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Damasceno AR, Garcia S, Aleixo IF, Menezes JCG, Pereira IS, De Kauwe MG, Ferrer VR, Fleischer K, Grams TEE, Guedes AV, Hartley IP, Kruijt B, Lugli LF, Martins NP, Norby RJ, Pires-Santos JS, Portela BTT, Rammig A, de Oliveira LR, Santana FD, Santos YR, de Souza CCS, Ushida G, Lapola DM, Quesada CAN, Domingues TF. In situ short-term responses of Amazonian understory plants to elevated CO 2. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1865-1876. [PMID: 38334166 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The response of plants to increasing atmospheric CO2 depends on the ecological context where the plants are found. Several experiments with elevated CO2 (eCO2) have been done worldwide, but the Amazonian forest understory has been neglected. As the central Amazon is limited by light and phosphorus, understanding how understory responds to eCO2 is important for foreseeing how the forest will function in the future. In the understory of a natural forest in the Central Amazon, we installed four open-top chambers as control replicates and another four under eCO2 (+250 ppm above ambient levels). Under eCO2, we observed increases in carbon assimilation rate (67%), maximum electron transport rate (19%), quantum yield (56%), and water use efficiency (78%). We also detected an increase in leaf area (51%) and stem diameter increment (65%). Central Amazon understory responded positively to eCO2 by increasing their ability to capture and use light and the extra primary productivity was allocated to supporting more leaf and conducting tissues. The increment in leaf area while maintaining transpiration rates suggests that the understory will increase its contribution to evapotranspiration. Therefore, this forest might be less resistant in the future to extreme drought, as no reduction in transpiration rates were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rayane Damasceno
- Ecology Graduate Program, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Garcia
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Izabela Fonseca Aleixo
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Iokanam Sales Pereira
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Rodrigues Ferrer
- Ecology Graduate Program, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Thorsten E E Grams
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Alacimar V Guedes
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Iain Paul Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Wageningen University, Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Nathielly Pires Martins
- Tropical Forest Sciences Graduate Program, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Richard J Norby
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | | | - Bruno Takeshi Tanaka Portela
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Anja Rammig
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Flávia Delgado Santana
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Yago Rodrigues Santos
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Ushida
- Ecology Graduate Program, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - David Montenegro Lapola
- Laboratório de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre - LabTerra, Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas Aplicadas à Agricultura - CEPAGRI, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Nobre Quesada
- Environmental Dynamics Coordination (CODAM), National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tomas Ferreira Domingues
- Faculdde de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Weerarathne LVY, Jahufer Z, Schäufele R, Lopez I, Matthew C. A comparative analysis of agronomic water-use efficiency and its proxy measures as derived from key morpho-physiological and supportive quantitative genetics attributes of perennial ryegrass under imposed drought. Plant Environ Interact 2023; 4:291-307. [PMID: 37829998 PMCID: PMC10565840 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-use efficiency (WUE) is an under-researched but very important drought tolerance trait in forage breeding. This research estimated quantitative genetic parameters of morpho-physiological traits linked to agronomic water-use efficiency (WUEA) and its proxy measures based on δ13C (WUEi) or gas exchange (evapotranspiration, WUEAET, or stomatal conductance WUEASC) of genotypes from half-sib families of Lolium perenne L. (PRG) in a simulated summer drought cycle. Principal component analysis (PCA) of trait data distinguished a group of PRG genotypes where high WUEA and dry matter yield was associated with deep rooting, leaf hydration at more negative leaf osmotic and water potential, and reduced soil moisture depletion. Plants with this trait association sustained net assimilation and postdefoliation regrowth in drought. However, WUEi, WUEASC, and WUEAET were poorly correlated with most traits of interest at p < .05. Another PCA revealed a weak association between WUEA and its proxy measures under conditions tested. Quantitative genetic parameters including high estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h n 2 > 0.7 ; p < .05 ) of WUEA and related traits emphasized the genetic potential of the key trait combination for selecting PRG for improved drought tolerance. Research findings highlight the relative importance of WUEA and its proxy measures in the broad definition of PRG drought tolerance for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Y. Weerarathne
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Z. Jahufer
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - R. Schäufele
- Crop Physiology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - I. Lopez
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - C. Matthew
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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Aspinwall MJ, Blackman CJ, Maier C, Tjoelker MG, Rymer PD, Creek D, Chieppa J, Griffin‐Nolan RJ, Tissue DT. Aridity drives clinal patterns in leaf traits and responsiveness to precipitation in a broadly distributed Australian tree species. Plant Environ Interact 2023; 4:70-85. [PMID: 37288162 PMCID: PMC10243541 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aridity shapes species distributions and plant growth and function worldwide. Yet, plant traits often show complex relationships with aridity, challenging our understanding of aridity as a driver of evolutionary adaptation. We grew nine genotypes of Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. camaldulensis sourced from an aridity gradient together in the field for ~650 days under low and high precipitation treatments. Eucalyptus camaldulesis is considered a phreatophyte (deep-rooted species that utilizes groundwater), so we hypothesized that genotypes from more arid environments would show lower aboveground productivity, higher leaf gas-exchange rates, and greater tolerance/avoidance of dry surface soils (indicated by lower responsiveness) than genotypes from less arid environments. Aridity predicted genotype responses to precipitation, with more arid genotypes showing lower responsiveness to reduced precipitation and dry surface conditions than less arid genotypes. Under low precipitation, genotype net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased with home-climate aridity. Across treatments, genotype intrinsic water-use efficiency and osmotic potential declined with increasing aridity while photosynthetic capacity (Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration) increased with aridity. The observed clinal patterns indicate that E. camaldulensis genotypes from extremely arid environments possess a unique strategy defined by lower responsiveness to dry surface soils, low water-use efficiency, and high photosynthetic capacity. This strategy could be underpinned by deep rooting and could be adaptive under arid conditions where heat avoidance is critical and water demand is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
- College of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
- Formation EnvironmentalLLCSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chris J. Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureSchool of Natural Sciences, University of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
| | - Chelsea Maier
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Paul D. Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)ÅsNorway
| | - Jeff Chieppa
- College of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | | | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
- Global Centre for Land Based InnovationWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondNew South WalesAustralia
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Pelech EA, Alexander BCS, Bernacchi CJ. Photosynthesis, yield, energy balance, and water-use of intercropped maize and soybean. Plant Direct 2021; 5:e365. [PMID: 34938940 PMCID: PMC8671796 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By 2050, the U.S. Corn Belt will likely face a 23% increase in leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPDL), the driving force of evapotranspiration (ET), which may restrict maize yield improvements for rainfed agroecosystems. Alternative cropping systems, such as maize and legume intercrops, have previously demonstrated yield and resource-use advantages over monocultures. In this study, the residual energy balance approach was used to gain insights into how an additive simultaneous maize and soybean intercrop system regulates ET and water-use efficiency (WUE) compared to standard maize and soybean monoculture systems of the U.S. Corn Belt. Experimental field plots were rain-fed and arranged in a randomized complete block design in three blocks. Photosynthetic capacity and grain yield of maize were conserved in the intercrop. However, its competitive dominance shaded 80%-90% of incident light for intercropped soybean at canopy closure, leading to a 94% decrease in grain yield compared to soybean monoculture. The total grain yield per unit area of the additive intercrop (land-use efficiency) increased by 11% ± 6% (1 SE). Compared to maize monoculture, the intercrop had higher latent heat fluxes (λET) at night but lower daytime λET as the intercrop canopy surface temperature was approximately .25°C warmer, partitioning more energy to sensible heat flux. However, the diel differences in λET fluxes were not sufficient to establish a statistically significant or biologically relevant decrease in seasonal water-use (ΣET). Likewise, the increase in land-use efficiency by the intercrop was not sufficient to establish an increase in seasonal water-use efficiency. Intercropping high-performing maize and soybean cultivars in a dense configuration without negative impact suggests that efforts to increase yield and WUE may lead to improved benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Pelech
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Brendan C. S. Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridgeAlbertaCanada
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- USDA‐ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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Wilson MJ, Fradera‐Soler M, Summers R, Sturrock CJ, Fleming AJ. Ploidy influences wheat mesophyll cell geometry, packing and leaf function. Plant Direct 2021; 5:e00314. [PMID: 33855257 PMCID: PMC8026107 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf function is influenced by leaf structure, which is itself related not only to the spatial arrangement of constituent mesophyll cells, but also their size and shape. In this study, we used confocal microscopy to image leaves of Triticum genotypes varying in ploidy level to extract 3D information on individual mesophyll cell size and geometry. Combined with X-ray Computed Tomography and gas exchange analysis, the effect of changes in wheat mesophyll cell geometry upon leaf structure and function were investigated. Mesophyll cell size and shape were found to have changed during the course of wheat evolution. An unexpected linear relationship between mesophyll cell surface area and volume was discovered, suggesting anisotropic scaling of mesophyll cell geometry with increasing ploidy. Altered mesophyll cell size and shape were demonstrated to be associated with changes in mesophyll tissue architecture. Under experimental growth conditions, CO2 assimilation did not vary with ploidy, but stomatal conductance was lower in hexaploid plants, conferring a greater instantaneous water-use efficiency. We propose that as wheat mesophyll cells have become larger with increased ploidy, this has been accompanied by changes in cell geometry and packing which limit water loss while maintaining carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wilson
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Marc Fradera‐Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Hounsfield FacilityDivision of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton BoningtonUK
| | | | - Craig J. Sturrock
- Hounsfield FacilityDivision of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton BoningtonUK
| | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Lambrecht SC, Gujral AK, Renshaw LJ, Rosengreen LT. Evolutionary and plastic changes in a native annual plant after a historic drought. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4570-4582. [PMID: 32551044 PMCID: PMC7297769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe droughts are forecast to increase with global change. Approaches that enable the study of contemporary evolution, such as resurrection studies, are valuable for providing insights into the responses of populations to global change. In this study, we used a resurrection approach to study the evolution of the California native Leptosiphon bicolor (true babystars, Polemoniaceae) across populations differing in precipitation in response to the state's recent prolonged drought (2011-2017). In the Mediterranean climate region in which L. bicolor grows, this historic drought effectively shortened its growing season. We used seeds collected both before and after this drought from three populations found along a moisture availability gradient to assess contemporary evolution in a common garden greenhouse study. We coupled this with a drought experiment to examine plasticity. We found evolution toward earlier flowering after the historic drought in the wettest of the three populations, while plasticity to experimental drought was observed across all three. We also observed trade-offs associated with earlier flowering. In the driest population, plants that flowered earlier had lower intrinsic water-use efficiency than those flowering later, which was an expected pattern. Unexpectedly, earlier flowering plants had larger flowers. Two populations exhibited evolution and plasticity toward smaller flowers with drought. The third exhibited evolution toward larger flowers, but displayed no plasticity. Our results provide valuable insights into differences among native plant populations in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Lambrecht
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Anjum K. Gujral
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Lani J. Renshaw
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Lars T. Rosengreen
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
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Wadgymar SM, Daws SC, Anderson JT. Integrating viability and fecundity selection to illuminate the adaptive nature of genetic clines. Evol Lett 2017; 1:26-39. [PMID: 30283636 PMCID: PMC6121800 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically based trait variation across environmental gradients can reflect adaptation to local environments. However, natural populations that appear well-adapted often exhibit directional, not stabilizing, selection on ecologically relevant traits. Temporal variation in the direction of selection could lead to stabilizing selection across multiple episodes of selection, which might be overlooked in short-term studies that evaluate relationships of traits and fitness under only one set of conditions. Furthermore, nonrandom mortality prior to trait expression can bias inferences about trait evolution if viability selection opposes fecundity selection. Here, we leveraged fitness and trait data to test whether phenotypic clines are genetically based and adaptive, whether temporal variation in climate imposes stabilizing selection, and whether viability selection acts on adult phenotypes. We monitored transplants of the subalpine perennial forb, Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), in common gardens at two elevations over 2-3 years that differed in drought intensity. We quantified viability, and fecundity fitness components for four heritable traits: specific leaf area, integrated water-use efficiency, height at first flower, and flowering phenology. Our results indicate that genetic clines are maintained by selection, but their expression is context dependent, as they do not emerge in all environments. Moreover, selection varied spatially and temporally. Stabilizing selection was most pronounced when we integrated data across years. Finally, viability selection prior to trait expression targeted adult phenotypes (age and size at flowering). Indeed, viability selection for delayed flowering opposed fecundity selection for accelerated flowering; this result demonstrates that neglecting to account for viability selection could lead to inaccurate conclusions that populations are maladapted. Our results suggest that reconciling clinal trait variation with selection requires data collected across multiple spatial scales, time frames, and life-history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Wadgymar
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602
| | - S Caroline Daws
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602
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Abstract
An automatic gas exchange system was used to continuously measure water and carbon fluxes of attached shoots of Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown in environment-controlled chambers for a 3-year period (1998-2000) and exposed to either normal ambient conditions (CON), elevated CO2 (+350 micro mol mol-1; EC), elevated temperature (+2-6 degrees C; ET) or a combination of EC and ET (ECT). EC treatment enhanced the mean daily total carbon flux per unit projected needle area (Fc.d) by 17-21 %, depending on the year. This corresponds to a 16-24 % increase in light-use efficiency (LUE) based on incident photosynthetically active radiation. The EC treatment reduced the mean daily total water flux (Fw.d) by 1-12 %, corresponding to a 13-35 % increase in water-use efficiency (WUE). The ET treatment increased Fc.d by 10-18 %, resulting in an 8-19 % increase in LUE, and Fw.d by 48-74 %, resulting in a reduction of WUE by 19-34 %. There was no interaction between CO2 and temperature elevation in connection with either carbon or water fluxes, as the carbon flux responded similarly in both ECT and EC, while the water flux in the ECT treatment was similar to that in ET. Regressions indicated that the increase in maximum LUE was greater with increasing air temperature, whereas changes in WUE were related only to high vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, changes in LUE and WUE caused by ECT treatment displayed strong diurnal and seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yun Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.
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