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Vogt L, Quiroz V, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Emerging therapies for childhood-onset movement disorders. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024; 36:331-341. [PMID: 38655812 PMCID: PMC11047116 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We highlight novel and emerging therapies in the treatment of childhood-onset movement disorders. We structured this review by therapeutic entity (small molecule drugs, RNA-targeted therapeutics, gene replacement therapy, and neuromodulation), recognizing that there are two main approaches to treatment: symptomatic (based on phenomenology) and molecular mechanism-based therapy or 'precision medicine' (which is disease-modifying). RECENT FINDINGS We highlight reports of new small molecule drugs for Tourette syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia and Rett syndrome. We also discuss developments in gene therapy for aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency and hereditary spastic paraplegia, as well as current work exploring optimization of deep brain stimulation and lesioning with focused ultrasound. SUMMARY Childhood-onset movement disorders have traditionally been treated symptomatically based on phenomenology, but focus has recently shifted toward targeted molecular mechanism-based therapeutics. The development of precision therapies is driven by increasing capabilities for genetic testing and a better delineation of the underlying disease mechanisms. We highlight novel and exciting approaches to the treatment of genetic childhood-onset movement disorders while also discussing general challenges in therapy development for rare diseases. We provide a framework for molecular mechanism-based treatment approaches, a summary of specific treatments for various movement disorders, and a clinical trial readiness framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Vogt
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Vicente Quiroz
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Akula SK, Quiroz V, D'Gama AM, Chiu MY, Koh HY, Saffari A, Zaman Z, Tam A, Srouji R, Valentine R, Wiltrout K, Pinto A, Harini C, Pearl PL, Poduri A, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. The spectrum of movement disorders in young children with ARX-related epilepsy-dyskinesia syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38711225 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies often present with co-occurring dyskinesias. Pathogenic variants in ARX cause a pleomorphic syndrome that includes infantile epilepsy with a variety of movement disorders ranging from focal hand dystonia to generalized dystonia with frequent status dystonicus. In this report, we present three patients with severe movement disorders as part of ARX-associated epilepsy-dyskinesia syndrome, including a patient with a novel pathogenic missense variant (p.R371G). These cases illustrate diagnostic and management challenges of ARX-related disorder and shed light on broader challenges concerning epilepsy-dyskinesia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K Akula
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Vicente Quiroz
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alissa M D'Gama
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Y Chiu
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyun Yong Koh
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Afshin Saffari
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zainab Zaman
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Tam
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rasha Srouji
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rozalia Valentine
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Wiltrout
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Pinto
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chellamani Harini
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Vogt LM, Yang K, Tse G, Quiroz V, Zaman Z, Wang L, Srouji R, Tam A, Estrella E, Manzi S, Fasano A, Northam WT, Stone S, Moharir M, Gonorazky H, McAlvin B, Kleinman M, LaRovere KL, Gorodetsky C, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Recommendations for the Management of Initial and Refractory Pediatric Status Dystonicus. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38619077 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Status dystonicus is the most severe form of dystonia with life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. We present consensus recommendations for the initial management of acutely worsening dystonia (including pre-status dystonicus and status dystonicus), as well as refractory status dystonicus in children. This guideline provides a stepwise approach to assessment, triage, interdisciplinary treatment, and monitoring of status dystonicus. The clinical pathways aim to: (1) facilitate timely recognition/triage of worsening dystonia, (2) standardize supportive and dystonia-directed therapies, (3) provide structure for interdisciplinary cooperation, (4) integrate advances in genomics and neuromodulation, (5) enable multicenter quality improvement and research, and (6) improve outcomes. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Vogt
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn Yang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriel Tse
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Vicente Quiroz
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zainab Zaman
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Wang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rasha Srouji
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Tam
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elicia Estrella
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon Manzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weston T Northam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scellig Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahendranath Moharir
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hernan Gonorazky
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian McAlvin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Kleinman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerri L LaRovere
- Neurocritical Care Consult Service, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolina Gorodetsky
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Neurocritical Care Consult Service, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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González Begné M, Yslas N, Reyes E, Quiroz V, Santana J, Jimenez G. Clinical effect of a Mexican sanguinaria extract (Polygonum aviculare L.) on gingivitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 74:45-51. [PMID: 11137347 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that gingivitis is a bacterially-elicited inflammation of the marginal gingiva. A number of chemical agents have been evaluated over the years with regard to their antimicrobial effects in the oral cavity; however, all are associated with side effects that prohibit regular long-term use. Therefore, the effectiveness of a natural Mexican Sanguinaria extract (Polygonum aviculare L.) against gingivitis, was assessed in 60 male dentistry students between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Over a period of 2 weeks, these students used the Sanguinaria extract (1 mg/ml) in oral rinse twice daily as a unique oral health measurement (no tooth-brushing was allowed). The O'Leary Plaque Index and the Löe and Silness Gingivitis Index were recorded at baseline (day 0) in all the subjects. Also, a complete prophylaxis was performed after both indices were obtained. The antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects of the extract were evaluated on days 7, 11 and 14. The results showed that the Mexican Sanguinaria extract in oral rinse significantly decreased gingivitis from day 0 (-x=1. 056) to day 14 (-x=1.011) (P</=0.05). In contrast, a significant increase in dental plaque was observed from day 0 (-x=91.38) to day 14 (-x=98.69) (P</=0.05); however, the consistency of this plaque permitted its mechanical flushing easily. From this study, it is concluded that the Mexican Sanguinaria extract in oral rinse can be employed supportively in the therapy of gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González Begné
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Allende Ote. #151-3, Villas de San Agustin, Bo. de Santa Cruz, Metepec, C.P. 52149, Edo. de México, Mexico.
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