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Cabello-Alvarado C, Andrade-Guel M, Pérez-Alvarez M, Cadenas-Pliego G, Cortés-Hernández DA, Bartolo-Pérez P, Ávila-Orta CA, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Zepeda-Pedreguera A. Graphene Nanoplatelets Modified with Amino-Groups by Ultrasonic Radiation of Variable Frequency for Potential Adsorption of Uremic Toxins. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9091261. [PMID: 31491904 PMCID: PMC6781048 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. In stages III and IV of CKD, uremic toxins must be removed from the patient by absorption, through a treatment commonly called hemodialysis. Aiming to improve the absorption of uremic toxins, we have studied its absorption in chemically modified graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). This study involved the reaction between GNPs and diamines with reaction times of 30, 45 and 60 min using ultrasound waves of different amplitudes and frequencies. Functionalized GNPs were analyzed by Fourier Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersitive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analysis of the functional groups confirmed the presence of amide and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the GNPs by reactions of diamines with carboxylic acids and epoxides. Adsorption of uremic toxins was determined using equilibrium isotherms, where the maximum percentage of removal of uremic toxins was 97%. Dispersion of modified graphene nanoplatelets was evaluated in water, ethanol and hexane, as a result of this treatment was achieved a good and effective dispersion of diamines-modified graphene nanoplatelets in ethanol and hexane. Finally, the results of hemolysis assays of the modified graphene with amine demonstrated that it was not cytotoxic when using 500 mg/mL. The samples of modified graphene demonstrated low degree of hemolysis (<2%), so this material can be used for in vivo applications such as hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cabello-Alvarado
- CONACYT Research Fellow-Research and Innovation Consortium of the State of Tlaxcala, C.P. 90000 Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | - M Andrade-Guel
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, México
| | - M Pérez-Alvarez
- CONACYT Research Fellow-Mexican Petroleum Institute, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, 07730 Ciudad de México, México
| | - G Cadenas-Pliego
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, México.
| | - Dora A Cortés-Hernández
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV) Saltillo Unit. Av. Industria Metalúrgica #1062 Parque Industrial Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe, 25900 Saltillo, México
| | - P Bartolo-Pérez
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV) Mérida Unit, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apartado postal 73 Cordemex, Mérida, 97310 Yucatán, México
| | - C A Ávila-Orta
- Center for Research in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, México.
| | - V J Cruz-Delgado
- CONACYT Research Fellow- Materials Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, A.C., 97205 Mérida, México
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Cabello-Alvarado C, Reyes-Rodríguez P, Andrade-Guel M, Cadenas-Pliego G, Pérez-Alvarez M, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Melo-López L, Quiñones-Jurado ZV, Ávila-Orta CA. Melt-Mixed Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Titanium Dioxide for Flame Retardancy Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071204. [PMID: 31330943 PMCID: PMC6680381 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of polymeric nanocomposites is a possible alternative to conventional flame retardants. The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of carbon-nanotubes (CNT) and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the thermo-mechanical, flammability, and electrical properties of polypropylene (PP). In this work, PP-TiO2/CNT nanocomposites were obtained with TiO2/CNT mixtures (ratio 1:2) through the melt extrusion process, with different weight percentage of nanoparticles (1, 5, and 10 wt %). The PP-TiO2/CNT nanocomposites were characterized by DSC, TGA, MFI, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. It was possible to determine that the thermal stability of the PP increases when increasing the content of NPs. A contrary situation is observed in the degree of crystallinity and thermo-oxidative degradation, which decreased with respect to pure PP. The TiO2 NPs undergo coalition and increase their size at a lower viscosity of the nanocomposite (1 and 5 wt %). The mechanical properties decreased slightly, however, the Young's modulus presented an improvement of 10% as well as electrical conductivity, this behavior was noted in nanocomposites of 10 wt % of NPs. Flammability properties were measured with a cone calorimeter, and a reduction in the peak heat release rate was observed in nanocomposites with contents of nanoparticles of 5 and 10 wt.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cabello-Alvarado
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, C.P. 90000 Tlaxcala, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - P Reyes-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - M Andrade-Guel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - G Cadenas-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - M Pérez-Alvarez
- CONACYT-Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, 07730 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - V J Cruz-Delgado
- CONACYT-Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L Melo-López
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, C.P. 90000 Tlaxcala, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Z V Quiñones-Jurado
- Innovación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados A.C., Grupo POLYnnova, Carr. San Luis Potosí-Guadalajara 1510, Nivel 3, Local 12, Lomas del Tecnológico, San Luis Potosí S.L.P. C.P. 78211 Mexico, Mexico
| | - C A Ávila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo, 25315 Coahuila, Mexico.
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Andrade-Guel M, Cabello-Alvarado C, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Bartolo-Perez P, De León-Martínez PA, Sáenz-Galindo A, Cadenas-Pliego G, Ávila-Orta CA. Surface Modification of Graphene Nanoplatelets by Organic Acids and Ultrasonic Radiation for Enhance Uremic Toxins Adsorption. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E715. [PMID: 30823647 PMCID: PMC6427473 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound energy is a green and economically viable alternative to conventional techniques for surface modification of materials. The main benefits of this technique are the decrease of processing time and the amount of energy used. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets were treated with organic acids under ultrasonic radiation of 350 W at different times (30 and 60 min) aiming to modify their surface with functional acid groups and to improve the adsorption of uremic toxins. The modified graphene nanoplatelets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT⁻IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimum time for modification with organic acids was 30 min. The modified nanoplatelets were tested as adsorbent material for uremic toxins using the equilibrium isotherms where the adsorption isotherm of urea was adjusted for the Langmuir model. From the solution, 75% of uremic toxins were removed and absorbed by the modified nanoplatelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrade-Guel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
| | - C Cabello-Alvarado
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación Científica, Tecnológica y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico.
| | - V J Cruz-Delgado
- CONACYT-Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico.
| | - P Bartolo-Perez
- Centro de investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Mérida 97310, Mexico.
| | - P A De León-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Saltillo 25280, Mexico.
| | - A Sáenz-Galindo
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Saltillo 25280, Mexico.
| | - G Cadenas-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
| | - C A Ávila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
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Ávila-Orta CA, Raudry-López CE, Dávila-Rodríguez MV, Aguirre-Figueroa YA, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Neira-Velázquez MG, Medellín-Rodríguez FJ, Hsiao BS. Morphology, Thermal Stability, and Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites of Isotactic Polypropylene/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.769159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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