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Lewis KL, Herbert KM, Matavulj VM, Hoang JD, Ellison ET, Bauman GE, Herman JA, White TJ. Programming Orientation in Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Prepared with Intra-Mesogenic Supramolecular Bonds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:3467-3475. [PMID: 36598490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The large, directional stimuli-response of aligned liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) could enable functional utility in robotics, medicine, consumer goods, and photonics. The alignment of LCEs has historically been realized via mechanical alignment of a two-stage reaction. Recent reports widely utilize chain extension reactions of liquid crystal monomers (LCM) to form LCEs that are subject to either surface-enforced or mechanical alignment. Here, we prepare LCEs that contain intra-mesogenic supramolecular bonds synthesized via direct free-radical chain transfer photopolymerization processible by a distinctive mechanical alignment mechanism. The LCEs were prepared by the polymerization of a benzoic acid monomer (11OBA), which dimerized to form a liquid crystal monomer, with a diacrylate LCM (C6M). The incorporation of the intra-mesogenic hydrogen bonds increases the achievable nematic order from mechanical programming. Accordingly, LCEs prepared with larger 11OBA concentration exhibit higher magnitude thermomechanical strain values when compared to a LCE containing only covalent bonds. These LCEs can be reprogrammed with heat to return the aligned film to the polydomain state. The LCE can then be subsequently programmed to orient in a different direction. The facile preparation of (re)programmable LCEs with supramolecular bonds opens new avenues for the implementation of these materials as shape deployable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Lewis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Valentina M Matavulj
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Jonathan D Hoang
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Eric T Ellison
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Grant E Bauman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Jeremy A Herman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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Velasco Abadia A, Herbert KM, Matavulj VM, White TJ, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Chemically Triggered Changes in Mechanical Properties of Responsive Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks with Immobilized Urease. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16740-16749. [PMID: 34590861 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal polymer networks (LCNs) are stimuli-responsive materials that can be programmed to realize spatial variation in mechanical response and undergo shape transformation. Herein, we report a process to introduce chemical specificity to the stimuli response of LCNs by integrating enzymes as molecular triggers. Specifically, the enzyme urease was immobilized in LCN films via acyl fluoride conjugation chemistry. Activity assays and confocal fluorescence imaging confirmed retention of urease activity after immobilization as well as widespread distribution of enzyme on the film. The addition of urea triggered a response in the LCN whereby newly generated ammonia reacted with free acyl fluorides to form benzamide moieties. These moieties were capable of dimerizing through the formation of supramolecular hydrogen bonds, which was reflected in a 4-fold increase in Young's modulus. Through dynamic mechanical analysis and calorimetry, we further confirmed that the degree of hydrogen bonding in the LCNs could be judiciously designed to fine-tune the mechanical properties and glass transition temperature. These findings demonstrate the untapped potential of biochemical mechanisms as molecular triggers in LCNs and open the door to the use of nucleophilic chemistries in modulating the mechanical properties of LCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Velasco Abadia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Valentina M Matavulj
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Material Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Brannum MT, Auguste AD, Donovan BR, Godman NP, Matavulj VM, Steele AM, Korley LTJ, Wnek GE, White TJ. Deformation and Elastic Recovery of Acrylate-Based Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Brannum
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Anesia D. Auguste
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Brian R. Donovan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Godman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Valentina M. Matavulj
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Aubrey M. Steele
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Gary E. Wnek
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Timothy J. White
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are anisotropic polymeric materials. When subjected to an applied stress, liquid crystalline (LC) mesogens within the elastomeric polymer network (re)orient to the loading direction. The (re)orientation during deformation results in nonlinear stress-strain dependence (referred to as soft elasticity). Here, we uniquely explore mechanotropic phase transitions in elastomers with appreciable mesogenic content and compare these responses to LCEs in the polydomain orientation. The isotropic (amorphous) elastomers undergo significant directional orientation upon loading, evident in strong birefringence and x-ray diffraction. Functionally, the mechanotropic displacement of the elastomers to load is also nonlinear. However, unlike the analogous polydomain LCE compositions examined here, the isotropic elastomers rapidly recover after deformation. The mechanotropic orientation of the mesogens in these materials increase the toughness of these thiol-ene photopolymers by nearly 1300 % relative to a chemically similar elastomer prepared from wholly isotropic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Donovan
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hayden E Fowler
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Valentina M Matavulj
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
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Donovan BR, Fowler HE, Matavulj VM, White TJ. Back Cover: Mechanotropic Elastomers (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39/2019). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Donovan
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Hayden E. Fowler
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Valentina M. Matavulj
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton OH 45433-7750 USA
| | - Timothy J. White
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton OH 45433-7750 USA
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Donovan BR, Fowler HE, Matavulj VM, White TJ. Rücktitelbild: Mechanotropic Elastomers (Angew. Chem. 39/2019). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Donovan
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Hayden E. Fowler
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Valentina M. Matavulj
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton OH 45433-7750 USA
| | - Timothy J. White
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton OH 45433-7750 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Donovan
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Hayden E. Fowler
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Valentina M. Matavulj
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton OH 45433-7750 USA
| | - Timothy J. White
- University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 596 UCB Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton OH 45433-7750 USA
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Abstract
Photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a unique class of anisotropic materials capable of undergoing large-scale, macroscopic deformations when exposed to light. Here, surface-aligned, azobenzene-functionalized LCEs are prepared via a radical-mediated, thiol-acrylate chain transfer reaction. A long-lived, macroscopic shape deformation is realized in an LCE composed with an o-fluorinated azobenzene (oF-azo) monomer. Under UV irradiation, the oF-azo LCE exhibits a persistent shape deformation for >72 h. By contrasting the photomechanical response of the oF-azo LCE to analogs prepared from classical and m-fluorinated azobenzene derivatives, the origin of the persistent deformation is clearly attributed to the underlying influence of positional functionalization on the kinetics of cis→trans isomerization. Informed by these studies and enabled by the salient features of light-induced deformations, oF-azo LCEs are demonstrated to undergo all-optical control of shape deformation and shape restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Donovan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Valentina M Matavulj
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Tyler Guin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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