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Tzika F, Burda O, Hult M, Arnold D, Marroyo BC, Dryák P, Fazio A, Ferreux L, García-Toraño E, Javornik A, Klemola S, Luca A, Moser H, Nečemer M, Peyrés V, Reis M, Silva L, Šolc J, Svec A, Tyminski Z, Vodenik B, Wätjen U. (60)Co in cast steel matrix: A European interlaboratory comparison for the characterisation of new activity standards for calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers in metallurgy. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 114:167-72. [PMID: 27236833 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two series of activity standards of (60)Co in cast steel matrix, developed for the calibration of gamma-ray spectrometry systems in the metallurgical sector, were characterised using a European interlaboratory comparison among twelve National Metrology Institutes and one international organisation. The first standard, consisting of 14 disc shaped samples, was cast from steel contaminated during production ("originally"), and the second, consisting of 15 similar discs, from artificially-contaminated ("spiked") steel. The reference activity concentrations of (60)Co in the cast steel standards were (1.077±0.019) Bqg(-1) on 1 January 2013 12h00 UT and (1.483±0.022) Bqg(-1) on 1 June 2013 12h00 UT, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidra Tzika
- EC-JRC-IRMM, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Oleksiy Burda
- PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mikael Hult
- EC-JRC-IRMM, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Dirk Arnold
- PTB, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Belén Caro Marroyo
- CIEMAT, Metrología de Radiaciones Ionizantes, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Dryák
- CMI, Czech Metrology Institute, Radiová 1a, CZ-102 00 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Aldo Fazio
- ENEA-INMRI, Via Anguillarese, 301 Santa Maria di Galeria, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Laurent Ferreux
- CEA, LIST, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), bât 602 PC111, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Eduardo García-Toraño
- CIEMAT, Metrología de Radiaciones Ionizantes, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrej Javornik
- SMU, Slovenský metrologický ústav, Karloveská 63, 842 55 Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic; Strojnícka Fakulta Slovenskej Technickej Univerzity v Bratislave, Nám. Slobody 17, Slovak Republic
| | - Seppo Klemola
- STUK, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O.Box 14, FIN-00881, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aurelian Luca
- IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Hannah Moser
- BEV/PTP, Bundesamt für Eich, und Vermessungswesen, Arltgasse 35, A-1160 Wien, Austria
| | - Marijan Nečemer
- IJS, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Virginia Peyrés
- CIEMAT, Metrología de Radiaciones Ionizantes, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Reis
- IST/CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Lidia Silva
- IST/CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Jaroslav Šolc
- CMI, Czech Metrology Institute, Radiová 1a, CZ-102 00 Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Svec
- SMU, Slovenský metrologický ústav, Karloveská 63, 842 55 Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Zbigniew Tyminski
- NCBJ, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych, RC POLATOM, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Świerk, Poland
| | - Branko Vodenik
- IJS, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uwe Wätjen
- EC-JRC-IRMM, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Jobbágy V, Merešová J, Dupuis E, Kwakman P, Altzitzoglou T, Rožkov A, Hult M, Emteborg H, Wätjen U. Results of a European interlaboratory comparison on gross alpha/beta activity determination in drinking water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015; 306:325-331. [PMID: 26366031 PMCID: PMC4561063 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-3955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison was organised by JRC-IRMM among environmental radioactivity monitoring laboratories for the determination of gross alpha/beta activity concentration in drinking water. Independent standard methods were used for the reference value determination. The performance of participating laboratories was evaluated with respect to the reference values using relative deviations. Sample preparation and measurement methods used by the participating laboratories are detailed, in particular in the view of method-dependency of the results. Many of the participants’ results deviate by more than two orders of magnitude from the reference values regardless of the techniques used. This suggests that gross methods need revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Jobbágy
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium ; Waste and Disposal Expert Group, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jana Merešová
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Edmond Dupuis
- Low Level Radioactivity Measurements Expert Group, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Pieter Kwakman
- Laboratory for Radiation Research, RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timotheos Altzitzoglou
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Andrej Rožkov
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Mikael Hult
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Håkan Emteborg
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Uwe Wätjen
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium ; Kievermondeveld 74, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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García-Toraño E, Tzika F, Burda O, Peyrés V, Mejuto M, Crespo T, Wätjen U, Arnold D, Sochor V, Svec A, Carconi P, de Felice P, Tecl J. Ionising radiation metrology for the metallurgical industry. Int J Metrol Qual Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/ijmqe/2014010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Jerome SM, Inn KGW, Wätjen U, Lin Z. Certified reference, intercomparison, performance evaluation and emergency preparedness exercise materials for radionuclides in food. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wätjen U, Spasova Y, Vasile M, Szántó Z, Emteborg H, Voitsekhovych O. Certification of the reference material IRMM-426 for radionuclides in dried bilberries. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 87:475-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Merešová J, Wätjen U. Results of an EC laboratory comparison on 40K, 90Sr and 137Cs in dried bilberry powder. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 87:443-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Judge S, Arnold D, Chauvenet B, Collé R, De Felice P, García-Toraño E, Wätjen U. 100 Years of radionuclide metrology. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 87:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wätjen U, De Felice P, Maringer FJ. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications 17-21 June 2013, Antwerp, Belgium. Preface. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 87:1-4. [PMID: 24690435 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wätjen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Pierino De Felice
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l׳energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
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Suliman G, Paepen J, Wätjen U. "Realisation of the becquerel"--reducing the impact of equipment failure. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 87:38-43. [PMID: 24355308 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the CCRI(II) "Realisation of the becquerel" project is to design a reproducible radioactivity standard which will increase the robustness of the current international reference system for radioactivity measurements. Tests performed with a first prototype ionisation chamber of this project, built in 2005, are presented. Based on experience with the first prototype, a new design was proposed in 2010 aiming at achieving the very ambitious project goals. The article discusses the status of the project and the advantages of the new design.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Suliman
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - J Paepen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - U Wätjen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
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Jobbágy V, Merešová J, Wätjen U. Critical remarks on gross alpha/beta activity analysis in drinking waters: conclusions from a European interlaboratory comparison. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 87:429-34. [PMID: 24355306 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The most common gross alpha/beta standard methods used for drinking water analysis are discussed, and sources of interferences are reviewed from a metrological point of view. Our study reveals serious drawbacks of gross methods on the basis of an interlaboratory comparison analyzing commercial mineral water samples with the participation of 71 laboratories. A proposal is made to obtain comparable measurement results using true standardized methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jobbágy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - J Merešová
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - U Wätjen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
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De Felice P, Hino Y, Josef Maringer F, Wätjen U. Preface. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1809-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wätjen U, Altzitzoglou T, Ceccatelli A, Dikmen H, Emteborg H, Ferreux L, Frechou C, La Rosa J, Luca A, Moreno Y, Oropesa P, Pierre S, Schmiedel M, Spasova Y, Szántó Z, Szücs L, Wershofen H, Yücel Ü. Results of an international comparison for the determination of radionuclide activity in bilberry material. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1843-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wätjen U, Benedik L, Spasova Y, Vasile M, Altzitzoglou T, Beyermann M. EC comparison on the determination of 226Ra, 228Ra, 234U and 238U in water among European monitoring laboratories. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1200-5; discussion 1205-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vasile M, Benedik L, Altzitzoglou T, Spasova Y, Wätjen U, González de Orduña R, Hult M, Beyermann M, Mihalcea I. 226Ra and 228Ra determination in mineral waters—Comparison of methods. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1236-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Spasova Y, Benedik L, Vasile M, Beyermann M, Wätjen U, Pommé S. 234U and 238U in mineral water: reference value and uncertainty evaluation in the frame of an interlaboratory comparison. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
International measurement comparisons are organised regularly for EU laboratories involved in monitoring radioactivity, with emphasis on meeting routine measurement conditions. Using the recent comparison of 137Cs in air filters as an example, the whole cycle is described: establishment of traceable reference values, spiking of individual filters for the comparison and their quality assurance, treatment and measurement of filters in the participating laboratories and evaluation of comparison results. The treatment of an individual result, deviating widely from the reference value, is discussed. Monte-Carlo simulations allow to estimate the maximum errors possibly made due to a non-suitable measurement geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wätjen
- EC-JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Eguskiza M, Robouch P, Wätjen U, De Corte F. The preparation and homogeneity study of synthetic multi-element standards (SMELS) for QC/QA of k0-NAA. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1025413223980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Boudreault G, Jeynes C, Wendler E, Nejim A, Webb RP, Wätjen U. Accurate RBS measurement of ion implant doses in silicon. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pritzkow W, Vogl J, Berger A, Ecker K, Grötzschel R, Klingbeil P, Persson L, Riebe G, Wätjen U. Contribution of ICP-IDMS to the certification of antimony implanted in a silicon wafer--comparison with RBS and INAA results. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 371:867-73. [PMID: 11768479 DOI: 10.1007/s002160100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A thin-layer reference material for surface and near-surface analytical methods was produced and certified. The surface density of the implanted Sb layer was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and inductively coupled plasma isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ICP-IDMS) equipped with a multi-collector. The isotopic abundances of Sb (121Sb and 123Sb) were determined by multi-collector ICP-MS and INAA. ICP-IDMS measurements are discussed in detail in this paper. All methods produced values traceable to the SI and are accompanied by a complete uncertainty budget. The homogeneity of the material was measured with RBS. From these measurements the standard uncertainty due to possible inhomogeneities was estimated to be less than 0.78% for fractions of the area increments down to 0.75 mm2 in size. Excellent agreement between the results of the three different methods was found. For the surface density of implanted Sb atoms the unweighted mean value of the means of four data sets is 4.81 x 10(16) cm(-2) with an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) of 0.09 x 10(16) cm(-2). For the isotope amount ratio R (121Sb/123Sb) the unweighted mean value of the means of two data sets is 1.435 with an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) of 0.006.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pritzkow
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing-BAM, Berlin, Germany
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Friese KC, Wätjen U, Grobecker KH. Analyte transport efficiencies in electrothermal vaporization for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 370:843-9. [PMID: 11569862 DOI: 10.1007/s002160100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A modified graphite furnace for solid-sampling atomic absorption spectrometry as an electrothermal vaporizer (ETV) was coupled to a Perkin-Elmer/Sciex ELAN 6000 ICP mass spectrometer. The integrals obtained from electrothermal vaporization of aliquots containing As, Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn were compared with those obtained from pneumatic nebulization of the same aqueous standard solution. The pneumatic nebulizer was calibrated by weighing the mass of aqueous aerosol trapped on a filter. With "wet plasma" conditions maintained also for measurements with the ETV and reference signals for analyte signals obtained with the calibrated pneumatic nebulization, the transport efficiency of the ETV system, e.g. the ratio of the analyte amount introduced into the plasma to that amount dosed into the vaporizer, was determined. The transport efficiency of two different tube and interface designs has been evaluated. Investigations with and without the use of trifluoromethane as reactive gas, with different furnace heating rates, and with varying gas flows were performed. In general, the tube equipped with a nozzle led to generally higher transport efficiency than the standard tube. Without trifluoromethane transport efficiencies ranged from 10% to 35% with the standard tube and from 15% to 50% with the nozzle-type tube. With addition of 2 mL min(-1) trifluoromethane to the argon flow of 400 mL min(-1) through the tube, transport efficiencies from 20% to 70% and from 70% to 100% were achieved with the standard and nozzle-type tubes, respectively.
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Friese KC, Grobecker KH, Wätjen U. Development of an electrothermal vaporization ICP-MS method and assessment of its applicability to studies of the homogeneity of reference materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 370:499-507. [PMID: 11496978 DOI: 10.1007/s002160100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for measurement of the homogeneity of analyte distribution in powdered materials by use of electrothermal vaporization with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ETV-ICP-MS) detection. The method enabled the simultaneous determination of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in milligram amounts of samples of biological origin. The optimized conditions comprised a high plasma power of 1,500 W, reduced aerosol transport flow, and heating ramps below 300 degrees C s(-1). A temperature ramp to 550 degrees C ensured effective pyrolysis of approximately 70% of the organic compounds without losses of analyte. An additional hold stage at 700 degrees C led to separation of most of the analyte signals from the evaporation of carbonaceous matrix compounds. The effect of time resolution of signal acquisition on the precision of the ETV measurements was investigated. An increase in the number of masses monitored up to 20 is possible with not more than 1% additional relative standard deviation of results caused by limited temporal resolution of the transient signals. Recording of signals from the nebulization of aqueous standards in each sample run enabled correction for drift of the sensitivity of the ETV-ICP-MS instrument. The applicability of the developed method to homogeneity studies was assessed by use of four certified reference materials. According to the best repeatability observed in these sample runs, the maximum contribution of the method to the standard deviation is approximately 5% to 6% for all the elements investigated.
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Injuk J, Breitenbach L, Van Grieken R, Wätjen U. Performance of a nuclear microprobe to study giant marine aerosol particles. Mikrochim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01244557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bubert H, Garten RPH, Stingeder G, Wätjen U. Quantitative determination of chromium in conversion layers on aluminium by use of calibration samples. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.740120721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gloystein F, Richter FW, Wätjen U. A two-detector anticoincidence system for reduction of Compton scattered high energy γ-ray background in PIXE analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(81)90574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Scheer J, Voet L, Wätjen U, Koenig W, Richter F, Steiner U. Comparison of sensitivities in trace element analysis obtained by X-ray excited X-ray fluorescence and proton induced X-ray emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(77)90847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Koenig W, Richter F, Steiner U, Stock R, Thielmann R, Wätjen U. Trace element analysis by means of particle induced X-ray emission with triggered beam pulsing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(77)90832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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