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Wright EK, Timberlake TP, Baude M, Vaughan IP, Memmott J. Quantifying the production of plant pollen at the farm scale. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38622779 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant pollen is rich in protein, sterols and lipids, providing crucial nutrition for many pollinators. However, we know very little about the quantity, quality and timing of pollen availability in real landscapes, limiting our ability to improve food supply for pollinators. We quantify the floral longevity and pollen production of a whole plant community for the first time, enabling us to calculate daily pollen availability. We combine these data with floral abundance and nectar measures from UK farmland to quantify pollen and nectar production at the landscape scale throughout the year. Pollen and nectar production were significantly correlated at the floral unit, and landscape level. The species providing the highest quantity of pollen on farmland were Salix spp. (38%), Filipendula ulmaria (14%), Rubus fruticosus (10%) and Taraxacum officinale (9%). Hedgerows were the most pollen-rich habitats, but permanent pasture provided the majority of pollen at the landscape scale, because of its large area. Pollen and nectar were closely associated in their phenology, with both peaking in late April, before declining steeply in June and remaining low throughout the year. Our data provide a starting point for including pollen in floral resource assessments and ensuring the nutritional requirements of pollinators are met in farmland landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Royal Fort House, Bristol, BS8 1UH, UK
| | - Thomas P Timberlake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mathilde Baude
- Université d'Orléans, Château de la Source, BP 6749, Orléans Cedex 2, 45067, France
- Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Ian P Vaughan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jane Memmott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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2
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Lorer E, Verheyen K, Blondeel H, De Pauw K, Sanczuk P, De Frenne P, Landuyt D. Forest understorey flowering phenology responses to experimental warming and illumination. New Phytol 2024; 241:1476-1491. [PMID: 38031641 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Species are altering their phenology to track warming temperatures. In forests, understorey plants experience tree canopy shading resulting in light and temperature conditions, which strongly deviate from open habitats. Yet, little is known about understorey phenology responses to forest microclimates. We recorded flowering onset, peak, end and duration of 10 temperate forest understorey plant species in two mesocosm experiments to understand how phenology is affected by sub-canopy warming and how this response is modulated by illumination, which is related to canopy change. Furthermore, we investigated whether phenological sensitivities can be explained by species' characteristics, such as thermal niche. We found a mean advance of flowering onset of 7.1 d per 1°C warming, more than previously reported in studies not accounting for microclimatic buffering. Warm-adapted species exhibited greater advances. Temperature sensitivity did not differ between early- and later-flowering species. Experimental illumination did not significantly affect species' phenological temperature sensitivities, but slightly delayed flowering phenology independent from warming. Our study suggests that integrating sub-canopy temperature and light availability will help us better understand future understorey phenology responses. Climate warming together with intensifying canopy disturbances will continue to drive phenological shifts and potentially disrupt understorey communities, thereby affecting forest biodiversity and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Lorer
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Haben Blondeel
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Karen De Pauw
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter Sanczuk
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Dries Landuyt
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
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3
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Kato-Noguchi H, Kurniadie D. The Invasive Mechanisms of the Noxious Alien Plant Species Bidens pilosa. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:356. [PMID: 38337889 PMCID: PMC10857670 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa L. is native to tropical America and has widely naturized from tropical to warm temperate regions in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. The species has infested a wide range of habitats such as grasslands, forests, wetlands, streamlines, coastal areas, pasture, plantations, agricultural fields, roadsides, and railway sides and has become a noxious invasive weed species. B. pilosa forms thick monospecific stands, quickly expands, and threatens the indigenous plant species and crop production. It is also involved in pathogen transmission as a vector. The species was reported to have (1) a high growth ability, producing several generations in a year; (2) a high achene production rate; (3) different biotypes of cypselae, differently germinating given the time and condition; (4) a high adaptative ability to various environmental conditions; (5) an ability to alter the microbial community, including mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; and (6) defense functions against natural enemies and allelopathy. The species produces several potential allelochemicals such as palmitic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salycilic acid, quercetin, α-pinene, and limonene and compounds involved in the defense functions such as 1-phenylhepta-1,3,5-trine, 5-phenyl-2-(1-propynyl)-thiophene, 5-actoxy-2-phenylethinyl-thiophene, and icthyothereol acetate. These characteristics of B. pilosa may contribute to the naturalization and invasiveness of the species in the introduced ranges. This is the first review article focusing on the invasive mechanisms of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Denny Kurniadie
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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Shelton WR, Mitchell RJ, Christopher DA, Jack LP, Karron JD. Among-individual variation in flowering phenology affects flowering synchrony and mating opportunity. Am J Bot 2024; 111:e16269. [PMID: 38126922 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The timing and pattern of a plant's flowering can have important consequences for reproductive success. Variation in flowering phenology may influence the number of prospective mates, the risk of mating with lower quality individuals, and the likelihood of self-pollination. Here we use a common garden experiment to explore within- and among-population variation in phenology. Our work provides new insights into how flowering phenology shapes mating opportunity and flowering synchrony in a self-compatible perennial. METHODS To quantify variation in flowering phenology we raised progeny from nine populations of Mimulus ringens in a common garden. For each individual, we measured phenological traits including age at flowering onset, daily floral display size, total flower number, and flowering synchrony with other members of the population, and related these traits to mating opportunity. We also tested how individual flowering schedules influence the magnitude of synchrony. RESULTS Flowering phenology and synchrony varied substantially within and among populations. From day to day, plants often oscillated between large and small daily floral displays. Additionally, flowering schedules of individual plants strongly influenced flowering synchrony and, along with the number of flowering days, markedly affected plants' mating opportunity. CONCLUSIONS Phenological traits such as flowering synchrony can affect the quantity of mating opportunities and may be important targets of natural selection. Our results highlight the need for studies that quantify flowering patterns of individuals as well as populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Shelton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | | | - Dorothy A Christopher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
- Department of Biology, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, USA
| | - Loretha P Jack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
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Wunder J, Fulgione A, Toräng P, Wötzel S, Herzog M, Obeso JR, Kourmpetis Y, van Ham R, Odong T, Bink M, Kemi U, Ågren J, Coupland G. Adaptation of perennial flowering phenology across the European range of Arabis alpina. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231401. [PMID: 37989245 PMCID: PMC10688268 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering phenology is important in the adaptation of many plants to their local environment, but its adaptive value has not been extensively studied in herbaceous perennials. We used Arabis alpina as a model system to determine the importance of flowering phenology to fitness of a herbaceous perennial with a wide geographical range. Individual plants representative of local genetic diversity (accessions) were collected across Europe, including in Spain, the Alps and Scandinavia. The flowering behaviour of these accessions was documented in controlled conditions, in common-garden experiments at native sites and in situ in natural populations. Accessions from the Alps and Scandinavia varied in whether they required exposure to cold (vernalization) to induce flowering, and in the timing and duration of flowering. By contrast, all Spanish accessions obligately required vernalization and had a short duration of flowering. Using experimental gardens at native sites, we show that an obligate requirement for vernalization increases survival in Spain. Based on our analyses of genetic diversity and flowering behaviour across Europe, we propose that in the model herbaceous perennial A. alpina, an obligate requirement for vernalization, which is correlated with short duration of flowering, is favoured by selection in Spain where the plants experience a long growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wunder
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Fulgione
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Per Toräng
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wötzel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michel Herzog
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - José Ramón Obeso
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO-CSIC-PA), Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Yiannis Kourmpetis
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland van Ham
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- KeyGene, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Odong
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulla Kemi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Kwok A, Stephens S, Dorken M. Male reproductive success is not strongly affected by phenological changes in mate availability in monoecious Sagittaria latifolia. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:231117. [PMID: 37771970 PMCID: PMC10523072 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Many plants express their female and male sex roles at different times (dichogamy), with important consequences for mating. Dichogamy can yield mate limitation via biased floral sex ratios, particularly at the beginning and end of the flowering season when many plants simultaneously function as the same sex. This form of mate limitation should be reduced if plants adjust their allocations to female versus male sex functions in a manner that tracks seasonal variability in mating opportunities. For example, under protogyny (i.e. dichogamy with female function expressed first) plants with male-biased sex expression should have enhanced mating opportunities early in the flowering season as other plants begin to flower (in female sex phase). We quantified seasonal changes in sex allocation, patterns of mate availability and realized siring success in a population of protogynous Sagittaria latifolia. Our results were consistent with previous findings that seasonal changes in sex allocation should compensate for lost mating opportunities under the temporally variable mating environments caused by dichogamy. However, patterns of siring success in the population were inconsistent with this interpretation. We suggest that realized siring success might depend more strongly on spatial than on temporal aspects of mate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kwok
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Samantha Stephens
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Marcel Dorken
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8
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7
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Ma Y, Zhao X, Li X, Hu Y, Wang C. Intraspecific Variation in Functional Traits of Medicago sativa Determine the Effect of Plant Diversity and Nitrogen Addition on Flowering Phenology in a One-Year Common Garden Experiment. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1994. [PMID: 37653910 PMCID: PMC10223969 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen deposition and biodiversity alter plant flowering phenology through abiotic factors and functional traits. However, few studies have considered their combined effects on flowering phenology. A common garden experiment with two nitrogen addition levels (0 and 6 g N m-2 year-1) and five species richness levels (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8) was established. We assessed the effects of nitrogen addition and plant species richness on three flowering phenological events of Medicago sativa L. via changes in functional traits, soil nutrients, and soil moisture and temperature. The first flowering day was delayed, the last flowering day advanced, and the flowering duration shortened after nitrogen addition. Meanwhile, the last flowering day advanced, and flowering duration shortened along plant species richness gradients, with an average of 0.64 and 0.95 days change per plant species increase, respectively. Importantly, it was observed that plant species richness affected flowering phenology mainly through changes in plant nutrient acquisition traits (i.e., leaf nitrogen and carbon/nitrogen ratio). Our findings illustrate the non-negligible effects of intraspecific variation in functional traits on flowering phenology and highlight the importance of including functional traits in phenological models to improve predictions of plant phenology in response to nitrogen deposition and biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xiang Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (Y.H.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China (Y.H.)
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8
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Jiménez-López FJ, Arista M, Talavera M, Cerdeira Morellato LP, Pannell JR, Viruel J, Ortiz Ballesteros PL. Multiple pre- and postzygotic components of reproductive isolation between two co-occurring Lysimachia species. New Phytol 2023; 238:874-887. [PMID: 36683441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic divergence between species depends on reproductive isolation (RI) due to traits that reduce interspecific mating (prezygotic isolation) or are due to reduced hybrid fitness (postzygotic isolation). Previous research found that prezygotic barriers tend to be stronger than postzygotic barriers, but most studies are based on the evaluation of F1 hybrid fitness in early life cycle stages. We combined field and experimental data to determine the strength of 17 prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers between two Lysimachia species that often co-occur and share pollinators. We assessed postzygotic barriers up to F2 hybrids and backcrosses. The two species showed near complete RI due to the cumulative effect of multiple barriers, with an uneven and asymmetric contribution to isolation. In allopatry, prezygotic barriers contributed more to reduce gene flow than postzygotic barriers, but their contributions were more similar in sympatry. The strength of postzygotic RI was up to three times lower for F1 progeny than for F2 or backcrossed progenies, and RI was only complete when late F1 stages and either F2 or backcrosses were accounted for. Our results thus suggest that the relative strength of postzygotic RI may be underestimated when its effects on late stages of the life cycle are disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Jiménez-López
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Apdo. 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
- Phenology Lab, Department of Biodiversity, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Montserrat Arista
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Apdo. 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
| | - María Talavera
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Apdo. 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
| | | | - John R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Juan Viruel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, Richmond, UK
| | - Pedro L Ortiz Ballesteros
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Apdo. 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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9
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Zi H, Jing X, Liu A, Fan X, Chen S, Wang H, He J. Simulated climate warming decreases fruit number but increases seed mass. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:841-855. [PMID: 36272096 PMCID: PMC10099976 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is changing plant sexual reproduction, having consequences for species distribution and community dynamics. However, the magnitude and direction of plant reproductive efforts (e.g., number of flowers) and success (e.g., number and mass of fruits or seeds) in response to warming have not been well-characterized. Here, we generated a global dataset of simulated warming experiments, consisting of 477 pairwise comparisons for 164 terrestrial species. We found evidence that warming overall decreased fruit number and increased seed mass, but little evidence that warming influenced flower number, fruit mass, or seed number. The warming effects on seed mass were regulated by the pollination type, and insect-pollinated plants exhibited a stronger response to warming than wind-pollinated plants. We found strong evidence that warming increased the mass of seeds for the nondominant species but no evidence of this for the dominant species. There was no evidence that phylogenetic relatedness explained the effects of warming on plant reproductive effort and success. In addition, the effects of warming on flowering onset negatively related to the responses in terms of the number of fruits and seeds to warming, revealing a cascading effect of plant reproductive development. These findings provide the first quantification of the response of terrestrial plant sexual reproduction to warming and suggest that plants may increase their fitness by producing heavier seeds under a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Anrong Liu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Si‐Chong Chen
- Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Royal Botanic Gardens KewWellcome Trust Millennium BuildingWakehurstUK
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Ecology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jin‐Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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10
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Chen Y, Collins SL, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yang X, An H, Hu G, Xin C, Zhou J, Sheng X, He M, Zhang P, Guo Z, Zhang H, Li L, Ma M. Warming reduced flowering synchrony and extended community flowering season in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology 2023; 104:e3862. [PMID: 36062319 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The timing of phenological events is highly sensitive to climate change, and may influence ecosystem structure and function. Although changes in flowering phenology among species under climate change have been reported widely, how species-specific shifts will affect phenological synchrony and community-level phenology patterns remains unclear. We conducted a manipulative experiment of warming and precipitation addition and reduction to explore how climate change affected flowering phenology at the species and community levels in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that warming advanced the first and last flowering times differently and with no consistent shifts in flowering duration among species, resulting in the entire flowering period of species emerging earlier in the growing season. Early-flowering species were more sensitive to warming than mid- and late-flowering species, thereby reducing flowering synchrony among species and extending the community-level flowering season. However, precipitation and its interactions with warming had no significant effects on flowering phenology. Our results suggest that temperature regulates flowering phenology from the species to community levels in this alpine meadow community, yet how species shifted their flowering timing and duration in response to warming varied. This species-level divergence may reshape flowering phenology in this alpine plant community. Decreasing flowering synchrony among species and the extension of community-level flowering seasons under warming may alter future trophic interactions, with cascading consequences to community and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hang An
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guorui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunming Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingrui He
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Miaojun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Rasmussen NL, Yang LH. Timing of a plant-herbivore interaction alters plant growth and reproduction. Ecology 2023; 104:e3854. [PMID: 36054762 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenological shifts have the potential to change species interactions, but relatively few studies have used experimental manipulations to examine the effects of variation in timing of an interspecific interaction across a series of life stages of a species. Although previous experimental studies have examined the consequences of phenological timing in plant-herbivore interactions for both plants and their herbivores, less is known about their effects on subsequent plant reproduction. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine how shifts in the phenological timing of monarch (Danaus plexippus) larval herbivory affected milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis) host plant performance, including effects on growth and subsequent effects on flower and seed pod phenology and production. We found that variation in the timing of herbivory affected both plant growth and reproduction, with measurable effects several weeks to several months after herbivory ended. The timing of herbivory had qualitatively different effects on vegetative and reproductive biomass: early-season herbivory had the strongest effects on plant size, whereas late-season herbivory had the strongest effects on the production of viable seeds. These results show that phenological shifts in herbivory can have persistent and qualitatively different effects on different life stages across the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick L Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Louie H Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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12
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Reed WJ, Ison JL, Waananen A, Shaw FH, Wagenius S, Shaw RG. Genetic variation in reproductive timing in a long-lived herbaceous perennial. Am J Bot 2022; 109:1861-1874. [PMID: 36112607 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Reproductive fitness of individual plants depends on the timing of flowering, especially in mate-limited populations, such as those in fragmented habitats. When flowering time traits are associated with differential reproductive success, the narrow-sense heritability (h2 ) of traits will determine how rapidly trait means evolve in response to selection. Heritability of flowering time is documented in many annual plants. However, estimating h2 of flowering time in perennials presents additional methodological challenges, often including paternity assignment and trait expression over multiple years. METHODS We evaluated the h2 of onset and duration of flowering using offspring-midparent regressions and restricted maximum likelihood methods in an experimental population of an iterocarpic, perennial, herbaceous plant, Echinacea angustifolia, growing in natural conditions. We assessed the flowering time of the parental cohort in 2005 and 2006; the offspring in 2014 through 2017. We also examined the effects of the paternity assignment from Cervus and MasterBayes on estimates of h2 . RESULTS We found substantial h2 for onset and duration of flowering. We also observed variation in estimates among years. The most reliable estimates for both traits fell in the range of 0.1-0.17. We found evidence of a genotype by year interaction for onset of flowering and strong evidence that genotypes are consistent in their duration of flowering across years. CONCLUSIONS Substantial heritabilities in this population imply the capacity for a response to natural selection, while also suggesting the potential for differential contributions to adaptive evolution among seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1900 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ison
- Biology Department, College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Amy Waananen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frank H Shaw
- Math Department, Hamline University, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55104, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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13
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Ali M, Wu W, Li X, Chen L, Shao J. Polygonatumpraecox (Asparagaceae), a new species from mid-eastern China revealed by morphological and molecular evidence. PhytoKeys 2022; 211:125-138. [PMID: 36760726 PMCID: PMC9878575 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.211.90456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new species, Polygonatumpraecox Y.F.Hu & J.W.Shao (Asparagaceae), is described and illustrated. This species is similar to P.cyrtonema, P.odoratum and P.caulialatum, but can be distinguished from P.cyrtonema by its racemose inflorescence, cylindrical hairless filaments and apex without a retrorse spur; from P.odoratum by its stout moniliform rhizome, straight stem and longer (1.7-2.2 cm long) floral tube; and from P.caulialatum by its upper part straight stem, yellowish-green corolla, lobes excurved and earlier flowering. The complete chloroplast genome of this new species is 155,115-155,256 bp in length. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P.praecox is not genetically related to the above three morphological similar species, but is closely related to the two European species (P.multiforum and P.latifolium). This species is relatively common in mid-eastern China and has previously been confused with P.cyrtonema. As its wild resources have decreased in recent years due to over-exploitation for medicinal or edible purposes, we classify it as Near Threatened (NT) according to the IUCN Red List Criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Yujun Liu
- Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei 230000, ChinaAnhui Academy of Science and TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Maroof Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
| | - Longsheng Chen
- Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei 230000, ChinaAnhui Academy of Science and TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Jianwen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaAnhui Normal UniversityWuhuChina
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaProvincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological ResourcesWuhuChina
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14
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Qin F, Shen Y, Li Z, Qu H, Feng J, Kong L, Teri G, Luan H, Cao Z. Shade Delayed Flowering Phenology and Decreased Reproductive Growth of Medicago sativa L. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:835380. [PMID: 35720597 PMCID: PMC9203126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage in intercropping or rotation ecosystem, and shading is the principal limiting factor for its growth under the crop or forest. Agronomic studies showed that shading would systematically reduce the biomass of alfalfa. However, little is known about the reproduction of alfalfa under shading conditions. In order to study the effect of shading on the reproductive characteristics of alfalfa, two alfalfa cultivars ("Victoria" and "Eureka") were used to study the effect of shading levels (full light, 56.4% shade, and 78.7% shade) on alfalfa flowering phenology, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, and seed quality. Results showed that shading delayed flowering phenology, shortened the flowering stage, faded the flower colors, and significantly reduced pollen viability, stigma receptivity, the number of flowers, quantity, and quality of seeds. Under shading conditions, seed yield per plant was obviously positively correlated with germination potential, germination rate, pollen viability, and 1,000-seed weight. The number of flower buds, pollen viability, 1,000-seed weight, and germination rate had the greatest positive direct impact on seed yield per plant. Our findings suggested that delayed flowering and reducing reproduction growth were important strategies for alfalfa to cope with shading and pollen viability was the key bottleneck for the success of alfalfa reproduction under shading. However, given that alfalfa is a perennial vegetative-harvest forage, delaying flowering in a weak light environment was beneficial to maintain the high aboveground biomass of alfalfa. Therefore, this should be taken into account when breeding alfalfa cultivars suitable for intercropping. Future research should further reveal the genetic and molecular mechanism of delayed flowering regulating the accumulation and distribution of assimilates between vegetative and reproductive organs of alfalfa under shading, so as to provide a theoretical basis for breeding of shade-tolerant alfalfa cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Qin
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixin Shen
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Qu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinxia Feng
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingna Kong
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gele Teri
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Luan
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiling Cao
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Richardson LK, Wagenius S. Fire influences reproductive outcomes by modifying flowering phenology and mate-availability. New Phytol 2022; 233:2083-2093. [PMID: 34921422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A recent study posited that fire in grasslands promotes persistence of plant species by improving mating opportunities and reproductive outcomes. We devised an investigation to test these predicted mechanisms in two widespread, long-lived perennials. We expect fire to synchronize flowering, increase mating and boost seed set. We quantified individual flowering phenology and seed set of Liatris aspera and Solidago speciosa for 3 yr on a preserve in Minnesota, USA. The preserve comprises two management units burned on alternating years, allowing for comparisons between plants in burned and unburned areas within the same year, and plants in the same area across years with and without burns. Fire increased flowering synchrony and increased time between start date and peak flowering. Individuals of both species that initiated flowering later in the season had higher seed set. Fire was associated with substantially higher flowering rates and seed set in L. aspera but not S. speciosa. In L. aspera, greater synchrony was associated with increased mean seed set. Although fire affected flowering phenology in both species, reproductive success improved only in the species in which fire also synchronized among-year flowering. Our results support the hypothesis that reproduction in some grassland species benefits from fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K Richardson
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive - Hogan 6-140B, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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16
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Kolek F, Plaza MDP, Leier-Wirtz V, Friedmann A, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Damialis A. Earlier Flowering of Betula pendula Roth in Augsburg, Germany, Due to Higher Temperature, NO 2 and Urbanity, and Relationship with Betula spp. Pollen Season. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:10325. [PMID: 34639625 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Flowering and pollen seasons are sensitive to environmental variability and are considered climate change indicators. However, it has not been concluded to what extent flowering phenology is indeed reflected in airborne pollen season locally. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the commonly represented in temperate climates and with highly allergenic pollen Betula pendula Roth, the responsiveness of flowering to different environmental regimes and also to check for commensurate changes in the respective pollen seasons. The region of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, was initially screened for birch trees, which were geolocated at a radius of 25 km. Random trees across the city were then investigated during three full flowering years, 2015–2017. Flowering observations were made 3–7 times a week, from flower differentiation to flower desiccation, in a total of 43 plant individuals. Data were regressed against meteorological parameters and air pollutant levels in an attempt to identify the driving factors of flowering onset and offset. Flowering dates were compared with dates of the related airborne pollen seasons per taxon; airborne pollen monitoring took place daily using a Hirst-type volumetric sampler. The salient finding was that flowering occurred earlier during warmer years; it also started earlier at locations with higher urbanity, and peaked and ended earlier at sites with higher NO2 concentrations. Airborne pollen season of Betula spp. frequently did not coincide locally with the flowering period of Betula pendula: while flowering and pollen season were synchronized particularly in their onset, local flowering phenology alone could explain only 57.3% of the pollen season variability. This raises questions about the relationship between flowering times and airborne pollen seasons and on the rather underestimated role of the long-distance transport of pollen.
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17
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Smith GX, Swartz MT, Spigler RB. Causes and consequences of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. Am J Bot 2021; 108:1612-1624. [PMID: 34460097 PMCID: PMC9291898 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Heterospecific pollen transfer, the transfer of pollen between species, is common among co-flowering plants, yet the amount of pollen received is extremely variable among species. Intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt can be even greater, but we lack an understanding of its causes and fitness consequences in wild populations. METHODS We examined potential drivers of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. We evaluated the relationship between heterospecific and conspecific pollen receipt and considered how visitation by different pollinator groups, local floral neighborhood composition, and flowering phenology affect the total amount and proportion of heterospecific pollen received. Finally, we tested whether variation in heterospecific pollen receipt translated into lower seed production. RESULTS Heterospecific pollen was ubiquitous on O. fruticosa stigmas, but the amount received was highly variable and unrelated to conspecific pollen receipt. Heterospecific pollen receipt depended on pollinator type, the proportion of nearby conspecific flowers, and flowering date. Significant interactions revealed that the effects of pollinator type and neighborhood were not independent, further contributing to variation in heterospecific pollen. Naturally occurring levels of heterospecific pollen were sufficient to negatively impact seed set, but large amounts of conspecific pollen counteracted this detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS Although selection could act on floral traits that attract quality pollinators and promote synchronous flowering in O. fruticosa, the risk of heterospecific pollen is equally dependent on local floral context. This work highlights how extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in wild plants, with significant fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard X. Smith
- Department of BiologyTemple University1900 N. 12 StreetPhiladelphiaPA19122USA
| | - Mark T. Swartz
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training CenterAnnvillePA17003USA
| | - Rachel B. Spigler
- Department of BiologyTemple University1900 N. 12 StreetPhiladelphiaPA19122USA
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18
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Smith GX, Swartz MT, Spigler RB. Causes and consequences of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. Am J Bot 2021; 108:1612-1624. [PMID: 34460097 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1g9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Heterospecific pollen transfer, the transfer of pollen between species, is common among co-flowering plants, yet the amount of pollen received is extremely variable among species. Intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt can be even greater, but we lack an understanding of its causes and fitness consequences in wild populations. METHODS We examined potential drivers of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. We evaluated the relationship between heterospecific and conspecific pollen receipt and considered how visitation by different pollinator groups, local floral neighborhood composition, and flowering phenology affect the total amount and proportion of heterospecific pollen received. Finally, we tested whether variation in heterospecific pollen receipt translated into lower seed production. RESULTS Heterospecific pollen was ubiquitous on O. fruticosa stigmas, but the amount received was highly variable and unrelated to conspecific pollen receipt. Heterospecific pollen receipt depended on pollinator type, the proportion of nearby conspecific flowers, and flowering date. Significant interactions revealed that the effects of pollinator type and neighborhood were not independent, further contributing to variation in heterospecific pollen. Naturally occurring levels of heterospecific pollen were sufficient to negatively impact seed set, but large amounts of conspecific pollen counteracted this detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS Although selection could act on floral traits that attract quality pollinators and promote synchronous flowering in O. fruticosa, the risk of heterospecific pollen is equally dependent on local floral context. This work highlights how extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in wild plants, with significant fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard X Smith
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Mark T Swartz
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center, Annville, PA, 17003, USA
| | - Rachel B Spigler
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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19
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Renner SS, Wesche M, Zohner CM. Climate data and flowering times for 450 species from 1844 deepen the record of phenological change in southern Germany. Am J Bot 2021; 108:711-717. [PMID: 33901306 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE State-sponsored weather stations became ubiquitous by the 1880s, yet many old climate data and phenological observations still need to be digitized and made accessible. METHODS We here make available flowering times for 450 species of herbs and shrubs gathered in 1844 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868), director of the Munich Botanical Garden. The data formed part of the world's third-oldest phenological monitoring network as we explain in a brief overview of the history of such networks. Using data from one of the world's oldest continuously functioning weather stations, Hohenpeißenberg, we relate temperature to flowering in three species with short flowering times and herbarium collections made since 1844 within the city's perimeter, namely, Anemone patens, A. pulsatilla, and Arum maculatum. RESULTS Mean advances in flowering dates were 1.3-2.1 days/decade or 3.2-4.2 days/1°C warming. These advances are in keeping with similar advances in other European herbs during more recent periods. CONCLUSIONS Future studies might use the 1844 flowering data made available here as a source of information on the availability of particular flowers for specialized pollinators including insects looking for oviposition sites, such as the Psychoda flies that become trapped in Arum inflorescences. Another use of Martius's 1844 data would be their incorporation into larger-scale analyses of flowering in southern-central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, Munich, 80638, Germany
| | - Markus Wesche
- Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Alfons-Goppel-Straße 11, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Constantin M Zohner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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20
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Chen X, Liu W, Pennings SC, Zhang Y. Plasticity and selection drive hump-shaped latitudinal patterns of flowering phenology in an invasive intertidal plant. Ecology 2021; 102:e03311. [PMID: 33586146 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of flowering phenology can affect the success of plant invasions, especially when introduced species spread across a wide range of latitude into different climatic conditions. We combined a 4-yr field survey and a 3-yr common garden experiment with the invasive grass Spartina alterniflora that is now widespread along the coast of China to document the latitudinal pattern of flowering phenology, determine if phenology was related to climate or oceanographic variables, and determine whether phenology patterns were fixed versus plastic. In the field, first flowering day displayed a hump-shaped relationship with latitude, with low- and high-latitude plants flowering 100 d and 10 d earlier than plants at middle latitudes, respectively. Peak flowering day showed a similar hump-shaped relationship with latitude, with the interval between first and peak flowering day decreasing with increasing latitude. First flowering day had a hump-shaped relationship with annual growing degree days but a linear positive relationship with tidal range. In the common garden, first flowering day decreased linearly with increasing latitude of origin, as did peak flowering day, and the interval between first and peak flowering day increased with increasing latitude. First flowering day in the common garden had weak or no relationships with abiotic variables at the sites of origin. In both the field and common garden, first flowering day was later in site years for which plants were taller. These results indicate a high degree of plasticity in flowering phenology, with plants flowering later in the field at sites with intermediate temperatures and high tide ranges. Common garden results indicate some selection for earlier flowering at sites with low temperatures, consistent with a shorter growing season. Consistent with life-history theory, plants flowered later under conditions favoring vigorous growth. Earlier flowering and smaller size of plants at high and low latitudes suggests that S. alterniflora has already occupied much of the geographic range favorable for it on the East Coast of Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Steven C Pennings
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
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21
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Arroyo MTK, Tamburrino Í, Pliscoff P, Robles V, Colldecarrera M, Guerrero PC. Flowering Phenology Adjustment and Flower Longevity in a South American Alpine Species. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10030461. [PMID: 33671053 PMCID: PMC7997458 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Delayed flowering due to later snowmelt and colder temperatures at higher elevations in the alpine are expected to lead to flowering phenological adjustment to prevent decoupling of peak flowering from the warmest time of the year, thereby favoring pollination. However, even if flowering is brought forward in the season at higher elevations, an elevational temperature gap is likely to remain between the high- and low-elevation populations of a species at the time these reach peak flowering on account of the atmospheric reduction in temperature with increasing elevation. The negative effect of this temperature gap on pollination could be compensated by plastically-prolonged flower life spans at higher elevations, increasing the probability of pollination. In a tightly temperature-controlled study, the flowering phenology adjustment and flower longevity compensation hypotheses were investigated in an alpine species in the Andes of central Chile. The snow free period varied from 7 to 8.2 months over 810 m elevation. Temperatures were suitable for growth on 82-98% of the snow free days. Flowering onset was temporally displaced at the rate of 4.6 d per 100 m increase in elevation and flowering was more synchronous at higher elevations. Flowering phenology was adjusted over elevation. The latter was manifest in thermal sums tending to decrease with elevation for population flowering onset, 50% flowering, and peak flowering when the lower thermal limit for growth (TBASE) was held constant over elevation. For TBASE graded over elevation so as to reflect the growing season temperature decline, thermal sums did not vary with elevation, opening the door to a possible elevational decline in the thermal temperature threshold for growth. Potential flower longevity was reduced by passive warming and was more prolonged in natural populations when temperatures were lower, indicating a plastic trait. Pollination rates, as evaluated with the Relative Pollination Rate index (RPR), when weighted for differences in floral abundance over the flowering season, declined with elevation as did fruit set. Contrary to expectation, the life-spans of flowers at higher elevations were not more prolonged and failed to compensate for the elevational decrease in pollination rates. Although strong evidence for phenological adjustment was forthcoming, flower longevity compensation did not occur over Oxalis squamata´s elevational range. Thus, flower longevity compensation is not applicable in all alpine species. Comparison with work conducted several decades ago on the same species in the same area provides valuable clues regarding the effects of climate change on flowering phenology and fitness in the central Chilean alpine where temperatures have been increasing and winter snow accumulation has been declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T. K. Arroyo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (Í.T.); (V.R.)
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Ítalo Tamburrino
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (Í.T.); (V.R.)
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Patricio Pliscoff
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Ponticia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política, Ponticia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Valeria Robles
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (Í.T.); (V.R.)
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Maria Colldecarrera
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Pablo C. Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales & Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
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Fatiukha A, Deblieck M, Klymiuk V, Merchuk-Ovnat L, Peleg Z, Ordon F, Fahima T, Korol A, Saranga Y, Krugman T. Genomic Architecture of Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Water Stress in Tetraploid Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041723. [PMID: 33572141 PMCID: PMC7915520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is one of the main mechanisms of adaptation to abiotic stresses via changes in critical developmental stages. Altering flowering phenology is a key evolutionary strategy of plant adaptation to abiotic stresses, to achieve the maximum possible reproduction. The current study is the first to apply the linear regression residuals as drought plasticity scores while considering the variation in flowering phenology and traits under non-stress conditions. We characterized the genomic architecture of 17 complex traits and their drought plasticity scores for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, using a mapping population derived from a cross between durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) and wild emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides). We identified 79 QTLs affected observed traits and their plasticity scores, of which 33 reflected plasticity in response to water stress and exhibited epistatic interactions and/or pleiotropy between the observed and plasticity traits. Vrn-B3 (TaTF1) residing within an interval of a major drought-escape QTL was proposed as a candidate gene. The favorable alleles for most of the plasticity QTLs were contributed by wild emmer wheat, demonstrating its high potential for wheat improvement. Our study presents a new approach for the quantification of plant adaptation to various stresses and provides new insights into the genetic basis of wheat complex traits under water-deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Fatiukha
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Mathieu Deblieck
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (M.D.); (F.O.)
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Lianne Merchuk-Ovnat
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.M.-O.); (Z.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zvi Peleg
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.M.-O.); (Z.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Frank Ordon
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany; (M.D.); (F.O.)
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Abraham Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Science & Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.M.-O.); (Z.P.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (A.F.); (V.K.); (T.F.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-04-8240783
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Park IW, Ramirez-Parada T, Mazer SJ. Advancing frost dates have reduced frost risk among most North American angiosperms since 1980. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:165-176. [PMID: 33030240 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the final frost dates of winter have advanced throughout North America, and many angiosperm taxa have simultaneously advanced their flowering times as the climate has warmed. Phenological advancement may reduce plant fitness, as flowering prior to the final frost date of the winter/spring transition may damage flower buds or open flowers, limiting fruit and seed production. The risk of floral exposure to frost in the recent past and in the future, however, also depends on whether the last day of winter frost is advancing more rapidly, or less rapidly, than the date of onset of flowering in response to climate warming. This study presents the first continental-scale assessment of recent changes in frost risk to floral tissues, using digital records of 475,694 herbarium specimens representing 1,653 angiosperm species collected across North America from 1920 to 2015. For most species, among sites from which they have been collected, dates of last frost have advanced much more rapidly than flowering dates. As a result, frost risk has declined in 66% of sampled species. Moreover, exotic species consistently exhibit lower frost risk than native species, primarily because the former occupy warmer habitats where the annual frost-free period begins earlier. While reducing the probability of exposure to frost has clear benefits for the survival of flower buds and flowers, such phenological advancement may disrupt other ecological processes across North America, including pollination, herbivory, and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac W Park
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tadeo Ramirez-Parada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Schnablová R, Huang L, Klimešová J, Šmarda P, Herben T. Inflorescence preformation prior to winter: a surprisingly widespread strategy that drives phenology of temperate perennial herbs. New Phytol 2021; 229:620-630. [PMID: 32805759 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organ preformation in overwintering buds of perennial plants has been known for almost two centuries. It is hypothesized to underlie fast growth and early flowering, but its frequency, phylogenetic distribution, and ecological relevance have never been systematically examined. We microscopically observed inflorescence preformation in overwintering buds (IPB) in the autumn. We studied a phylogenetically and ecologically representative set of 330 species of temperate perennial angiosperms and linked these observations with quantitative data on species' flowering phenology, genome size, and ecology. IPB was observed in 34% of species examined (in 14% species the stamens and/or pistils were already developed). IPB is fairly phylogenetically conserved and frequent in many genera (Alchemilla, Carex, Euphorbia, Geranium, Primula, Pulmonaria) or families (Ranunculaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Violaceae, Boraginaceae). It was found in species of any genome size, although it was almost universal in those with large genomes. Compared with non-IPB species, IPB species flowered 38 d earlier on average and were more common in shaded and undisturbed habitats. IPB is a surprisingly widespread adaptation for early growth in predictable (undisturbed) conditions. It contributes to temporal niche differentiation and has important consequences for understanding plant phenology, genome size evolution, and phylogenetic structure of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Schnablová
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, 379 01, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmarda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Herben
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
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Wesselingh RA. Winter is coming and the clock starts ticking. New Phytol 2020; 228:1458-1459. [PMID: 32890419 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renate A Wesselingh
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 4, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
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Tiusanen M, Kankaanpää T, Schmidt NM, Roslin T. Heated rivalries: Phenological variation modifies competition for pollinators among arctic plants. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6313-6325. [PMID: 32914477 PMCID: PMC7693037 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When plant species compete for pollinators, climate warming may cause directional change in flowering overlap, thereby shifting the strength of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions. Such shifts are likely accentuated in the rapidly warming Arctic. Targeting a plant community in Northeast Greenland, we asked (a) whether the relative phenology of plants is shifting with spatial variation in temperature, (b) whether local plants compete for pollination, and (c) whether shifts in climatic conditions are likely to affect this competition. We first searched for climatic imprints on relative species phenology along an elevational gradient. We then tested for signs of competition with increasing flower densities: reduced pollinator visits, reduced representation of plant species in pollen loads, and reduced seed production. Finally, we evaluated how climate change may affect this competition. Compared to a dominant species, Dryas integrifolia × octopetala, the relative timing of other species shifted along the environmental gradient, with Silene acaulis and Papaver radicatum flowering earlier toward higher elevation. This shift resulted in larger niche overlap, allowing for an increased potential for competition for pollination. Meanwhile, Dryas emerged as a superior competitor by attracting 97.2% of flower visits. Higher Dryas density resulted in reduced insect visits and less pollen of S. acaulis being carried by pollinators, causing reduced seed set by S. acaulis. Our results show that current variation in climate shifts the timing and flowering overlap between dominant and less-competitive plant species. With climate warming, such shifts in phenology within trophic levels may ultimately affect interactions between them, changing the strength of competition among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Tiusanen
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology GroupDepartment of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuomas Kankaanpää
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology GroupDepartment of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Niels M. Schmidt
- Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
- Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology GroupDepartment of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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Ulrich J, Bucher SF, Eisenhauer N, Schmidt A, Türke M, Gebler A, Barry K, Lange M, Römermann C. Invertebrate Decline Leads to Shifts in Plant Species Abundance and Phenology. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:542125. [PMID: 33042175 PMCID: PMC7527414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.542125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate and land-use change lead to decreasing invertebrate biomass and alter invertebrate communities. These biotic changes may affect plant species abundance and phenology. Using 24 controlled experimental units in the iDiv Ecotron, we assessed the effects of invertebrate decline on an artificial grassland community formed by 12 herbaceous plant species. More specifically, we used Malaise traps and sweep nets to collect invertebrates from a local tall oatgrass meadow and included them in our Ecotron units at two different invertebrate densities: 100% (no invertebrate decline) and 25% (invertebrate decline of 75%). Another eight EcoUnits received no fauna and served as a control. Plant species abundance and flowering phenology was observed weekly over a period of 18 weeks. Our results showed that invertebrate densities affected the abundance and phenology of plant species. We observed a distinct species abundance shift with respect to the invertebrate treatment. Notably, this shift included a reduction in the abundance of the dominant plant species, Trifolium pratense, when invertebrates were present. Additionally, we found that the species shifted their flowering phenology as a response to the different invertebrate treatments, e.g. with decreasing invertebrate biomass Lotus corniculatus showed a later peak flowering time. We demonstrated that in addition to already well-studied abiotic drivers, biotic components may also drive phenological changes in plant communities. This study clearly suggests that invertebrate decline may contribute to already observed mismatches between plants and animals, with potential negative consequences for ecosystem services like food provision and pollination success. This deterioration of ecosystem function could enhance the loss of insects and plant biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Ulrich
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Schmidt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alban Gebler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Lange
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Hu X, Zhou W, Sun S. Responses of Plant Reproductive Phenology to Winter-Biased Warming in an Alpine Meadow. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:534703. [PMID: 33013961 PMCID: PMC7498618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.534703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is often seasonally asymmetric with a higher temperature increase toward winters than summers. However, the effect of winter-biased warming on plant reproductive phenology has been seldom investigated under natural field conditions. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of winter-biased warming on plant reproductive phenologies. In an alpine meadow of Tibetan Plateau, we deployed six large (15 m × 15 m × 2.5 m height) open top chambers (three warmed chambers and three non-warmed chambers) to achieve winter-biased warming (i.e., a small increase in annual mean temperature with a greater increase towards winter than summer). We investigated three phenophases (onset and offset times and duration) for both the flowering and fruiting phenologies of 11 common species in 2017 and 8 species in 2018. According to the vernalization theory, we hypothesized that mild winter-biased warming would delay flowering and fruiting phenologies. The data indicated that the phenological responses to warming were species-specific (including positive, neutral, and negative responses), and the number of plant species advancing flowering (by averagely 4.5 days) and fruiting onset times (by averagely 3.6 days) was higher than those delaying the times. These changes were inconsistent with the vernalization hypothesis (i.e. plants need to achieve a threshold of chilling before flowering) alone, but can be partly explained by the accumulated temperature hypothesis (i.e. plants need to achieve a threshold of accumulative temperature before flowering) and/or the overtopping hypothesis (i.e. plants need to reach community canopy layer before flowering). The interspecific difference in the response of reproductive phenology could be attributed to the variation in plant traits including plant height growth, the biomass ratio of root to shoot, and seed mass. These results indicate that a mild winter-biased warming may trigger significant change in plant reproductive phenology in an alpine meadow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenlong Zhou
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Chapurlat E, Le Roncé I, Ågren J, Sletvold N. Divergent selection on flowering phenology but not on floral morphology between two closely related orchids. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5737-5747. [PMID: 32607187 PMCID: PMC7319237 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely related species often differ in traits that influence reproductive success, suggesting that divergent selection on such traits contribute to the maintenance of species boundaries. Gymnadenia conopsea ss. and Gymnadenia densiflora are two closely related, perennial orchid species that differ in (a) floral traits important for pollination, including flowering phenology, floral display, and spur length, and (b) dominant pollinators. If plant-pollinator interactions contribute to the maintenance of trait differences between these two taxa, we expect current divergent selection on flowering phenology and floral morphology between the two species. We quantified phenotypic selection via female fitness in one year on flowering start, three floral display traits (plant height, number of flowers, and corolla size) and spur length, in six populations of G. conopsea s.s. and in four populations of G. densiflora. There was indication of divergent selection on flowering start in the expected direction, with selection for earlier flowering in two populations of the early-flowering G. conopsea s.s. and for later flowering in one population of the late-flowering G. densiflora. No divergent selection on floral morphology was detected, and there was no significant stabilizing selection on any trait in the two species. The results suggest ongoing adaptive differentiation of flowering phenology, strengthening this premating reproductive barrier between the two species. Synthesis: This study is among the first to test whether divergent selection on floral traits contribute to the maintenance of species differences between closely related plants. Phenological isolation confers a substantial potential for reproductive isolation, and divergent selection on flowering time can thus greatly influence reproductive isolation and adaptive differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Chapurlat
- Plant Ecology and EvolutionDepartment of Ecology and GeneticsEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Iris Le Roncé
- Plant Ecology and EvolutionDepartment of Ecology and GeneticsEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Master BioSciencesÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Université de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Jon Ågren
- Plant Ecology and EvolutionDepartment of Ecology and GeneticsEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Plant Ecology and EvolutionDepartment of Ecology and GeneticsEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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30
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Porturas LD, Segraves KA. Whole genome duplication does not promote common modes of reproductive isolation in Trifolium pratense. Am J Bot 2020; 107:833-841. [PMID: 32329070 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Although polyploidy has been studied since the early 1900s, fundamental aspects of polyploid ecology and evolution remain unexplored. In particular, surprisingly little is known about how newly formed polyploids (neopolyploids) become demographically established. Models predict that most polyploids should go extinct within the first few generations as a result of reproductive disadvantages associated with being the minority in a primarily diploid population (i.e., the minority cytotype principle), yet polyploidy is extremely common. Therefore, a key goal in the study of polyploidy is to determine the mechanisms that promote polyploid establishment in nature. Because premating isolation is critical in order for neopolylpoids to avoid minority cytotype exclusion and thus facilitate establishment, we examined floral morphology and three common premating barriers to determine their importance in generating reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids. METHODS We induced neopolyploidy in Trifolium pratense and compared their floral traits to the diploid progenitors. In addition to shifts in floral morphology, we examined three premating barriers: isolation by self-fertilization, flowering-time asynchrony, and pollinator-mediated isolation. RESULTS We found significant differences in the morphology of diploid and neopolyploid flowers, but these changes did not facilitate premating barriers that would generate reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids. There was no difference in flowering phenology, pollinator visitation, or selfing between the cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that barriers other than the ones tested in this study-such as geographic isolation, vegetative reproduction, and pistil-stigma incompatibilities-may be more important in facilitating isolation and establishment of neopolyploid T. pratense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Porturas
- Penn State University, Frost Entomological Museum, 501 ASI, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Syracuse University, Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Syracuse University, Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, Florida, 33960, USA
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31
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Matsumoto TK, Miyazaki Y, Sueyoshi M, Senda Y, Yamada K, Hirobe M. Pre-pollination barriers between two sympatric Arisaema species in northern Shikoku Island, Japan. Am J Bot 2019; 106:1612-1621. [PMID: 31729010 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The genus Arisaema (Araceae) has rapidly diversified in Japan, and multiple species often coexist in the field. Although Japanese Arisaema species hybridize from artificial crossing, hybrid individuals are rare in mixed populations; suggesting the presence of effective pre-pollination barriers. We examined the following reproductive barriers between A. sikokianum and A. tosaense: habitat, phenology, and pollinator isolations. METHODS Habitat isolation was examined by interspecific comparisons of microhabitat conditions at a mixed site and of altitude at the sampling site of herbarium specimens. Phenological isolation was evaluated by comparing seasonal transition in apparent spathe condition and frequency of insect visitation. Pollinator isolation was examined by comparing floral visitor assemblages between the two Arisaema species. To avoid overestimation of pollinator isolation due to seasonal changes in insect assemblages, we also compared visitor assemblages between natural and late-flowering A. sikokianum, where the latter was experimentally introduced and blooming with a natural A. tosaense population. RESULTS Microhabitat conditions and sampling elevations of herbarium specimens overlapped between the two Arisaema species. At the population level, A. sikokianum and A. tosaense flowered for 39 and 52 days, respectively, with 13 days overlap. Insect visitation in A. sikokianum decreased before the seasonal overlap. Floral visitor assemblages differed between the two Arisaema species, while the difference between natural and late-flowering A. sikokianum was less distinct. CONCLUSIONS Phenological and pollinator isolation contribute to reproductive isolation between the two Arisaema species and should enable the two species to coexist in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Senda
- Hiwa Museum for Natural History, Hiwa 1119-1, Hiwa, Shôbara, 727-0301, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Muneto Hirobe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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32
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Peters MAE, Weis AE. Isolation by phenology synergizes isolation by distance across a continuous landscape. New Phytol 2019; 224:1215-1228. [PMID: 31264221 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollen is generally dispersed over short distances, which promotes population genetic structure across continuous two-dimensional space. Quantitative genetic variance in flowering time structures mating pools in the temporal dimension, at least with respect to the phenology loci. We asked if these two phenomena, isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by phenology (IBP), synergistically promote genetic structure. We constructed an individual-based model that tracked genotype frequencies at flowering time and neutral loci across a uniform landscape, over multiple generations, under four mating schemes: panmixia, IBD only, IBP only, and IBP × IBD. IBD × IBP divided the population into spatial clusters of early-, mid-, and late-flowering genotypes and strongly increased its quantitative genetic variance. Flowering time did not cluster under IBP, but its genetic variance increased moderately. IBD induced mild spatial structure in a nonassortative reference trait but did not change its variance. Importantly, the spatial correlation of genotypes at neutral loci was twice as strong under IBD × IBP compared with IBD alone. IBD × IBP also drew neutral loci into gametic disequilibrium with flowering time loci, structuring them temporally. Temporal and spatial mating pool structure promotes local differentiation. This trend would facilitate adaptation on small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A E Peters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Arthur E Weis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto, 17000 Dufferin Street, King City, ON, L7B 1K5, Canada
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Correa-Lima APA, Varassin IG, Barve N, Zwiener VP. Spatio-temporal effects of climate change on the geographical distribution and flowering phenology of hummingbird-pollinated plants. Ann Bot 2019; 124:389-398. [PMID: 31310652 PMCID: PMC6798834 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Tropical plant species are already suffering the effects of climate change and projections warn of even greater changes in the following decades. Of particular concern are alterations in flowering phenology, given that it is considered a fitness trait, part of plant species ecological niche, with potential cascade effects in plant-pollinator interactions. The aim of the study was to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution and flowering phenology of hummingbird-pollinated plants. METHODS We implemented ecological niche modelling (ENM) to investigate the potential impacts of different climate change scenarios on the geographical distribution and flowering phenology of 62 hummingbird-pollinated plant species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. KEY RESULTS Distribution models indicate future changes in the climatic suitability of their current habitats, suggesting a tendency towards discontinuity, reduction and spatial displacement. Flowering models indicate that climate can influence species phenology in different ways: some species may experience increased flowering suitability whereas others may suffer decreased suitability. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hummingbird-pollinated species are prone to changes in their geographical distribution and flowering under different climate scenarios. Such variation may impact the community structure of ecological networks and reproductive success of tropical plants in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Narayani Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Victor Pereira Zwiener
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil
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Daru BH, Kling MM, Meineke EK, van Wyk AE. Temperature controls phenology in continuously flowering Protea species of subtropical Africa. Appl Plant Sci 2019; 7:e01232. [PMID: 30937224 PMCID: PMC6426162 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Herbarium specimens are increasingly used as records of plant flowering phenology. However, most herbarium-based studies on plant phenology focus on taxa from temperate regions. Here, we explore flowering phenologic responses to climate in the subtropical plant genus Protea (Proteaceae), an iconic group of plants that flower year-round and are endemic to subtropical Africa. METHODS We present a novel, circular sliding window approach to investigate phenological patterns developed for species with year-round flowering. We employ our method to evaluate the extent to which site-to-site and year-to-year variation in temperature and precipitation affect flowering dates using a database of 1727 herbarium records of 25 Protea species. We also explore phylogenetic conservatism in flowering phenology. RESULTS We show that herbarium data combined with our sliding window approach successfully captured independently reported flowering phenology patterns (r = 0.93). Both warmer sites and warmer years were associated with earlier flowering of 3-5 days/°C, whereas precipitation variation had no significant effect on flowering phenology. Although species vary widely in phenological responsiveness, responses are phylogenetically conserved, with closely related species tending to shift flowering similarly with increasing temperature. DISCUSSION Our results point to climate-responsive phenology for this important plant genus and indicate that the subtropical, aseasonally flowering genus Protea has temperature-driven flowering responses that are remarkably similar to those of better-studied northern temperate plant species, suggesting a generality across biomes that has not been described elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H. Daru
- Department of Life SciencesTexas A&M University–Corpus Christi6300 Ocean DriveCorpus ChristiTexas78412USA
| | - Matthew M. Kling
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia94720USA
| | - Emily K. Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University Herbaria22 Divinity AvenueCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA
| | - Abraham E. van Wyk
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoria0083South Africa
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Ohigashi K, Mizuguti A, Nakatani K, Yoshimura Y, Matsuo K. Modeling the flowering sensitivity of five accessions of wild soybean ( Glycine soja) to temperature and photoperiod, and its latitudinal cline. Breed Sci 2019; 69:84-93. [PMID: 31086486 PMCID: PMC6507724 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.15-136p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The introgression from genetically modified soybean (Glycine max (L)) to wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.) could be threat the genetic diversity of wild soybean. Flowering synchrony is essential to the occurrence of outcrossing, but the flowering phenology of wild soybean is less well researched than that of cultivated soybean. We developed models to predict flowering initiation of wild soybean, based on the flowering initiation dates of wild soybean five accessions from different latitudes (31.4°N to 42.6°N) in growth chambers in which temperature and day length varied. Our proposed models predicted the flowering initiation date of wild soybean in the natural habitat well; the averaged difference from observed date in 5 areas was -1.8 days (-8 to +5). In the long day condition, there was a clear latitudinal cline of photoperiodic sensitivity throughout Japan. Accessions in southern part of Japan archipelago required higher temperature even under the short-day conditions and northern accessions were less-sensitive to long-day conditions. Our result showed the possibility of predicting the flowering initiation of wild soybean, corresponding to latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ohigashi
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO,
3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604,
Japan
| | - Aki Mizuguti
- Fukui Prefectural University,
4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195,
Japan
| | - Keiko Nakatani
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO,
6-12-1 Nishifukatsu-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514,
Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yoshimura
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO,
3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604,
Japan
| | - Kazuhito Matsuo
- Suisei High School,
500-1 Miura-machi, Hakusan, Ishikawa 924-8544,
Japan
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36
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Valdés A, Ehrlén J. Resource overlap and dilution effects shape host plant use in a myrmecophilous butterfly. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:649-658. [PMID: 30688361 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of consumers on fitness of resource organisms are a complex function of the spatio-temporal distribution of the resources, consumer functional responses and trait preferences, and availability of other resources. The ubiquitous variation in the intensity of species interactions has important consequences for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of natural populations. Nevertheless, little is known about the processes causing this variation and their operational scales. Here, we examine how variation in the intensity of a consumer-resource interaction is related to resource timing, resource density and abundance of other resources. Using the butterfly consumer Phengaris alcon and its two sequential resources, the host plant Gentiana pneumonanthe and the host ants Myrmica spp., we investigated how butterfly egg-laying depended on focal host plant phenology, density and phenology of neighbouring host plants and host ant abundance. Butterflies preferred plants that simultaneously maximized the availability of both larval resources in time and space, that is, they chose early-flowering plants that were of higher nutritional quality for larvae where host ants were abundant. Both the probability of oviposition and the number of eggs were lower in plant individuals with a high neighbour density than in more isolated plants, and this dilution effect was stronger when neighbours flowered early. Our results show that plant-herbivore interactions simultaneously depend on the spatio-temporal distribution of a focal resource and on the small-scale spatial variation in the abundance of other herbivore resources. Given that consumers have negative effects on fitness and prefer certain timing of the resource organisms, this implies that processes acting at the levels of individuals, populations and communities simultaneously contribute to variation in consumer-mediated natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Valdés
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Bolin LG, Benning JW, Moeller DA. Mycorrhizal interactions do not influence plant-herbivore interactions in populations of Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana spanning from center to margin of the geographic range. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10743-10753. [PMID: 30519403 PMCID: PMC6262727 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multispecies interactions can be important to the expression of phenotypes and in determining patterns of individual fitness in nature. Many plants engage in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but the extent to which AMF modulate other species interactions remains poorly understood. We examined multispecies interactions among plants, AMF, and insect herbivores under drought stress using a greenhouse experiment and herbivore choice assays. The experiment included six populations of Clarkia xantiana (Onagraceae), which span a complex environmental gradient in the Southern Sierra Nevada of California. Clarkia xantiana's developing fruits are commonly attacked by grasshoppers at the end of the growing season, and the frequency of attack is more common in populations from the range center than range margin. We found that AMF negatively influenced all metrics of plant growth and reproduction across all populations, presumably because plants supplied carbon to AMF but did not benefit substantially from resources potentially supplied by the AMF. The fruits of plants infected with AMF did not differ from those without AMF in their resistance to grasshoppers. There was significant variation among populations in damage from herbivores but did not reflect the center-to-margin pattern of herbivory observed in the field. In sum, our results do not support the view that AMF interactions modulate plant-herbivore interactions in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana G. Bolin
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - John W. Benning
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - David A. Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
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Iler AM, Inouye DW, Schmidt NM, Høye TT. Detrending phenological time series improves climate-phenology analyses and reveals evidence of plasticity. Ecology 2018; 98:647-655. [PMID: 27984645 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Time series have played a critical role in documenting how phenology responds to climate change. However, regressing phenological responses against climatic predictors involves the risk of finding potentially spurious climate-phenology relationships simply because both variables also change across years. Detrending by year is a way to address this issue. Additionally, detrending isolates interannual variation in phenology and climate, so that detrended climate-phenology relationships can represent statistical evidence of phenotypic plasticity. Using two flowering phenology time series from Colorado, USA and Greenland, we detrend flowering date and two climate predictors known to be important in these ecosystems: temperature and snowmelt date. In Colorado, all climate-phenology relationships persist after detrending. In Greenland, 75% of the temperature-phenology relationships disappear after detrending (three of four species). At both sites, the relationships that persist after detrending suggest that plasticity is a major component of sensitivity of flowering phenology to climate. Finally, simulations that created different strengths of correlations among year, climate, and phenology provide broader support for our two empirical case studies. This study highlights the utility of detrending to determine whether phenology is related to a climate variable in observational data sets. Applying this as a best practice will increase our understanding of phenological responses to climatic variation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Iler
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 519, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224, USA.,Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA
| | - David W Inouye
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 519, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Niels M Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, building 1540, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Toke T Høye
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, building 1540, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, DK-8410, Rønde, Denmark
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Qiu S, Xu X, Liu S, Liu W, Liu J, Nie M, Shi F, Zhang Y, Weiner J, Li B. Latitudinal pattern of flowering synchrony in an invasive wind-pollinated plant. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181072. [PMID: 30068678 PMCID: PMC6111158 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering synchrony can play an important role in plants' reproductive success, which is essential for the successful establishment and spread of invasive plants. Although flowering synchrony has been found to be closely related to climatic factors, the effects of variation in such factors along latitudinal gradient on flowering synchrony and the role of flowering synchrony in the reproductive success of invading populations remain largely unexplored. In a 2-year field study, we examined the latitudinal variation of flowering phenology, especially flowering synchrony, in an invasive plant, Spartina alterniflora, along coastal China, and its relationship with population seed set across three climatic zones. We found that first flowering date was delayed, and flowering synchrony increased with increasing latitude. Flowering synchrony was negatively related to temperature during flowering season but not to soil properties or precipitation, suggesting that climate has shaped the latitudinal pattern of flowering synchrony. Moreover, a positive correlation between flowering synchrony and seed set across latitudes indicates the possible role of flowering synchrony in the latitudinal pattern of sexual reproduction in S. alterniflora These results suggest that, in addition to the effects of climate on the growth of invasive species, climatic factors can play an important role in the invasion success of alien plants by regulating the flowering synchrony and thus the reproductive success of invasive plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchen Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, and Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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40
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Ison JL, Weis AE. Temporal population genetic structure in the pollen pool for flowering time: A field experiment with Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae). Am J Bot 2017; 104:1569-1580. [PMID: 29885229 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Assortative mating by flowering time can cause temporal genetic structure in species with heritable flowering times. A strong temporal structure, when coupled with a seasonal shift in selection, may lead to adaptive temporal clines. We implemented a prospective and retrospective method to estimate the temporal genetic structure in the pollen pool of Brassica rapa. METHODS The prospective method uses flowering schedules to estimate the seasonal shift in the pollen donors' phenotype. By examining the offspring generation, we can get a direct estimate of temporal genetic structure, i.e., a retrospective estimate. However, this estimate is problematic because of the phenotypic correlation of the trait of interest, flowering time, between dam and sire. We developed a novel retrospective method that isolates flowering time by holding the maternal contribution constant and sampled the pollen pool in eight open-pollinated field plots throughout the flowering season. KEY RESULTS We found temporal genetic structure for flowering time in seven of the eight field plots. Interestingly, the direct (retrospective) temporal structure estimate was 35% larger than the prospective estimate based on flowering schedules. Spatial clumping of pollen donors did not affect temporal structure, but structure intensified when heritability was experimentally enhanced. CONCLUSIONS Temporal genetic structure, especially for flowering time, likely occurs in many plant populations and may be underestimated using a prospective method. We discuss the genome-wide consequences of temporal genetic structure and the potential for adaptive temporal clines in plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ison
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Arthur E Weis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve at Jokers Hill, University of Toronto 17000 Dufferin Street, King City, Ontario, L7B 1K5, Canada
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Whittet R, Cavers S, Cottrell J, Rosique‐Esplugas C, Ennos R. Substantial variation in the timing of pollen production reduces reproductive synchrony between distant populations of Pinus sylvestris L. in Scotland. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5754-5765. [PMID: 28894569 PMCID: PMC5586338 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a population to genetically adapt to a changing environment is contingent not only on the level of existing genetic variation within that population, but also on the gene flow received from differently adapted populations. Effective pollen-mediated gene flow among plant populations requires synchrony of flowering. Therefore differences in timing of flowering among genetically divergent populations may reduce their ability to adapt to environmental change. To determine whether gene flow among differently adapted populations of native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Scotland was restricted by differences in their flowering phenology, we measured timing of pollen release among populations spanning a steep environmental gradient over three consecutive seasons (2014-2016). Results showed that, over a distance of 137 km, there were as many as 15.8 days' difference among populations for the predicted timing of peak pollen shedding, with the earliest development in the warmer west of the country. There was much variation between years, with the earliest development and least synchrony in the warmest year (2014) and latest development and greatest synchrony in the coolest year (2015). Timing was negatively correlated with results from a common-garden experiment, indicative of a pattern of countergradient variation. We conclude that the observed differences in reproductive synchrony were sufficient to limit gene flow via pollen between populations of P. sylvestris at opposite ends of the environmental gradient across Scotland. We also hypothesize that continually warming, or asymmetrically warming spring temperatures will decrease reproductive synchrony among pine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whittet
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- NERC Centre for Ecology and HydrologyPenicuikUK
| | | | | | - Cristina Rosique‐Esplugas
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Forest ResearchNorthern Research StationRoslinUK
| | - Richard Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Du Y, Chen J, Willis CG, Zhou Z, Liu T, Dai W, Zhao Y, Ma K. Phylogenetic conservatism and trait correlates of spring phenological responses to climate change in northeast China. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6747-6757. [PMID: 28904756 PMCID: PMC5587463 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has resulted in major changes in plant phenology across the globe that includes leaf-out date and flowering time. The ability of species to respond to climate change, in part, depends on their response to climate as a phenological cue in general. Species that are not phenologically responsive may suffer in the face of continued climate change. Comparative studies of phenology have found phylogeny to be a reliable predictor of mean leaf-out date and flowering time at both the local and global scales. This is less true for flowering time response (i.e., the correlation between phenological timing and climate factors), while no study to date has explored whether the response of leaf-out date to climate factors exhibits phylogenetic signal. We used a 52-year observational phenological dataset for 52 woody species from the Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, China, to test phylogenetic signal in leaf-out date and flowering time, as well as, the response of these two phenological traits to both temperature and winter precipitation. Leaf-out date and flowering time were significantly responsive to temperature for most species, advancing, on average, 3.11 and 2.87 day/°C, respectively. Both leaf-out and flowering, and their responses to temperature exhibited significant phylogenetic signals. The response of leaf-out date to precipitation exhibited no phylogenetic signal, while flowering time response to precipitation did. Native species tended to have a weaker flowering response to temperature than non-native species. Earlier leaf-out species tended to have a greater response to winter precipitation. This study is the first to assess phylogenetic signal of leaf-out response to climate change, which suggests, that climate change has the potential to shape the plant communities, not only through flowering sensitivity, but also through leaf-out sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jingru Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | | | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Forestry Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Wujun Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Emel SL, Franks SJ, Spigler RB. Phenotypic selection varies with pollination intensity across populations of Sabatia angularis. New Phytol 2017; 215:813-824. [PMID: 28542815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators are considered primary selective agents acting on plant traits, and thus variation in the strength of the plant-pollinator interaction might drive variation in the opportunity for selection and selection intensity across plant populations. Here, we examine whether these critical evolutionary parameters covary with pollination intensity across wild populations of the biennial Sabatia angularis. We quantified pollination intensity in each of nine S. angularis populations as mean stigmatic pollen load per population. For female fitness and three components, fruit number, fruit set (proportion of flowers setting fruit) and number of seeds per fruit, we evaluated whether the opportunity for selection varied with pollination intensity. We used phenotypic selection analyses to test for interactions between pollination intensity and selection gradients for five floral traits, including flowering phenology. The opportunity for selection via fruit set and seeds per fruit declined significantly with increasing pollen receipt, as expected. We demonstrated significant directional selection on multiple traits across populations. We also found that selection intensity for all traits depended on pollination intensity. Consistent with general theory about the relationship between biotic interaction strength and the intensity of selection, our study suggests that variation in pollination intensity drives variation in selection across S. angularis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Emel
- Department of Biology, Temple University, BioLife Building, 1900 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Larkin Hall, 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 20458, USA
| | - Rachel B Spigler
- Department of Biology, Temple University, BioLife Building, 1900 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Wadgymar SM, Daws SC, Anderson JT. Integrating viability and fecundity selection to illuminate the adaptive nature of genetic clines. Evol Lett 2017; 1:26-39. [PMID: 30283636 PMCID: PMC6121800 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically based trait variation across environmental gradients can reflect adaptation to local environments. However, natural populations that appear well-adapted often exhibit directional, not stabilizing, selection on ecologically relevant traits. Temporal variation in the direction of selection could lead to stabilizing selection across multiple episodes of selection, which might be overlooked in short-term studies that evaluate relationships of traits and fitness under only one set of conditions. Furthermore, nonrandom mortality prior to trait expression can bias inferences about trait evolution if viability selection opposes fecundity selection. Here, we leveraged fitness and trait data to test whether phenotypic clines are genetically based and adaptive, whether temporal variation in climate imposes stabilizing selection, and whether viability selection acts on adult phenotypes. We monitored transplants of the subalpine perennial forb, Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), in common gardens at two elevations over 2-3 years that differed in drought intensity. We quantified viability, and fecundity fitness components for four heritable traits: specific leaf area, integrated water-use efficiency, height at first flower, and flowering phenology. Our results indicate that genetic clines are maintained by selection, but their expression is context dependent, as they do not emerge in all environments. Moreover, selection varied spatially and temporally. Stabilizing selection was most pronounced when we integrated data across years. Finally, viability selection prior to trait expression targeted adult phenotypes (age and size at flowering). Indeed, viability selection for delayed flowering opposed fecundity selection for accelerated flowering; this result demonstrates that neglecting to account for viability selection could lead to inaccurate conclusions that populations are maladapted. Our results suggest that reconciling clinal trait variation with selection requires data collected across multiple spatial scales, time frames, and life-history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Wadgymar
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602
| | - S Caroline Daws
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602
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Al-Gharaibeh MM, Hamasha HR, Rosche C, Lachmuth S, Wesche K, Hensen I. Environmental gradients shape the genetic structure of two medicinal Salvia species in Jordan. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:227-238. [PMID: 27714972 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental gradients, and particularly climatic variables, exert a strong influence on plant distribution and, potentially, population genetic diversity and differentiation. Differences in water availability can cause among-population variation in ecological processes and can thus interrupt populations' connectivity and isolate them environmentally. The present study examines the effect of environmental heterogeneity on plant populations due to environmental isolation unrelated to geographic distance. Using AFLP markers, we analyzed genetic diversity and differentiation among 12 Salvia spinosa populations and 13 Salvia syriaca populations from three phytogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian) representing the extent of the species' geographic range in Jordan. Differences in geographic location and climate were considered in the analyses. For both species, flowering phenology varied among populations and regions. Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian populations had higher genetic diversity than Mediterranean populations, and genetic diversity increased significantly with increasing temperature. Genetic diversity in Salvia syriaca was affected by population size, while genetic diversity responded to drought in S. spinosa. For both species, high levels of genetic differentiation were found as well as two well-supported phytogeographical groups of populations, with Mediterranean populations clustering in one group and the Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian populations in another. Genetic distance was significantly correlated to environmental distance, but not to geographic distance. Our data indicate that populations from moist vs. arid environments are environmentally isolated, where environmental gradients affect their flowering phenology, limit gene flow and shape their genetic structure. We conclude that environmental heterogeneity may act as driver for the observed variation in genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Gharaibeh
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - H R Hamasha
- Biology Department, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - C Rosche
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Lachmuth
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Wesche
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - I Hensen
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Laport RG, Minckley RL, Ramsey J. Ecological distributions, phenological isolation, and genetic structure in sympatric and parapatric populations of the Larrea tridentata polyploid complex. Am J Bot 2016; 103:1358-1374. [PMID: 27440793 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy is widely recognized as a mechanism of diversification. Contributions of polyploidy to specific pre- and postzygotic barriers-and classifications of polyploid speciation as "ecological" vs. "non-ecological"-are more contentious. Evaluation of these issues requires comprehensive studies that test ecological characteristics of cytotypes as well as the coincidence of genetic structure with cytotype distributions. METHODS We investigated a classical example of autopolyploid speciation, Larrea tridentata, at multiple areas of cytotype co-occurrence. Habitat and phenological differences were compared between diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid populations on the basis of edaphic, community composition, and flowering time surveys. Frequency of hybridization between diploids and tetraploids was investigated using a diploid-specific chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) marker; genetic structure for all cytotypes was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). KEY RESULTS Across contact zones, we found cytotypes in habitats distinguished by soil and vegetation. We observed modest differences in timing and production of flowers, indicating a degree of assortative mating that was asymmetric between cytotypes. Nonetheless, cpDNA analyses in diploid-tetraploid contact zones suggested that ∼5% of tetraploid plants had hybrid origins involving unilateral sexual polyploidization. Genetic structure of AFLPs largely coincided with cytotype distributions in diploid-tetraploid contact zones. In contrast, there was little structure in areas of contact between tetraploids and hexaploids, suggesting intercytotype gene flow or recurrent hexaploid formation. CONCLUSIONS Diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cytotypes of L. tridentata are segregated by environmental distributions and flowering phenology in contact zones, with diploid and tetraploid populations having corresponding differences in genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Laport
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA
| | - Robert L Minckley
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, River Campus, Rochester, New York 14627 USA
| | - Justin Ramsey
- Black Hills State University, School of Natural Sciences, Spearfish, South Dakota 57799 USA
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Hoe YC, Gibernau M, Maia ACD, Wong SY. Flowering mechanisms, pollination strategies and floral scent analyses of syntopically co-flowering Homalomena spp. (Araceae) on Borneo. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2016; 18:563-576. [PMID: 26780890 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the flowering mechanisms and pollination strategies of seven species of the highly diverse genus Homalomena (Araceae) were investigated in native populations of West Sarawak, Borneo. The floral scent compositions were also recorded for six of these species. The selected taxa belong to three out of four complexes of the section Cyrtocladon (Hanneae, Giamensis and Borneensis). The species belonging to the Hanneae complex exhibited longer anthesis (53-62 h) than those of the Giamensis and Borneensis complexes (ca. 30 h). Species belonging to the Hanneae complex underwent two floral scent emission events in consecutive days, during the pistillate and staminate phases of anthesis. In species belonging to the Giamensis and Borneensis complexes, floral scent emission was only evident to the human nose during the pistillate phase. A total of 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in floral scent analyses of species belonging to the Hanneae complex, whereas 26 VOCs were found in samples of those belonging to the Giamensis complex. The floral scent blends contained uncommon compounds in high concentration, which could ensure pollinator discrimination. Our observations indicate that scarab beetles (Parastasia gestroi and P. nigripennis; Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae) are the pollinators of the investigated species of Homalomena, with Chaloenus schawalleri (Chrysomelidae, Galeuricinae) acting as a secondary pollinator. The pollinators utilise the inflorescence for food, mating opportunities and safe mating arena as rewards. Flower-breeding flies (Colocasiomyia nigricauda and C. aff. heterodonta; Diptera, Drosophilidae) and terrestrial hydrophilid beetles (Cycreon sp.; Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) were also frequently recovered from inflorescences belonging to all studied species (except H. velutipedunculata), but they probably do not act as efficient pollinators. Future studies should investigate the post-mating isolating barriers among syntopically co-flowering Homalomena sharing the same visiting insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Hoe
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - M Gibernau
- CNRS - University of Corsica, UMR 6134 - SPE, Natural Resources Project, Ajaccio, France
| | - A C D Maia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - S Y Wong
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Gomez C, Despinoy M, Hamon S, Hamon P, Salmon D, Akaffou DS, Legnate H, de Kochko A, Mangeas M, Poncet V. Shift in precipitation regime promotes interspecific hybridization of introduced Coffea species. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3240-55. [PMID: 27096083 PMCID: PMC4829533 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of plant species introductions has increased in a highly connected world, modifying species distribution patterns to include areas outside their natural ranges. These introductions provide the opportunity to gain new insight into the importance of flowering phenology as a component of adaptation to a new environment. Three Coffea species, C. arabica, C. canephora (Robusta), and C. liberica, native to intertropical Africa have been introduced to New Caledonia. On this archipelago, a secondary contact zone has been characterized where these species coexist, persist, and hybridize spontaneously. We investigated the impact of environmental changes undergone by each species following its introduction in New Caledonia on flowering phenology and overcoming reproductive barriers between sister species. We developed species distribution models and compared both environmental envelopes and climatic niches between native and introduced hybrid zones. Flowering phenology was monitored in a population in the hybrid zone along with temperature and precipitation sequences recorded at a nearby weather station. The extent and nature of hybridization events were characterized using chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite markers. The three Coffea species encountered weak environmental suitability compared to their native ranges when introduced to New Caledonia, especially C. arabica and C. canephora. The niche of the New Caledonia hybrid zone was significantly different from all three species' native niches based on identity tests (I Similarity and D Schoener's Similarity Indexes). This area appeared to exhibit intermediate conditions between the native conditions of the three species for temperature-related variables and divergent conditions for precipitation-related ones. Flowering pattern in these Coffea species was shown to have a strong genetic component that determined the time between the triggering rain and anthesis (flower opening), specific to each species. However, a precipitation regime different from those in Africa was directly involved in generating partial flowering overlap between species and thus in allowing hybridization and interspecific gene flow. Interspecific hybrids accounted for 4% of the mature individuals in the sympatric population and occurred between each pair of species with various level of introgression. Adaptation to new environmental conditions following introduction of Coffea species to New Caledonia has resulted in a secondary contact between three related species, which would not have happened in their native ranges, leading to hybridization and gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gomez
- IRDUMR DIADEBP 6450134394Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Marc Despinoy
- IRDUMR ESPACE DEV (S140)BP A598848Cedex NouméaNouvelle Calédonie
| | - Serge Hamon
- IRDUMR DIADEBP 6450134394Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Perla Hamon
- IRDUMR DIADEBP 6450134394Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | | | | | | | | | - Morgan Mangeas
- IRDUMR ESPACE DEV (S140)BP A598848Cedex NouméaNouvelle Calédonie
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Etterson JR, Toczydlowski RH, Winkler KJ, Kirschbaum JA, McAulay TS. Solidago altissima differs with respect to ploidy frequency and clinal variation across the prairie-forest biome border in Minnesota. Am J Bot 2016; 103:22-32. [PMID: 26507110 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although our awareness of ploidy diversity has expanded with the application of flow cytometry, we still know little about the extent to which cytotypes within mixed-ploidy populations are genetically differentiated across environmental gradients. METHODS To address this issue, we reared 14 populations of Solidago altissima spanning the prairie-forest ecotone in Minnesota in a common garden with a watering treatment. We assessed ploidy frequencies and measured survival, flowering phenology, and plant architectural traits for 4 years. KEY RESULTS All populations harbored multiple cytotypes; prairie populations were dominated by tetraploids, forest populations by hexaploids. Diploids and polyploids differed significantly for 84% of the traits. Beyond average differences, the slope of trait values covaried with latitude and longitude, but this relationship was stronger for diploids than the other two polyploid cytotypes as indicated by numerous ploidy × latitude and ploidy × longitude interactions. For example, the timing of flowering of the cytotypes overlapped in populations sampled from the northeastern hemiboreal forest but differed significantly between cytotypes sampled from populations in the southwestern prairie. The watering treatments had weak effects, and there were no ploidy differences for phenotypic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that diploids have diverged genetically to a greater extent than polyploids along the environmental clines sampled in this study. Moreover, different environments favor phenotypic convergence over divergence among cytotypes for some traits. Differences in ploidy frequency and phenotypic divergence among cytotypes across gradients of temperature and precipitation are important considerations for restoration in an age of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Rachel H Toczydlowski
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Katharine J Winkler
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Jessica A Kirschbaum
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Tim S McAulay
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
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van der Meer S, Jacquemyn H. The effect of phenological variation in sex expression on female reproductive success in Saxifraga granulata. Am J Bot 2015; 102:2116-2123. [PMID: 26656126 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Differences in timing of flowering within and among protandrous plants shift the floral sex ratio from male to female dominance during the flowering season. Hence, the number of seeds produced by a single flower depends on traits of the flower itself (e.g., allocation to male and female function, position within an inflorescence, and flower size), as well as plant traits (e.g., timing of flowering, number of flowers, and plant height). Although it is clear that characteristics of individual flowers and whole plants can affect the number of seeds produced per flower, their relative importance for plant fitness remains largely unknown. METHODS We examined how phenological sex expression affected seed number per flower in two populations of the protandrous grassland herb Saxifraga granulata. Seed number was assessed for >1200 flowers and related to their position within an inflorescence, male and female phase duration, timing of flowering, number of flowers per plant, and plant height. KEY RESULTS Seed number within and among plants decreased significantly over time. Early lateral flowers were larger and produced more seeds in comparison to late lateral flowers, indicating that flower position significantly affected seed number through its combined effect on sex allocation, timing of flowering, and attractiveness. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that female reproductive success of a single flower was best explained by its position within an inflorescence and that plant traits such as first flowering date and number of flowers per plant had a smaller impact on seed number per flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha van der Meer
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31-bus 02435 B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31-bus 02435 B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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