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Wiley Z, Kulshreshtha A, Li D, Kubes J, Kandiah S, Leung S, Kobaidze K, Shin SR, Moanna A, Perkins J, Hogan M, Sims KM, Amzat T, Cantos VD, Elutilo-Ayoola T, Hanna J, Harris NM, Henry TL, Iheaku O, Japaridze M, Lanka V, Johnson TA, Mbaezue N, Rebolledo PA, Sexton ME, Surapaneni PK, Franks N. Clinical characteristics and social determinants of health associated with 30-day hospital readmissions of patients with COVID-19. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1406-1415. [PMID: 35649686 PMCID: PMC9195155 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2022-002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 readmissions are associated with increased patient mortality and healthcare system strain. This retrospective cohort study of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 positive adults (>18 years) hospitalized and readmitted within 30 days of discharge from index admission was performed at eight Atlanta hospitals from March to December 2020. The objective was to describe COVID-19 patient-level demographics and clinical characteristics, and community-level social determinants of health (SDoH) that contribute to 30-day readmissions. Demographics, comorbidities, COVID-19 treatment, and discharge disposition data were extracted from the index admission. ZIP codes were linked to a demographic/lifestyle database interpolating to community-level SDoH. Of 7155 patients with COVID-19, 463 (6.5%) had 30-day, unplanned, all-cause hospital readmissions. Statistically significant differences were not found in readmissions stratified by age, sex, race, or ethnicity. Patients with a high-risk Charlson Comorbidity Index had higher odds of readmission (OR 4.8 (95% CI: 2.1 to 11.0)). Remdesivir treatment and intensive care unit (ICU) care were associated with lower odds of readmission (OR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.8) and OR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.7), respectively). Patients residing in communities with larger average household size were less likely to be readmitted (OR 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9). In this cohort, patients who received remdesivir, were cared for in an ICU, and resided in ZIP codes with higher proportions of residents with increased social support had lower odds of readmission. These patient-level factors and community-level SDoH may be used to identify patients with COVID-19 who are at increased risk of readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanthia Wiley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ambar Kulshreshtha
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julianne Kubes
- Office of Quality and Risk, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheetal Kandiah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Serena Leung
- Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ketino Kobaidze
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Abeer Moanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan Perkins
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew Hogan
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kanika M Sims
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tolu Amzat
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Valeria D Cantos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jasmah Hanna
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadine M Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracey L Henry
- Division of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Onyinye Iheaku
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariam Japaridze
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Lanka
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Nkechi Mbaezue
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paulina A Rebolledo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Sexton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Nicole Franks
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Clark E, Santiago F, Deng L, Chong S, de La Fuente C, Wang L, Fu P, Stein D, Denny T, Lanka V, Mozafari F, Okamoto T, Kashanchi F. Loss of G(1)/S checkpoint in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells is associated with a lack of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/Waf1. J Virol 2000; 74:5040-52. [PMID: 10799578 PMCID: PMC110856 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5040-5052.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/1999] [Accepted: 02/28/2000] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive high-titer infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires the activation of target cells. Infection of quiescent peripheral CD4 lymphocytes by HIV-1 results in incomplete, labile reverse transcripts and lack of viral progeny formation. An interplay between Tat and p53 has previously been reported, where Tat inhibited the transcription of the p53 gene, which may aid in the development of AIDS-related malignancies, and p53 expression inhibited HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcription. Here, by using a well-defined and -characterized stress signal, gamma irradiation, we find that upon gamma irradiation, HIV-1-infected cells lose their G(1)/S checkpoints, enter the S phase inappropriately, and eventually apoptose. The loss of the G(1)/S checkpoint is associated with a loss of p21/Waf1 protein and increased activity of a major G(1)/S kinase, namely, cyclin E/cdk2. The p21/Waf1 protein, a known cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, interacts with the cdk2/cyclin E complex and inhibits progression of cells into S phase. We find that loss of the G(1)/S checkpoint in HIV-1-infected cells may in part be due to Tat's ability to bind p53 (a known activator of the p21/Waf1 promoter) and sequester its transactivation activity, as seen in both in vivo and in vitro transcription assays. The loss of p21/Waf1 in HIV-1-infected cells was specific to p21/Waf1 and did not occur with other KIP family members, such as p27 (KIP1) and p57 (KIP2). Finally, the advantage of a loss of the G(1)/S checkpoint for HIV-1 per se may be that it pushes the host cell into the S phase, which may then allow subsequent virus-associated processes, such as RNA splicing, transport, translation, and packaging of virion-specific genes, to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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