, we introduce lymph liquid biopsy through collection of peripheral (afferent) and central (thoracic duct [TD]) lymph samples and demonstrates its feasibility for detection of stem-like CTCs potentially responsible for metastasis development and tumor relapse. Stemness of lymphatic CTCs (L-CTCs) was determined by spheroid-forming assay in vitro. Simultaneously, we tested blood CTCs by conventional blood liquid biopsy, and monitored the primary tumor size, early metastasis in a sentinel lymph node (SLN) and distant metastasis in lungs. Using a mouse model at early melanoma stage with no distant metastasis, we identified stem-like L-CTCs in lymph samples from afferent lymphatic vessels. Since these vessels transport cells from the primary tumor to SLN, our finding emphasizes the significance of the lymphatic pathway in development of SLN metastasis. Surprisingly, in pre-metastatic disease, stem-like L-CTCs were detected in lymph samples from the TD, which directly empties lymph into blood circulation. This suggests a new contribution of the lymphatic system to initiation of distant metastasis. Integration of lymph and blood liquid biopsies demonstrated that all mice with early melanoma had stem-like CTCs in at least one of three samples (afferent lymph, TD lymph, and blood). At the stage of distant metastasis, spheroid-forming L-CTCs were detected in TD lymph, but not in afferent lymph. Altogether, our results demonstrated that lymph liquid biopsy and testing L-CTCs holds promise for diagnosis and prognosis of early metastasis. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Han
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - J Alex Watts
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | | | - Urooba Nadeem
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Eric R Siegel
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
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Belkin MN, Dela Cruz M, Nadeem U, Patel AR, Kim G, Grinstein J. Massive Myocardial Calcium Deposition: Hardened Heart. JACC Case Rep 2020; 2:996-1003. [PMID: 34317401 PMCID: PMC8302108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A 25-year-old African-American woman with end-stage renal disease presented with new-onset heart failure. Transthoracic echocardiography indicated a significantly hyperechoic myocardium, and computed tomography noted a circumferential hyperattenuated myocardium. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed focal interstitial and intramyocyte calcium deposition in the heart, confirming a rare diagnosis of massive myocardial calcium deposition. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N. Belkin
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark Dela Cruz
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amit R. Patel
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gene Kim
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Grinstein
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Jonathan Grinstein, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, A621, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
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Kamal M, Ghafoor M, Nadeem U, Husain AN. Educational Case: Asthma: Clinical Features and Morphologic Findings. Acad Pathol 2020; 7:2374289520921533. [PMID: 32529031 PMCID: PMC7265076 DOI: 10.1177/2374289520921533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, seehttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kamal
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariam Ghafoor
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aliya N Husain
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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Belkin M, Cruz MJD, Nadeem U, Patel A, Kim G, Grinstein J. A HARDENED HEART: A CASE OF CARDIAC CALCIFICATION. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(20)32957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Feligioni M, Marcelli S, Knock E, Nadeem U, Arancio O, E. Fraser P. SUMO modulation of protein aggregation and degradation. AIMS Molecular Science 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.4.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Waki N, Memon A, Khan MO, Faruqi H, Masood S, Rauf M, Mirza R, Zaigham S, Asgher F, Amjad H, Nadeem U, Farooq S, Ali H, Sheikh F. Current understanding of treatment and management protocol for adult diabetic in-patients at a tertiary care hospital. J PAK MED ASSOC 2012; 62:520-524. [PMID: 22755329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the current understanding of treatment and management protocols for adult diabetic inpatients at a tertiary care hospital. METHODS This cross-sectional study, conducted at the Civil Hospital Karachi from July to September 2009, involved 450 participants, who were interviewed through a well-structured questionnaire regarding the patient's demography, clinical features, past medical history, type of diabetes mellitus, duration, associated complications, and also involved patient notes for laboratory tests and management. SPSSv15.0 was used for descriptive analysis. RESULTS The study population of 450 diabetics had 144 (32%) males and 306 (68%) females. Of the total, 435 (96.7%) patients had type 2 diabetes. There were 231 (51%) patients using insulin, 168 (37.3%) oral hypoglycaemic drugs, and 51 (11.3%) using both. Among patients using insulin, regular insulin usage stood at 30% followed by a combination of regular insulin and NPH (26.7%) and NPH alone at 6%. The most popular drug used was metformin (27.3%) and the least used drug was glitazones (4%). In the study population, 73.3% patients controlled their diabetes with diet, and 24.7% with regular exercise. CONCLUSION Majority of the study population had type 2 diabetes with a female preponderance. Insulin was prescribed for half the patients. Metformin was the most frequently used oral hypoglycaemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Waki
- Department of Pharmacology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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