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Li Y, Wei ZZ, Sela H, Govta L, Klymiuk V, Roychowdhury R, Chawla HS, Ens J, Wiebe K, Bocharova V, Ben-David R, Pawar PB, Zhang Y, Jaiwar S, Molnár I, Doležel J, Coaker G, Pozniak CJ, Fahima T. Dissection of a rapidly evolving wheat resistance gene cluster by long-read genome sequencing accelerated the cloning of Pm69. Plant Commun 2024; 5:100646. [PMID: 37415333 PMCID: PMC10811346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene cloning in repeat-rich polyploid genomes remains challenging. Here, we describe a strategy for overcoming major bottlenecks in cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene (R-gene) Pm69 derived from tetraploid wild emmer wheat. A conventional positional cloning approach was not effective owing to suppressed recombination. Chromosome sorting was compromised by insufficient purity. A Pm69 physical map, constructed by assembling Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) long-read genome sequences, revealed a rapidly evolving nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) R-gene cluster with structural variations. A single candidate NLR was identified by anchoring RNA sequencing reads from susceptible mutants to ONT contigs and was validated by virus-induced gene silencing. Pm69 is likely a newly evolved NLR and was discovered in only one location across the wild emmer wheat distribution range in Israel. Pm69 was successfully introgressed into cultivated wheat, and a diagnostic molecular marker was used to accelerate its deployment and pyramiding with other R-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wei
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hanan Sela
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Liubov Govta
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rajib Roychowdhury
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Harmeet Singh Chawla
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ens
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Valeria Bocharova
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Roi Ben-David
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
| | - Prerna B Pawar
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Samidha Jaiwar
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - István Molnár
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Curtis J Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
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Sertse D, Haile JK, Sari E, Klymiuk V, N'Diaye A, Pozniak CJ, Cloutier S, Kagale S. Genome scans capture key adaptation and historical hybridization signatures in tetraploid wheat. Plant Genome 2023:e20410. [PMID: 37974527 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum L.), including durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), are important crops with high nutritional and cultural values. However, their production is constrained by sensitivity to environmental conditions. In search of adaptive genetic signatures tracing historical selection and hybridization events, we performed genome scans on two datasets: (1) Durum Global Diversity Panel comprising a total of 442 tetraploid wheat and wild progenitor accessions including durum landraces (n = 286), domesticated emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum (Schrank) Thell.; n = 103) and wild emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Korn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Thell.; n = 53) wheats genotyped using the 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and (2) a second dataset comprising a total 121 accessions of nine T. turgidum subspecies including wild emmer genotyped with >100 M SNPs from whole-genome resequencing. The genome scan on the first dataset detected six outlier loci on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 3A (n = 2), 6A, and 7A. These loci harbored important genes for adaptation to abiotic stresses, phenological responses, such as seed dormancy, circadian clock, flowering time, and key yield-related traits, including pleiotropic genes, such as HAT1, KUODA1, CBL1, and ZFN1. The scan on the second dataset captured a highly differentiated region on chromosome 2B that shows significant differentiation between two groups: one group consists of Georgian (T. turgidum ssp. paleocolchicum A. Love & D. Love) and Persian (T. turgidum ssp. carthlicum (Nevski) A. Love & D. Love) wheat accessions, while the other group comprises all the remaining tetraploids including wild emmer. This is consistent with a previously reported introgression in this genomic region from T. timopheevii Zhuk. which naturally cohabit in the Georgian and neighboring areas. This region harbored several adaptive genes, including the thermomorphogenesis gene PIF4, which confers temperature-resilient disease resistance and regulates other biological processes. Genome scans can be used to fast-track germplasm housed in gene banks and in situ; which helps to identify environmentally resilient accessions for breeding and/or to prioritize them for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demissew Sertse
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jemanesh K Haile
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canola Council of Canada, Crop Production and Innovation, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ehsan Sari
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Amidou N'Diaye
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Curtis J Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sateesh Kagale
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Haile JK, Sertse D, N’Diaye A, Klymiuk V, Wiebe K, Ruan Y, Chawla HS, Henriquez MA, Wang L, Kutcher HR, Steiner B, Buerstmayr H, Pozniak CJ. Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal the genetic architecture of Fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1182548. [PMID: 37900749 PMCID: PMC10601657 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat is more susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB) than other types or classes of wheat. The disease is one of the most devastating in wheat; it reduces yield and end-use quality and contaminates the grain with fungal mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). A panel of 265 Canadian and European durum wheat cultivars, as well as breeding and experimental lines, were tested in artificially inoculated field environments (2019-2022, inclusive) and two greenhouse trials (2019 and 2020). The trials were assessed for FHB severity and incidence, visual rating index, Fusarium-damaged kernels, DON accumulation, anthesis or heading date, maturity date, and plant height. In addition, yellow pigment and protein content were analyzed for the 2020 field season. To capture loci underlying FHB resistance and related traits, GWAS was performed using single-locus and several multi-locus models, employing 13,504 SNPs. Thirty-one QTL significantly associated with one or more FHB-related traits were identified, of which nine were consistent across environments and associated with multiple FHB-related traits. Although many of the QTL were identified in regions previously reported to affect FHB, the QTL QFhb-3B.2, associated with FHB severity, incidence, and DON accumulation, appears to be novel. We developed KASP markers for six FHB-associated QTL that were consistently detected across multiple environments and validated them on the Global Durum Panel (GDP). Analysis of allelic diversity and the frequencies of these revealed that the lines in the GDP harbor between zero and six resistance alleles. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the genetic basis of FHB resistance and DON accumulation in durum wheat. Accessions with multiple favorable alleles were identified and will be useful genetic resources to improve FHB resistance in durum breeding programs through marker-assisted recurrent selection and gene stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemanesh K. Haile
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Demissew Sertse
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amidou N’Diaye
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yuefeng Ruan
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, Canada
| | - Harmeet S. Chawla
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maria-Antonia Henriquez
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Lipu Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hadley R. Kutcher
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Sertse D, You FM, Klymiuk V, Haile JK, N'Diaye A, Pozniak CJ, Cloutier S, Kagale S. Historical Selection, Adaptation Signatures, and Ambiguity of Introgressions in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098390. [PMID: 37176097 PMCID: PMC10179502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat was one of the crops domesticated in the Fertile Crescent region approximately 10,000 years ago. Despite undergoing recent polyploidization, hull-to-free-thresh transition events, and domestication bottlenecks, wheat is now grown in over 130 countries and accounts for a quarter of the world's cereal production. The main reason for its widespread success is its broad genetic diversity that allows it to thrive in different environments. To trace historical selection and hybridization signatures, genome scans were performed on two datasets: approximately 113K SNPs from 921 predominantly bread wheat accessions and approximately 110K SNPs from about 400 wheat accessions representing all ploidy levels. To identify environmental factors associated with the loci, a genome-environment association (GEA) was also performed. The genome scans on both datasets identified a highly differentiated region on chromosome 4A where accessions in the first dataset were dichotomized into a group (n = 691), comprising nearly all cultivars, wild emmer, and most landraces, and a second group (n = 230), dominated by landraces and spelt accessions. The grouping of cultivars is likely linked to their potential ancestor, bread wheat cv. Norin-10. The 4A region harbored important genes involved in adaptations to environmental conditions. The GEA detected loci associated with latitude and temperature. The genetic signatures detected in this study provide insight into the historical selection and hybridization events in the wheat genome that shaped its current genetic structure and facilitated its success in a wide spectrum of environmental conditions. The genome scans and GEA approaches applied in this study can help in screening the germplasm housed in gene banks for breeding, and for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demissew Sertse
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Frank M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jemanesh K Haile
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Amidou N'Diaye
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Curtis J Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sateesh Kagale
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
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Klymiuk V, Haile T, Ens J, Wiebe K, N’Diaye A, Fatiukha A, Krugman T, Ben-David R, Hübner S, Cloutier S, Pozniak CJ. Genetic architecture of rust resistance in a wheat ( Triticum turgidum) diversity panel. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1145371. [PMID: 36998679 PMCID: PMC10043469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wheat rust diseases are widespread and affect all wheat growing areas around the globe. Breeding strategies focus on incorporating genetic disease resistance. However, pathogens can quickly evolve and overcome the resistance genes deployed in commercial cultivars, creating a constant need for identifying new sources of resistance. METHODS We have assembled a diverse tetraploid wheat panel comprised of 447 accessions of three Triticum turgidum subspecies and performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for resistance to wheat stem, stripe, and leaf rusts. The panel was genotyped with the 90K Wheat iSelect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and subsequent filtering resulted in a set of 6,410 non-redundant SNP markers with known physical positions. RESULTS Population structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the diversity panel could be divided into three subpopulations based on phylogenetic/geographic relatedness. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected for two stem rust, two stripe rust and one leaf rust resistance loci. Of them, three MTAs coincide with the known rust resistance genes Sr13, Yr15 and Yr67, while the other two may harbor undescribed resistance genes. DISCUSSION The tetraploid wheat diversity panel, developed and characterized herein, captures wide geographic origins, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history since domestication making it a useful community resource for mapping of other agronomically important traits and for conducting evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Teketel Haile
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ens
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amidou N’Diaye
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrii Fatiukha
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roi Ben-David
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sariel Hübner
- Galilee Research Institute (MIGAL), Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Klymiuk V, Chawla HS, Wiebe K, Ens J, Fatiukha A, Govta L, Fahima T, Pozniak CJ. Discovery of stripe rust resistance with incomplete dominance in wild emmer wheat using bulked segregant analysis sequencing. Commun Biol 2022; 5:826. [PMID: 35978056 PMCID: PMC9386016 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Durable crop disease resistance is an essential component of global food security. Continuous pathogen evolution leads to a breakdown of resistance and there is a pressing need to characterize new resistance genes for use in plant breeding. Here we identified an accession of wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), PI 487260, that is highly resistant to multiple stripe rust isolates. Genetic analysis revealed resistance was conferred by a single, incompletely dominant gene designated as Yr84. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq) we identified a 52.7 Mb resistance-associated interval on chromosome 1BS. Detected variants were used to design genetic markers for recombinant screening, further refining the interval of Yr84 to a 2.3-3.3 Mb in tetraploid wheat genomes. This interval contains 34 candidate genes encoding for protein domains involved in disease resistance responses. Furthermore, KASP markers closely-linked to Yr84 were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection for rust resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Harmeet Singh Chawla
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ens
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Andrii Fatiukha
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Liubov Govta
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Curtis J Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions result in disease development in a susceptible host. Plants actively resist pathogens via a complex immune system comprising both surface-localized receptors that sense the extracellular space as well as intracellular receptors recognizing pathogen effectors. To date, the majority of cloned resistance genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor proteins. Recent discoveries have revealed tandem kinase proteins (TKPs) as another important family of intracellular proteins involved in plant immune responses. Five TKP genes-barley Rpg1 and wheat WTK1 (Yr15), WTK2 (Sr60), WTK3 (Pm24), and WTK4-protect against devastating fungal diseases. Moreover, a large diversity and numerous putative TKPs exist across the plant kingdom. This review explores our current knowledge of TKPs and serves as a basis for future studies that aim to develop and exploit a deeper understanding of innate plant immunity receptor proteins.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California,
Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi
Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology,
University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Fatiukha A, Deblieck M, Klymiuk V, Merchuk-Ovnat L, Peleg Z, Ordon F, Fahima T, Korol A, Saranga Y, Krugman T. Genomic Architecture of Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Water Stress in Tetraploid Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041723. [PMID: 33572141 PMCID: PMC7915520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is one of the main mechanisms of adaptation to abiotic stresses via changes in critical developmental stages. Altering flowering phenology is a key evolutionary strategy of plant adaptation to abiotic stresses, to achieve the maximum possible reproduction. The current study is the first to apply the linear regression residuals as drought plasticity scores while considering the variation in flowering phenology and traits under non-stress conditions. We characterized the genomic architecture of 17 complex traits and their drought plasticity scores for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, using a mapping population derived from a cross between durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) and wild emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides). We identified 79 QTLs affected observed traits and their plasticity scores, of which 33 reflected plasticity in response to water stress and exhibited epistatic interactions and/or pleiotropy between the observed and plasticity traits. Vrn-B3 (TaTF1) residing within an interval of a major drought-escape QTL was proposed as a candidate gene. The favorable alleles for most of the plasticity QTLs were contributed by wild emmer wheat, demonstrating its high potential for wheat improvement. Our study presents a new approach for the quantification of plant adaptation to various stresses and provides new insights into the genetic basis of wheat complex traits under water-deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Mathieu Deblieck
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (M.D.); (F.O.)
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Lianne Merchuk-Ovnat
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.M.-O.); (Z.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zvi Peleg
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.M.-O.); (Z.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Frank Ordon
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (M.D.); (F.O.)
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Abraham Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.M.-O.); (Z.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-04-8240783
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9
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Klymiuk V, Fatiukha A, Raats D, Bocharova V, Huang L, Feng L, Jaiwar S, Pozniak C, Coaker G, Dubcovsky J, Fahima T. Three previously characterized resistances to yellow rust are encoded by a single locus Wtk1. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:2561-2572. [PMID: 31942623 PMCID: PMC7210774 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides; WEW) yellow (stripe) rust resistance genes Yr15, YrG303, and YrH52 were discovered in natural populations from different geographic locations. They all localize to chromosome 1B but were thought to be non-allelic based on differences in resistance response. We recently cloned Yr15 as a Wheat Tandem Kinase 1 (WTK1) and show here that these three resistance loci co-segregate in fine-mapping populations and share an identical full-length genomic sequence of functional Wtk1. Independent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized susceptible yrG303 and yrH52 lines carried single nucleotide mutations in Wtk1 that disrupted function. A comparison of the mutations for yr15, yrG303, and yrH52 mutants showed that while key conserved residues were intact, other conserved regions in critical kinase subdomains were frequently affected. Thus, we concluded that Yr15-, YrG303-, and YrH52-mediated resistances to yellow rust are encoded by a single locus, Wtk1. Introgression of Wtk1 into multiple genetic backgrounds resulted in variable phenotypic responses, confirming that Wtk1-mediated resistance is part of a complex immune response network. WEW natural populations subjected to natural selection and adaptation have potential to serve as a good source for evolutionary studies of different traits and multifaceted gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dina Raats
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Valeria Bocharova
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lin Huang
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lihua Feng
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samidha Jaiwar
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Curtis Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- Correspondence:
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10
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Fatiukha A, Klymiuk V, Peleg Z, Saranga Y, Cakmak I, Krugman T, Korol AB, Fahima T. Variation in phosphorus and sulfur content shapes the genetic architecture and phenotypic associations within the wheat grain ionome. Plant J 2020; 101:555-572. [PMID: 31571297 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dissection of the genetic basis of wheat ionome is crucial for understanding the physiological and biochemical processes underlying mineral accumulation in seeds, as well as for efficient crop breeding. Most of the elements essential for plants are metals stored in seeds as chelate complexes with phytic acid or sulfur-containing compounds. We assume that the involvement of phosphorus and sulfur in metal chelation is the reason for strong phenotypic correlations within ionome. Adjustment of element concentrations for the effect of variation in phosphorus and sulfur seed content resulted in drastic change of phenotypic correlations between the elements. The genetic architecture of wheat grain ionome was characterized by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using a cross between durum and wild emmer wheat. QTL analysis of the adjusted traits and two-trait analysis of the initial traits paired with either P or S considerably improved QTL detection power and accuracy, resulting in the identification of 105 QTLs and 617 QTL effects for 11 elements. Candidate gene search revealed some potential functional associations between QTLs and corresponding genes within their intervals. Thus, we have shown that accounting for variation in P and S is crucial for understanding of the physiological and genetic regulation of mineral composition of wheat grain ionome and can be implemented for other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Zvi Peleg
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla İstanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Abraham B Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
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11
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Fatiukha A, Klymiuk V, Peleg Z, Saranga Y, Cakmak I, Krugman T, Korol AB, Fahima T. Variation in phosphorus and sulfur content shapes the genetic architecture and phenotypic associations within the wheat grain ionome. Plant J 2020; 98:667-679. [PMID: 31571297 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dissection of the genetic basis of wheat ionome is crucial for understanding the physiological and biochemical processes underlying mineral accumulation in seeds, as well as for efficient crop breeding. Most of the elements essential for plants are metals stored in seeds as chelate complexes with phytic acid or sulfur-containing compounds. We assume that the involvement of phosphorus and sulfur in metal chelation is the reason for strong phenotypic correlations within ionome. Adjustment of element concentrations for the effect of variation in phosphorus and sulfur seed content resulted in drastic change of phenotypic correlations between the elements. The genetic architecture of wheat grain ionome was characterized by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using a cross between durum and wild emmer wheat. QTL analysis of the adjusted traits and two-trait analysis of the initial traits paired with either P or S considerably improved QTL detection power and accuracy, resulting in the identification of 105 QTLs and 617 QTL effects for 11 elements. Candidate gene search revealed some potential functional associations between QTLs and corresponding genes within their intervals. Thus, we have shown that accounting for variation in P and S is crucial for understanding of the physiological and genetic regulation of mineral composition of wheat grain ionome and can be implemented for other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Zvi Peleg
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla İstanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Abraham B Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Khoushy Ave, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
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12
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Fatiukha A, Filler N, Lupo I, Lidzbarsky G, Klymiuk V, Korol AB, Pozniak C, Fahima T, Krugman T. Grain protein content and thousand kernel weight QTLs identified in a durum × wild emmer wheat mapping population tested in five environments. Theor Appl Genet 2020. [PMID: 31562566 DOI: 10.1101/601773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic dissection of GPC and TKW in tetraploid durum × WEW RIL population, based on high-density SNP genetic map, revealed 12 GPC QTLs and 11 TKW QTLs, with favorable alleles for 11 and 5 QTLs, respectively, derived from WEW. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, WEW) was shown to exhibit high grain protein content (GPC) and therefore possess a great potential for improvement of cultivated wheat nutritional value. Genetic dissection of thousand kernel weight (TKW) and grain protein content (GPC) was performed using a high-density genetic map constructed based on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between T. durum var. Svevo and WEW acc. Y12-3. Genotyping of 208 F6 RILs with a 15 K wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array yielded 4166 polymorphic SNP markers, of which 1510 were designated as skeleton markers. A total map length of 2169 cM was obtained with an average distance of 1.5 cM between SNPs. A total of 12 GPC QTLs and 11 TKW QTLs were found under five different environments. No significant correlations were found between GPC and TKW across all environments. Four major GPC QTLs with favorable alleles from WEW were found on chromosomes 4BS, 5AS, 6BS and 7BL. The 6BS GPC QTL coincided with the physical position of the NAC transcription factor TtNAM-B1, underlying the cloned QTL, Gpc-B1. Comparisons of the physical intervals of the GPC QTLs described here with the results previously reported in other durum × WEW RIL population led to the discovery of seven novel GPC QTLs. Therefore, our research emphasizes the importance of GPC QTL dissection in diverse WEW accessions as a source of novel alleles for improvement of GPC in cultivated wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naveh Filler
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Itamar Lupo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gabriel Lidzbarsky
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abraham B Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Curtis Pozniak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Fatiukha A, Filler N, Lupo I, Lidzbarsky G, Klymiuk V, Korol AB, Pozniak C, Fahima T, Krugman T. Grain protein content and thousand kernel weight QTLs identified in a durum × wild emmer wheat mapping population tested in five environments. Theor Appl Genet 2020; 133:119-131. [PMID: 31562566 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic dissection of GPC and TKW in tetraploid durum × WEW RIL population, based on high-density SNP genetic map, revealed 12 GPC QTLs and 11 TKW QTLs, with favorable alleles for 11 and 5 QTLs, respectively, derived from WEW. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, WEW) was shown to exhibit high grain protein content (GPC) and therefore possess a great potential for improvement of cultivated wheat nutritional value. Genetic dissection of thousand kernel weight (TKW) and grain protein content (GPC) was performed using a high-density genetic map constructed based on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between T. durum var. Svevo and WEW acc. Y12-3. Genotyping of 208 F6 RILs with a 15 K wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array yielded 4166 polymorphic SNP markers, of which 1510 were designated as skeleton markers. A total map length of 2169 cM was obtained with an average distance of 1.5 cM between SNPs. A total of 12 GPC QTLs and 11 TKW QTLs were found under five different environments. No significant correlations were found between GPC and TKW across all environments. Four major GPC QTLs with favorable alleles from WEW were found on chromosomes 4BS, 5AS, 6BS and 7BL. The 6BS GPC QTL coincided with the physical position of the NAC transcription factor TtNAM-B1, underlying the cloned QTL, Gpc-B1. Comparisons of the physical intervals of the GPC QTLs described here with the results previously reported in other durum × WEW RIL population led to the discovery of seven novel GPC QTLs. Therefore, our research emphasizes the importance of GPC QTL dissection in diverse WEW accessions as a source of novel alleles for improvement of GPC in cultivated wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naveh Filler
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Itamar Lupo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gabriel Lidzbarsky
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abraham B Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Curtis Pozniak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
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