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Pougeon J, Camos V, Belletier C, Barrouillet P. Quantifying resource sharing in working memory. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02494-4. [PMID: 38519759 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Several models of working memory (WM), the cognitive system devoted to the temporary maintenance of a small amount of information in view of its treatment, assume that these two functions of storage and processing share a common and limited resource. However, the predictions issued from these models concerning this resource-sharing remain usually qualitative, and at which precise extent these functions are affected by their concurrent implementation remains undecided. The aim of the present study was to quantify this resource sharing by expressing storage and processing performance during a complex span task in terms of the proportion of the highest level of performance each participant was able to reach (i.e., their span) in each component when performed in isolation. Two experiments demonstrated that, despite substantial dual-task decrements, participants managed to preserve half or more of their best performance in both components, testifying for a remarkable robustness of the human cognitive system. The implications of these results for the main WM models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pougeon
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Rue P.-A. de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Valérie Camos
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Rue P.-A. de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Barrouillet
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève, 40 Boulevard du Pont d'Arve, 1200, Genève 4, Switzerland.
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Schneider P, Vergauwe E, Camos V. The visual familiarity effect on attentional working memory maintenance. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01548-1. [PMID: 38503983 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Attentional refreshing has been described as an attention-based, domain-general maintenance mechanism in working memory. It is thought to operate via focusing executive attention on information held in working memory, protecting it from temporal decay and interference. Although attentional refreshing has attracted a lot of research, its functioning is still debated. At least one conception of refreshing supposes that it relies on semantic long-term memory representations to reconstruct working memory traces. Although investigations in the verbal domain found evidence against this hypothesis, a different pattern could emerge in visuospatial working memory in which absence of refreshing evidence has been observed for stimuli with minimal associated long-term knowledge. In a series of four experiments, the current study investigated the hypothesis of an involvement of semantic long-term representations in the functioning of attentional refreshing in the visuospatial domain. Both cognitive and memory load effects have been proposed as indexes of attentional refreshing. Therefore, we investigated the interaction between the effects of visual familiarity (a long-term memory effect) and cognitive load on recall performance (Experiments 1A and 1B), as well as the interaction between the effects of visual familiarity and memory load on the response times in a concurrent processing task (Experiments 2A and 2B). Results were consistent across experiments and go against the hypothesis of the involvement of semantic long-term memory in the functioning of attentional refreshing in visuospatial working memory. As such, this study corroborates the results found in the verbal domain. Implications for attentional refreshing and working memory are discussed.
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Barrouillet P, Camos V, Minamoto T, Nishiyama S, Chooi WT, Morita A, Logie RH, Saito S. Time sharing in working memory processing. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2023; 49:1539-1556. [PMID: 37307321 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although working memory (WM) is usually defined as a cognitive system coordinating processing and storage in the short term, in most WM models, memory aspects have been developed more fully than processing systems, and many studies of WM tasks have tended to focus on memory performance. The present study investigated WM functioning without focusing exclusively on short-term memory performance by presenting participants with an n-back task on letters, n varying from 0 to 2, each letter being followed by a tone discrimination task involving from one to three tones. Predictions regarding the reciprocal effects of these tasks on each other were motivated by the time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) theoretical framework for WM that assumes the temporal sharing of attention between processing and memory. Although, as predicted, increasing the n value had a detrimental effect on tone discrimination in terms of accuracy and response times, and increasing the number of tones disrupted speed and accuracy on n-back performance, the overall pattern of results did not perfectly fit the TBRS predictions. Nonetheless, the main alternative models of WM do not seem to offer a complete account. The present findings point toward the need to use a larger range of tasks and situations in designing and testing models of WM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiko Morita
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Rousselle M, Abadie M, Blaye A, Camos V. Children's gist-based false memory in working memory tasks. Dev Psychol 2023; 59:272-284. [PMID: 36174181 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
False memories are well established episodic memory phenomena. Recent research in young adults has shown that semantically related associates can be falsely remembered as studied items in working memory (WM) tasks for lists of only a few items when a short 4-second interval was given between study and test. The present study reported two experiments yielding similar effects in 4- (n = 32 and 33, 18 and 14 females, respectively) and 8-year-old children (n = 33 and 34, respectively, 19 females in both). Short lists of semantically related items specifically tailored for young children were retained over a brief interval. Whether or not the interval was filled with a concurrent task that impeded or not WM maintenance, younger children were as prone to falsely recognize related distractors as their older counterparts in an immediate recognition test, and also in a delayed test. In addition, using the conjoint recognition model of the fuzzy-trace theory, we demonstrated that the retrieval of gist traces of the list themes was responsible for the occurrence of short-term false memories in 4- and 8-year-old children. Gist memory also underpinned the occurrence of false recognition in the delayed test. These findings suggest that young children are as likely to make gist-based false memories as older children in working memory tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Belletier C, Doherty JM, Graham AJ, Rhodes S, Cowan N, Naveh-Benjamin M, Barrouillet P, Camos V, Logie RH. Strategic adaptation to dual-task in verbal working memory: Potential routes for theory integration. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2023; 49:51-77. [PMID: 35604698 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
How working memory supports dual-task performance is the focus of a long-standing debate. Most previous research on this topic has focused on participant performance data. In three experiments, we investigated whether changes in participant-reported strategies across single- and dual-task conditions might help resolve this debate by offering new insights that lead to fruitful integration of theories rather than perpetuating debate by attempting to identify which theory best fits the data. Results indicated that articulatory suppression was associated with reduced reports of the use of rehearsal and clustering strategies but to an increase of the reported use of a visual strategy. Elaboration and clustering strategies were reported less for memory under dual task compared with single task. Under both dual task and articulatory suppression, more participants reported attempting to remember fewer memory items than were presented (memory reduction strategy). For arithmetic verification, articulatory suppression and dual task resulted in a reduction in reports of a counting strategy and an increase in reports of a retrieval strategy for arithmetic knowledge. It is argued that experimenters should not assume that participants perform the same task in the same way under different experimental conditions and that carefulty investigation of how participants change their strategies in response to changes in experimental conditions has considerable potential for resolving theoretical challenges. It is argued further that this approach points toward the value of attempting to integrate rather than proliferate theories of working memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Beaugrand M, Muehlematter C, Markovic A, Camos V, Kurth S. Sleep as a protective factor of children's executive functions: A study during COVID-19 confinement. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279034. [PMID: 36630329 PMCID: PMC9833525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Confinements due to the COVID-19 outbreak affected sleep and mental health of adults, adolescents and children. Already preschool children experienced acutely worsened sleep, yet the possible resulting effects on executive functions remain unexplored. Longitudinally, sleep quality predicts later behavioral-cognitive outcomes. Accordingly, we propose children's sleep behavior as essential for healthy cognitive development. By using the COVID-19 confinement as an observational-experimental intervention, we tested whether worsened children's sleep affects executive functions outcomes 6 months downstream. We hypothesized that acutely increased night awakenings and sleep latency relate to reduced later executive functions. With an online survey during the acute confinement phase we analyzed sleep behavior in 45 children (36-72 months). A first survey referred to the (retrospective) time before and (acute) situation during confinement, and a follow-up survey assessed executive functions 6 months later (6 months retrospectively). Indeed, acutely increased nighttime awakenings related to reduced inhibition at FOLLOW-UP. Associations were specific to the confinement-induced sleep-change and not the sleep behavior before confinement. These findings highlight that specifically acute changes of children's nighttime sleep during sensitive periods are associated with behavioral outcome consequences. This aligns with observations in animals that inducing poor sleep during developmental periods affects later brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andjela Markovic
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Fribourg, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pulmonology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Fribourg, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pulmonology, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Beaugrand M, Muehlematter C, Markovic A, Camos V, Kurth S. Sleep as protective factor of children’s executive functions: A study during COVID confinement. Sleep Med 2022. [PMCID: PMC9300227 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of PTSD for years, it remains controversial due to the lack of understanding of its mechanisms of action. We examined whether the working memory (WM) hypothesis -the competition for limited WM resources induced by the dual task attenuates the vividness and emotionality of the traumatic memory - would provide an explanation for the beneficial effect induced by bilateral stimulation. METHODS We followed the Prisma guidelines and identified 11 articles categorized in two types of designs: studies involving participants with current PTSD symptoms and participants without PTSD diagnosis. RESULTS Regardless of the types of studies, the results showed a reduction of vividness and emotionality in the recall of traumatic stimuli under a dual-task condition compared to a control condition, such as recall alone. However, two studies used a follow-up test to show that this effect does not seem to last long. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence for the WM hypothesis and suggest that recalling a traumatic memory while performing a secondary task would shift the individual's attention away from the retrieval process and result in a reduction in vividness and emotionality, also associated with the reduction of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Laure Wadji
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713I-Reach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland ,grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Rue P.-A.-de Faucigny 2, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - C. Martin-Soelch
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713I-Reach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - V. Camos
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713W-MOVE (Working meMOry deVElopment) lab, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland CH-1700
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Superbia-Guimarães L, Bader M, Camos V. Attentional Orienting in Working Memory in Children with ADHD. Dev Neuropsychol 2022; 47:384-400. [PMID: 36514838 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2022.2155164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Children with attentional-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairments in working memory (WM) functioning. Impaired orienting of visual attention during encoding and/or maintenance is hypothesized as the cause of poor performance in visuospatial WM in 10-to-16-year-olds. We used a color-recognition task with valid location cues before encoding (pre-cues) and during maintenance (retro-cues). If ADHD children have an orienting deficit during these processing stages, they should not benefit from the cues. We observed strong pre- and retro-cueing benefits both for ADHD and typically developing controls, with no differences between the groups. This strengthens findings showing that ADHD is not characterized by deficits in orienting attention and provides evidence of retro-cue benefits in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Bader
- Lausanne University Hospital,University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Camos V. Memory at the Center of Our Life. The American Journal of Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.5406/19398298.135.3.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Camos
- Université de Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Rosselet-Jordan FL, Abadie M, Mariz-Elsig S, Camos V. Role of attention in the associative relatedness effect in verbal working memory: Behavioral and chronometric perspectives. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2022; 48:1571-1589. [PMID: 35073136 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term semantic memory (LTM) is known for affecting recall during working memory (WM) tasks. However, the way LTM intervenes in WM remains unknown. Moreover, the available findings are incongruent concerning how attention modulates the impact of LTM on WM. To examine this issue, the involvement of LTM representations in a complex span task was manipulated through variations of the associative relatedness of memory items, while the attentional demand of the concurrent task was varied. Children and young adults were also compared, because children are less efficient in using refreshing for maintenance than adults. Despite the impact of the three main factors on recall performance, which was better for related than unrelated words, with the low rather than the high demanding concurrent task and for adults than children, there was no interaction between associative relatedness and attentional demand, neither in children nor in adults. We replicated these results in a second experiment with a more attention-demanding concurrent task. Moreover, analyses of recall latency showed that adults were faster than children at recalling words and both age groups were faster for related (vs. unrelated) words, but there was no effect of the concurrent attentional demand on recall latency and no interaction. Finally, errors were mostly omissions and transpositions, both more prevalent under high concurrent attentional demand. The present findings suggest that the availability of attention does not modulate the effect of LTM on WM. We discuss how WM models can account for this finding and how LTM can act on WM functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Fitamen C, Camos V. Play First Before Doing Your Exercise: Does Acting in a Game-Like Task Improve 5-Year-Olds' Working Memory Performance? Front Psychol 2021; 12:659020. [PMID: 33995220 PMCID: PMC8113615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that acting in a game-like task improves preschoolers’ working memory when tested in a reconstruction task. The game context and the motor activity during the game would provide goal cues bringing support to the memory processes. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis by examining preschoolers’ working memory performance in a game-like task compared to an exercise-like task, which offers less goal cues. In the present study, 5-year-olds had to maintain a series of fruits and vegetables while acting in a game-like task or remaining static during the same task presented in a school-exercise context (within-subject factor). Memory performance was tested either through oral recall or reconstruction of the series of memory items (between-subject factor). Despite the fact that memory performance did not differ between the two conditions (game vs. exercise) whatever the type of memory tests, performance was worst in the game-like than in the exercise condition when the exercise was presented first. No difference emerged between conditions when the game condition was performed first. This result suggests that preschoolers were able to take advantage of acting in the game-like condition to integrate some task requirements, which were beneficial for performing the exercise condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Fitamen
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR 7290, Université d'Aix-Marseille and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Camos
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Fitamen C, Blaye A, Camos V. Do goal cue and motor activity impact preschoolers' working memory? Br J Dev Psychol 2021; 40:1-16. [PMID: 33890695 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preschoolers are well known for their poor working memory (WM) performance. This could result from goal neglect, which would hamper the setting of maintenance strategies. Previous studies have shown that preschoolers' WM performance can be improved in game-like tasks, because they provide cues to support goal maintenance. However, in these studies, it was unclear what features of the task (either the main toy or the motor activity required by the game) provide efficient cues. The aim of the present study was to disentangle the two features to examine cue effects in 5- to 7-year-old children. No improvement of WM performance was observed when the toy was a potential goal cue, whereas the motor activity had a detrimental effect in all age groups. The latter effect could result from a distraction of attention from attention-based maintenance activities. Hence, preschoolers' poor WM performance would not be fundamentally due to goal neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Fitamen
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Université d'Aix-Marseille & CNRS, France
| | - Agnès Blaye
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Université d'Aix-Marseille & CNRS, France
| | - Valérie Camos
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland
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Rhodes S, Doherty JM, Jaroslawska AJ, Forsberg A, Belletier C, Naveh-Benjamin M, Cowan N, Barrouillet P, Camos V, Logie RH. Exploring the influence of temporal factors on age differences in working memory dual task costs. Psychol Aging 2021; 36:200-213. [DOI: 10.1037/pag0000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Markovic A, Mühlematter C, Beaugrand M, Camos V, Kurth S. Severe effects of the COVID-19 confinement on young children's sleep: A longitudinal study identifying risk and protective factors. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13314. [PMID: 33601475 PMCID: PMC7995145 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 confinement has dramatically altered daily routines, causing decreased sleep quality in adults. This necessitates careful observation, as sleep plays a crucial role in brain maturation and poor sleep increases the risk of psychopathology, particularly in the young population. Through an online survey with one baseline (April 2020) and two follow-up assessments (May and June 2020), we examined the effect of confinement on sleep quality in 452 babies (0-35 months) and 412 preschool children (36-71 months) from several, mainly European, countries. An acute decrease in sleep quality was found in both groups of children. However, at follow-up assessments, this effect rebounded to the level reported for the period before the confinement. Importantly, caregiver's stress level was identified as a substantial risk factor determining lower sleep quality in both groups of children across assessments. Protective factors conserving children's sleep quality included caregiver's engagement in mindfulness techniques or childcare, and the presence of siblings and pets. In the near future, we may repeatedly experience the circumstances of abruptly enforced confinement. Our findings reveal promising pathways of action to protect young children's sleep, with which to essentially mitigate the long-term consequences of the pandemic on brain development and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Markovic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Belletier C, Camos V, Barrouillet P. Is the cognitive system much more robust than anticipated? Dual-task costs and residuals in working memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2020; 47:498-507. [PMID: 33074693 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several working memory (WM) theories assume a resource sharing between the maintenance of information and its processing, whereas other theories suppose that these 2 functions of WM rely on different pools of resources. Studies that addressed this question by examining whether dual-task costs occur in tasks combining processing and storage have led to mixed results. Whereas some of them reported symmetric dual-task costs, others found no or negligible effects, while still others found a reduction in performance in memory but not in processing. In the present experiment, we tested whether these discrepancies in results might be due to participants strategically prioritizing one component of the task over the other. Thus, we asked participants to perform at their maximum level (i.e. span level) in one component of the dual-task and assessed performance on the other. In line with resource-sharing views, results indicated that performing at span on 1 task strongly degraded performance on the other, with symmetric costs. However, important residuals in both processing and storage suggested an unexpected resilience of the cognitive system that any resource-sharing theory must take into account. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
Verbal working memory (WM) has been assumed to involve 2 different systems of maintenance, a phonological loop and a central attentional system. Though the capacity estimate for letters of each of these systems is about 4, the maximum number of letters that individuals are able to immediately recall, a measure known as simple span, is not about 8 but 6. We tested the hypothesis that, unaware of the dual structure of their verbal WM, individuals underuse it by trying to verbally rehearse too many items. In order to maximize the use of verbal WM, we designed a new procedure called the maxispan procedure. When performing an immediate serial recall task, participants were invited to cumulatively rehearse a limited number of letters, and to keep rehearsing these letters until the end of the presentation of the list in such a way that the following letters can no longer enter the phonological loop and must be stored in the attentional system. As we expected, in 3 successive experiments, the maxispan procedure resulted in a dramatic increase in spans compared with the traditional simple span procedure, with spans approaching 8 when the to-be-rehearsed letters were presented auditorily and the following letters visually. These results indicate that simple spans, which have been used for more than a century in intelligence tests and are assumed to measure the capacity of short-term memory (STM), actually reflect the complex interplay between different structures and cognitive processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Barrouillet
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève
| | - Simon Gorin
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève
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Cowan N, Belletier C, Doherty JM, Jaroslawska AJ, Rhodes S, Forsberg A, Naveh-Benjamin M, Barrouillet P, Camos V, Logie RH. How Do Scientific Views Change? Notes From an Extended Adversarial Collaboration. Perspect Psychol Sci 2020; 15:1011-1025. [PMID: 32511059 PMCID: PMC7334077 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620906415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are few examples of an extended adversarial collaboration, in which investigators committed to different theoretical views collaborate to test opposing predictions. Whereas previous adversarial collaborations have produced single research articles, here, we share our experience in programmatic, extended adversarial collaboration involving three laboratories in different countries with different theoretical views regarding working memory, the limited information retained in mind, serving ongoing thought and action. We have focused on short-term memory retention of items (letters) during a distracting task (arithmetic), and effects of aging on these tasks. Over several years, we have conducted and published joint research with preregistered predictions, methods, and analysis plans, with replication of each study across two laboratories concurrently. We argue that, although an adversarial collaboration will not usually induce senior researchers to abandon favored theoretical views and adopt opposing views, it will necessitate varieties of their views that are more similar to one another, in that they must account for a growing, common corpus of evidence. This approach promotes understanding of others' views and presents to the field research findings accepted as valid by researchers with opposing interpretations. We illustrate this process with our own research experiences and make recommendations applicable to diverse scientific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - Clément Belletier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS
| | | | | | | | - Alicia Forsberg
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - Pierre Barrouillet
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève
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Camos V. Introduction to the special issue. The development of working memory. L’Année psychologique 2020. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.202.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bertrand R, Stan-Zahno I, Camos V. The rate of forgetting over time in working memory during early childhood. L’Année psychologique 2020. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy1.202.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
Background/Study context: Maintenance in verbal working memory is thought to rely on two main systems: a phonological and a semantic system. The three objectives of the present study were to clarify how these systems are organized and interact, to examine whether their involvement in maintenance changes with aging, and to identify which underlying mechanism accounts for both age-related changes in the available set of mechanisms and immediate recall.Methods: To address these issues, we examined age-related changes in strategic aspects of maintenance of information in working memory. We collected trial-by-trial verbal reports of which strategy young and older adults used while accomplishing a verbal complex span task. In addition, individuals' speed of articulation was collected.Results: Results support the existence of separable systems (i.e., phonological and semantic systems) that participants combine to cope with increasing memory loads. We also found age-related differences (e.g., older individuals used more strategies than young individuals and used available strategies unequally often) and invariance (e.g., both age groups used strategies based on phonological and semantic processing) in strategic aspects of working memory maintenance. Importantly, articulation speed accounted for effects of both memory load and age on strategy distributions as well as for age-related differences in immediate recall.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that young and older adults' use of common and different sets of maintenance mechanisms stems for the constraints of the phonological loop in working memory, especially the speed of articulation, which slowed down with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Chevalère
- Department of Psychology, Fribourg Center for Cognition, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, Fribourg Center for Cognition, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Fitamen C, Blaye A, Camos V. The role of goal cueing in kindergarteners’ working memory. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 187:104666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fitamen C, Blaye A, Camos V. Five-Year-Old Children's Working Memory Can Be Improved When Children Act On A Transparent Goal Cue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15342. [PMID: 31653944 PMCID: PMC6814763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is a key component of human cognition and its development throughout childhood a major predictor of cognitive development and school achievement. Noticeably, preschoolers exhibit poor performance in working memory tasks. The present study aimed at testing different means to improve working memory performance in preschoolers. To this aim, we tested the effect of abstract and transparent goal cues in a Brown-Peterson task performed by 4- and 5-year-old preschoolers. If the transparent goal cue helps to better maintain the instructions, it should lead to better memory performance. Moreover, preschoolers had to track, either visually or with their fingers, the goal cue during the retention interval. If the motor activity favors the active engagement of the children in the task, the finger tracking should lead to improvement in memory performance. Our findings were that 5-year-old children benefitted from a transparent goal cue when they acted on it, while 4-year-old children did not show any improvement. These results suggest that working memory performance can be improved in 5-year-old children when the task embeds elements that can scaffold the task goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Fitamen
- Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. .,Université d'Aix-Marseille & CNRS-LPC, Marseille, France.
| | - Agnès Blaye
- Université d'Aix-Marseille & CNRS-LPC, Marseille, France
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Sandoz V, Bickle‐Graz M, Camos V, Horsch A. Maternal post-partum depression symptoms are negatively associated with emotion regulation of children born very preterm. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:969-970. [PMID: 30588662 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sandoz
- Department Woman‐Mother‐Child Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare University of Lausanne Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Psychology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Myriam Bickle‐Graz
- Department Woman‐Mother‐Child Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Antje Horsch
- Department Woman‐Mother‐Child Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare University of Lausanne Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland
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Belletier C, Normand A, Camos V, Barrouillet P, Huguet P. Choking under experimenter's presence: Impact on proactive control and practical consequences for psychological science. Cognition 2019; 189:60-64. [PMID: 30927658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence accumulated for more than a century on audience effects shows that being watched by others typically impairs performance on difficult tasks. However, recent research under the label of « choking under pressure » suggests that this performance impairment is, ironically, specific to the individuals who are the most qualified to succeed-those with a high working memory capacity (WMC). Here, we predicted and found that being watched by evaluative others such as the experimenter undermines proactive control on which the high-WMC individuals rely the more. These results refine our understanding of both audience and choking effects, and lead to innovative, practical recommendations for psychological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Belletier
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Fribourg, Laboratoire de Développement cognitif, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Alice Normand
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Camos
- Université de Fribourg, Laboratoire de Développement cognitif, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Barrouillet
- Université de Genève, Developmental Cognitive Psychology, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Huguet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
It has recently been claimed that working memory (WM) storage is intrinsically domain-specific because the concurrent maintenance of an auditory and a visuospatial memory set did not involve any dual-task cost (Fougnie, Zughni, Godwin, & Marois, 2015). Using the same paradigm, we asked participants to concurrently maintain verbal auditory memory sets of 2, 4, or 6 letters along with visuospatial memory sets of 1, 3, or 5 dots in spatial locations. Whereas using the probe-recognition procedure used by Fougnie, Zughni, Godwin, and Marois (2015) replicated the absence of dual-task cost, a recall procedure revealed systematic interference between auditory-verbal and visuospatial WM. Increasing verbal WM load had a detrimental effect on the recall of visuospatial information, and vice versa, whether or not the task was performed under concurrent articulation. These between-domain interference effects proved to be non-negligible in magnitude when compared with within-domain effects in both the verbal (letters and digits) and visuospatial (spatial locations and movements) domains. The implication of these findings for our understanding of the structure and functioning of WM as well as the potential impact of the methods used to assess WM storage (i.e., recognition vs. recall) are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Uittenhove
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva
| | - Lina Chaabi
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg
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Gimbert F, Camos V, Gentaz E, Mazens K. What predicts mathematics achievement? Developmental change in 5- and 7-year-old children. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 178:104-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Rhodes S, Jaroslawska AJ, Doherty JM, Belletier C, Naveh-Benjamin M, Cowan N, Camos V, Barrouillet P, Logie RH. Storage and processing in working memory: Assessing dual-task performance and task prioritization across the adult lifespan. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 148:1204-1227. [PMID: 30667263 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a theoretical disagreement in the working memory literature, with some proposing that the storage and processing of information rely on distinct parts of the cognitive system and others who posit that they rely, to some extent, on a shared attentional capacity. This debate is mirrored in the literature on working memory and aging, where there have been mixed findings on the ability of older adults to perform simultaneous storage and processing tasks. We assess the overlap between storage and processing and how this changes with age using a procedure in which both tasks have been carefully adjusted to produce comparable levels of single-task performance across a sample (N = 164) of participants aged 18-81. By manipulating incentives to perform one task over the other, this procedure was also capable of disentangling concurrence costs (single- vs. dual-task performance) from prioritization costs (relative payoffs for storage vs. processing performance) in a theoretically meaningful manner. The study revealed a large general cost to serial letter recall performance associated with concurrent performance of an arithmetic verification processing task, a concurrence cost that increased with age. For the processing task, there was no such general concurrence cost. Rather, there was a prioritization effect in dual-task performance for both tasks, irrespective of age, in which performance levels depended on the relative emphasis assigned to memory versus processing. This prioritization effect was large, albeit with a large residual in performance. The findings place important constraints on both working memory theory and our understanding of how working memory changes across the adult lifespan. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rhodes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | - Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Ferdenzi C, Coureaud G, Camos V, Schaal B. Attitudes toward Everyday Odors for Children with Visual Impairments: A Pilot Study. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0145482x1010400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ferdenzi
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 7 rue des Battoirs, CH 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Coureaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût, CNRS (UMR 5170), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Camos
- Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement, CNRS (UMR 5022), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Centre des Sciences du Goût, CNRS (UMR 5170), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Camos V, Mora G, Oftinger AL, Mariz Elsig S, Schneider P, Vergauwe E. Does semantic long-term memory impact refreshing in verbal working memory? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2018; 45:1664-1682. [PMID: 30299130 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Attentional refreshing allows the maintenance of information in working memory and has received growing interest in recent years. However, it is still ill-defined and several proposals have been put forward to account for its functioning. Among them, some proposals suggest that refreshing relies on the retrieval of knowledge from semantic long-term memory. To examine such a proposal, the present study examined the impact on refreshing of two effects known to affect the retrieval from semantic long-term memory: word frequency and lexicality. In working memory span tasks, participants had to maintain memoranda varying in either frequency, or lexicality while performing concurrent tasks. By examining recall performance in complex span tasks and response times for the concurrent task in Brown-Peterson tasks, the present study provided evidence that long-term memory effects (a) affected recall without interacting with manipulation of refreshing and (b) did not affect refreshing speed. These findings challenge the idea that refreshing acts through the retrieval of knowledge from semantic long-term memory. Different WM models are discussed to account for these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérôme Mora
- Department of Psychology, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté
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Abadie M, Camos V. Attentional refreshing moderates the word frequency effect in immediate and delayed recall tasks. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1424:127-136. [PMID: 29756215 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using an online sample experiment, the study described herein addresses the fervent debate about the relationships between working memory and long-term memory (LTM). We manipulated refreshing opportunities and LTM status of memoranda by varying, respectively, the type of span tasks (simple span with short or long lists versus complex span tasks) and the frequency of the memory words (low versus high). In accordance with the hypothesis that refreshing is involved particularly in complex rather than simple span tasks, the frequency effect in immediate recall tests was reduced in the former. Moreover, contrary to previous studies in which refreshing increases LTM effects in delayed recall tests, our data point in the opposite direction. However, the frequency effect was also reduced in the simple task with short lists, suggesting that refreshing might not be the only process underlying the reduction of frequency effect in delayed tests. Finally, no differences in delayed recall were found between the complex span task that affords refreshing opportunities and the other tasks, suggesting that another process than refreshing, probably consolidation, might be involved in delayed recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Abadie
- Department of Psychology, Fribourg Center for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS & AMU, UMR7290, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, Fribourg Center for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Abstract
Two main mechanisms, articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing, are argued to be involved in the maintenance of verbal information in working memory (WM). Whereas converging research has suggested that rehearsal promotes the phonological representations of memoranda in working memory, little is known about the representations that refreshing may promote. Not only would examining this question address this gap in the literature, but the investigation has profound implications for different theoretical proposals of how refreshing functions and on the relationships between WM and long-term memory (LTM). Accordingly, we tested predictions from 5 models regarding how refreshing may moderate the semantic representation of memoranda in verbal WM. This series of 4 experiments presented a cue word that was either semantically or phonologically related to a target during the recall phase of a complex span task. Experiment 1 established the benefit of semantic over phonological retrieval cues, and Experiment 2 established that this semantic benefit was specific to a refreshing-rather than a rehearsal-based maintenance strategy. Finally, we showed that this semantic benefit did not vary with the cognitive load of the concurrent task (Experiments 3 and 4) or the intention to learn the memoranda (Experiment 4). These results indicate that cue-based retrieval from episodic LTM may strongly contribute to semantic processing effects in WM recall, but this influence of episodic LTM is independent of the function of refreshing to reactivate memory traces. Accordingly, these results have strong implications for the functioning of refreshing and the links between WM and LTM. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, Fribourg Center for Cognition, University of Fribourg
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Abstract
Working memory is one of the most important topics of research in cognitive psychology. The cognitive revolution that introduced the computer metaphor to describe human cognitive functioning called for this system in charge of the temporary storage of incoming or retrieved information to permit its processing. In the past decades, one particular mechanism of maintenance, attentional refreshing, has attracted an increasing amount of interest in the field of working memory. However, this mechanism remains rather mysterious, and its functioning is conceived in very different ways across the literature. This article presents an up-to-date review on attentional refreshing through the joint effort of leading researchers in the domain. It highlights points of agreement and delineates future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Camos
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Vanessa Loaiza
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Portrat
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, Université Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Alessandra Souza
- Department of Psychology, Universität Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evie Vergauwe
- Department of Psychology, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Belletier
- Département de psychologie; Université de Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- Département de psychologie; Université de Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
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Urben S, Camos V, Habersaat S, Stéphan P. Faces presenting sadness enhance self-control abilities in gifted adolescents. Br J Dev Psychol 2018; 36:514-520. [PMID: 29473180 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation skills refer to processes allowing emotional and cognitive adaptation of the individual. Some gifted adolescents are known for their imbalance between high intellectual abilities and low emotional skills. Thus, this study aimed at examining the interplay between emotion and cognition in gifted and non-gifted adolescents. A stop-signal task, a response inhibition task including neutral, happy, or sad faces as signal triggering inhibition, was administered to 19 gifted and 20 typically developing male adolescents (12-18 years old). Gifted adolescents showed lower response inhibition abilities than non-gifted adolescents in the neutral and happy face conditions. Sad faces in gifted adolescents were associated with higher response inhibition compared to happy condition. In typically developing adolescents, emotional information (happy or sad faces) was related to lower response inhibition compared to neutral face condition. This study highlights that gifted adolescents present different self-regulation skills than their typically developing peers. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Some gifted adolescents present higher intellectual abilities alongside with lower socio-emotional skills. Self-regulation skills refer to processes allowing emotional and cognitive adaptation. Self-regulation skills might help to understand gifted adolescents, but remain scarcely studied. What does this study adds? Task-relevant emotional information impaired cognitive control in typically developing adolescents. Gifted adolescents are able to use sad faces to enhance their cognitive control abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Urben
- University Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Habersaat
- University Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Philippe Stéphan
- University Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
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Oftinger AL, Camos V. Developmental improvement in strategies to maintain verbal information in working memory. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025416679741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been proposed that maintenance of verbal information in adults’ working memory relies on two strategies, articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing, little is known about the interplay of these strategies in children. To examine strategy changes around the age of seven, children were asked to maintain digits during a retention interval introduced between encoding and recall. In Experiment 1, this interval was either unfilled in a delayed span task or filled with an attention-demanding task in a Brown-Peterson task. This concurrent task was either silent or aloud to vary the availability of rehearsal. Experiment 2 introduced variation in the attentional demand of the concurrent task, and an independent concurrent articulation. As predicted, recall performance was better in older children, but was reduced under concurrent articulation or when attention was less available, bringing further evidence in favor of two maintenance strategies. Moreover, the measure of the availability of attention for refreshing was correlated with recall performance in eight- and seven-year-olds, though only when rehearsal was impeded for seven-year-olds, but it did not correlate with six-year-olds’ recall. This could suggest that rehearsal is the default strategy in young children who can adaptively switch to refreshing when articulatory processes are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Camos
- Département de Psychologie, Fribourg Center for Cognition, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Prune Lagner
- LEAD-CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa M. Loaiza
- Département de Psychologie, Fribourg Center for Cognition, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Loaiza VM, Camos V. Does Controlling for Temporal Parameters Change the Levels-of-Processing Effect in Working Memory? Adv Cogn Psychol 2016; 12:2-9. [PMID: 27152126 PMCID: PMC4856948 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinguishability between working memory (WM) and long-term memory has been
a frequent and long-lasting source of debate in the literature. One recent
method of identifying the relationship between the two systems has been to
consider the influence of long-term memory effects, such as the
levels-of-processing (LoP) effect, in WM. However, the few studies that have
examined the LoP effect in WM have shown divergent results. This study examined
the LoP effect in WM by considering a theoretically meaningful methodological
aspect of the LoP span task. Specifically, we fixed the presentation duration of
the processing component a priori because such fixed complex span tasks have
shown differences when compared to unfixed tasks in terms of recall from WM as
well as the latent structure of WM. After establishing a fixed presentation rate
from a pilot study, the LoP span task presented memoranda in red or blue font
that were immediately followed by two processing words that matched the
memoranda in terms of font color or semantic relatedness. On presentation of the
processing words, participants made deep or shallow processing decisions for
each of the memoranda before a cue to recall them from WM. Participants also
completed delayed recall of the memoranda. Results indicated that LoP affected
delayed recall, but not immediate recall from WM. These results suggest that
fixing temporal parameters of the LoP span task does not moderate the null LoP
effect in WM, and further indicate that WM and long-term episodic memory are
dissociable on the basis of LoP effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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Laurent L, Millot JL, Andrieu P, Camos V, Floccia C, Mathy F. Inner speech sustains predictable task switching: direct evidence in adults. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1164173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Recent reexaminations of the storage of verbal information in working memory have distinguished two mechanisms of maintenance. While a language-based mechanism of rehearsal was long considered the specific means of maintaining verbal information in the short term, another attention-based mechanism of refreshing has been more recently described. New evidence has established that these two mechanisms are affected by different constraints inherent to their respective language-based and attentional natures, have different impacts on recall performance, and are sustained by distinct brain networks. Moreover, adults can use either one or the other mechanism based on strategic choice or instructions. This dissociation presents some similarities with a dichotomy put forward in the ’70s between mechanisms permitting short-term versus long-term maintenance, but many questions remain about the functioning of these mechanisms and their interplay.
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Abstract
The approximate number system (ANS) is a primitive system used to estimate quantities. It can process quantities in visual and auditory modalities. The aim of the present study was to examine whether ANS can process quantities presented haptically. Moreover, to assess age-related changes, two groups of children (5- and 7-year-olds) were compared. In a newly designed haptic task, children compared two arrays of dots by touching them simultaneously using both hands, without seeing them, and for limited duration to prevent counting. Using Panamath, a frequently used visual ANS task, we verified that our population exhibited the typical pattern of approximation with visual arrays: Older children outperformed younger children, and an increased ratio between the two quantities to be compared led to more accurate responses. Performance in the haptic task revealed that children, in both age-groups, were able to haptically compare two quantities above chance level, with improved performance in older compared with younger children. Moreover, our results revealed a ratio effect, a well-known signature of the ANS. These findings suggest that haptic numerical discrimination in children is dictated by the ANS, and that ANS acuity measured with a haptic task improves with age, as commonly observed with the visual task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gimbert
- University Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, F-38040, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040, Grenoble, France
| | - Edouard Gentaz
- University Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, F-38040, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040, Grenoble, France; Sensorimotor, Affective and Social Development Unit, University Genova, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, Fribourg Center for Cognition, University Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karine Mazens
- University Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, F-38040, Grenoble, France; CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, F-38040, Grenoble, France
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Loaiza VM, Rhodes MG, Camos V, McCabe DP. Using the process dissociation procedure to estimate recollection and familiarity in working memory: An experimental and individual differences investigation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1033422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mora G, Camos V. Dissociating rehearsal and refreshing in the maintenance of verbal information in 8-year-old children. Front Psychol 2015; 6:11. [PMID: 25667577 PMCID: PMC4304166 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent models of working memory suggest that two systems are involved in verbal working memory: one is dedicated to the maintenance of phonological representations through verbal rehearsal, while the other would maintain multimodal representations through attentional refreshing (Camos et al., 2009; Baddeley, 2012). Previous studies provided evidence on the existence of these two maintenance systems, on their independence, and how they affect recall performance in adults. However, only one study had already explored the relationships between these two systems in children ( Tam et al., 2010). The aim of the present study was to further examine how the two systems account for working memory performance in children. Eight-year-old children performed complex span tasks in which the availability of either the rehearsal or the refreshing was impeded by a concurrent articulation or an attention-demanding task, respectively. Moreover, the phonological similarity of the memoranda was manipulated. Congruently with studies showing that older children can used these maintenance systems, impeding any of the two systems reduced recall performance. Moreover, the manipulation of the two mechanisms did not interact, as previously observed in adults. This suggests that the two maintenance mechanisms are independent in 8-year-old children as they are in adults. However, the results concerning the phonological similarity effect (PSE) differed from what is observed in adults. Whereas the PSE relies only on the availability of rehearsal in adults, a more complex pattern appeared in children: the concurrent articulation as well as the concurrent task modulated the emergence of the PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérome Mora
- Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement, Université de Bourgogne - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Camos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Development, Fribourg Center for Cognition and Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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Barrouillet P, Camos V. On the proper reading of the TBRS model: reply to Oberauer and Lewandowsky (2014). Front Psychol 2014; 5:1331. [PMID: 25484871 PMCID: PMC4240044 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Barrouillet
- Developmental Cognitive Psychology, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences l'Education, Université de Genève Genève, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Camos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Development, Département de Psychologie, Fribourg Center for Cognition, Université de Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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Camos V, Barrouillet P. Attentional and non-attentional systems in the maintenance of verbal information in working memory: the executive and phonological loops. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:900. [PMID: 25426049 PMCID: PMC4224087 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is the structure devoted to the maintenance of information at short term during concurrent processing activities. In this respect, the question regarding the nature of the mechanisms and systems fulfilling this maintenance function is of particular importance and has received various responses in the recent past. In the time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) model, we suggest that only two systems sustain the maintenance of information at the short term, counteracting the deleterious effect of temporal decay and interference. A non-attentional mechanism of verbal rehearsal, similar to the one described by Baddeley in the phonological loop model, uses language processes to reactivate phonological memory traces. Besides this domain-specific mechanism, an executive loop allows the reconstruction of memory traces through an attention-based mechanism of refreshing. The present paper reviews evidence of the involvement of these two independent systems in the maintenance of verbal memory items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Camos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Development, Fribourg Center for Cognition, Département de Psychologie, Université de FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Barrouillet
- Developmental Cognitive Psychology, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences l’Education, Université de GenèveGenève, Switzerland
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Lucidi A, Loaiza V, Camos V, Barrouillet P. Assessing Working Memory Capacity Through Time-Constrained Elementary Activities. The Journal of General Psychology 2014; 141:98-112. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2013.870121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Camos V, Barrouillet P. Le développement de la mémoire de travail : perspectives dans le cadre du modèle de partage temporel des ressources. Psychologie Française 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vergauwe E, Camos V, Barrouillet P. The impact of storage on processing: how is information maintained in working memory? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2014; 40:1072-1095. [PMID: 24564542 DOI: 10.1037/a0035779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is typically defined as a system devoted to the simultaneous maintenance and processing of information. However, the interplay between these 2 functions is still a matter of debate in the literature, with views ranging from complete independence to complete dependence. The time-based resource-sharing model assumes that a central bottleneck constrains the 2 functions to alternate in such a way that maintenance activities postpone concurrent processing, with each additional piece of information to be maintained resulting in an additional postponement. Using different kinds of memoranda, we examined in a series of 7 experiments the effect of increasing memory load on different processing tasks. The results reveal that, insofar as attention is needed for maintenance, processing times linearly increase at a rate of about 50 ms per verbal or visuospatial memory item, suggesting a very fast refresh rate in working memory. Our results also show an asymmetry between verbal and spatial information, in that spatial information can solely rely on attention for its maintenance while verbal information can also rely on a domain-specific maintenance mechanism independent from attention. The implications for the functioning of working memory are discussed, with a specific focus on how information is maintained in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Vergauwe
- Department of Cognitive Development, Université de Genève
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