1
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Carew JA, Cristofaro V, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. Differential Myosin 5a splice variants in innervation of pelvic organs. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1304537. [PMID: 38148903 PMCID: PMC10749955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1304537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myosin proteins interact with filamentous actin and translate the chemical energy generated by ATP hydrolysis into a wide variety of mechanical functions in all cell types. The classic function of conventional myosins is mediation of muscle contraction, but myosins also participate in processes as diverse as exocytosis/endocytosis, membrane remodeling, and cytokinesis. Myosin 5a (Myo5a) is an unconventional motor protein well-suited to the processive transport of diverse molecular cargo within cells and interactions with multiprotein membrane complexes that facilitate exocytosis. Myo5a includes a region consisting of six small alternative exons which can undergo differential splicing. Neurons and skin melanocytes express characteristic splice variants of Myo5a, which are specialized for transport processes unique to those cell types. But less is known about the expression of Myo5a splice variants in other tissues, their cargos and interactive partners, and their regulation. Methods: In visceral organs, neurotransmission-induced contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle is mediated by Myo5a. Axons within urogenital organs and distal colon of rodents arise from cell bodies located in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). However, in contrast to urogenital organs, the distal colon also contains soma of the enteric nervous system. Therefore, the rodent pelvic organs provide an opportunity to compare the expression of Myo5a splice variants, not only in different tissues innervated by the pelvic nerves, but also in different subcellular compartments of those nerves. This study examines the expression and distribution of Myo5a splice variants in the MPG, compared to the bladder, corpus cavernosum of the penis (CCP) and distal colon using immunohistochemistry and mRNA analyses. Results/discussion: We report detection of characteristic Myo5a variants in these tissues, with bladder and CCP displaying a similar variant pattern but one which differed from that of distal colon. In all three organs, Myo5a variants were distinct compared to the MPG, implying segregation of one variant within nerve soma and its exclusion from axons. The expression of distinct Myo5a variant arrays is likely to be adaptive, and to underlie specific functions fulfilled by Myo5a in those particular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A. Carew
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raj K. Goyal
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Gheinani AH, Sack BS, Bigger-Allen A, Thaker H, Atta H, Lambrinos G, Costa K, Doyle C, Gharaee-Kermani M, Patalano S, Piper M, Cotellessa JF, Vitko D, Li H, Prabhakaran MK, Cristofaro V, Froehlich J, Lee RS, Yang W, Sullivan MP, Macoska JA, Adam RM. Integrated omics analysis unveils a DNA damage response to neurogenic injury. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.10.571015. [PMID: 38106029 PMCID: PMC10723451 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.10.571015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) evokes profound bladder dysfunction. Current treatments are limited by a lack of molecular data to inform novel therapeutic avenues. Previously, we showed systemic inosine treatment improved bladder function following SCI in rats. Here, we applied multi-omics analysis to explore molecular alterations in the bladder and their sensitivity to inosine following SCI. Canonical pathways regulated by SCI included those associated with protein synthesis, neuroplasticity, wound healing, and neurotransmitter degradation. Upstream regulator analysis identified MYC as a key regulator, whereas causal network analysis predicted multiple regulators of DNA damage response signaling following injury, including PARP-1. Staining for both DNA damage (γH2AX) and PARP activity (poly-ADP-ribose) markers in the bladder was increased following SCI, and attenuated in inosine-treated tissues. Proteomics analysis suggested that SCI induced changes in protein synthesis-, neuroplasticity-, and oxidative stress-associated pathways, a subset of which were shown in transcriptomics data to be inosine-sensitive. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular landscape of the bladder following SCI, and highlight a potential role for PARP inhibition to treat neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Functional Urology Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryan S Sack
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Functional Urology Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Bigger-Allen
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hussein Atta
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Lambrinos
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Costa
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Piper
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin F Cotellessa
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dijana Vitko
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haiying Li
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manubhai Kadayil Prabhakaran
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Froehlich
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Lee
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Urology, Inselspital University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Lambrinos G, Cristofaro V, Pelton K, Bigger-Allen A, Doyle C, Vasquez E, Bielenberg DR, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Neuropilin 2 Is a Novel Regulator of Distal Colon Contractility. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:1592-1603. [PMID: 35985479 PMCID: PMC9667714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate coordination of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is essential for normal colonic motility. The impact of perturbed motility ranges from moderate, in conditions such as colitis, to potentially fatal in the case of pseudo-obstruction. The mechanisms underlying aberrant motility and the extent to which they can be targeted pharmacologically are incompletely understood. This study identified colonic smooth muscle as a major site of expression of neuropilin 2 (Nrp2) in mice and humans. Mice with inducible smooth muscle-specific knockout of Nrp2 had an increase in evoked contraction of colonic rings in response to carbachol at 1 and 4 weeks following initiation of deletion. KCl-induced contractions were also increased at 4 weeks. Colonic motility was similarly enhanced, as evidenced by faster bead expulsion in Nrp2-deleted mice versus Nrp2-intact controls. In length-tension analysis of the distal colon, passive tension was similar in Nrp2-deficient and Nrp2-intact mice, but at low strains, active stiffness was greater in Nrp2-deficient animals. Consistent with the findings in conditional Nrp2 mice, Nrp2-null mice showed increased contractility in response to carbachol and KCl. Evaluation of selected proteins implicated in smooth muscle contraction revealed no significant differences in the level of α-smooth muscle actin, myosin light chain, calponin, or RhoA. Together, these findings identify Nrp2 as a novel regulator of colonic contractility that may be targetable in conditions characterized by dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lambrinos
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine Pelton
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander Bigger-Allen
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evalynn Vasquez
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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4
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Carew JA, Cristofaro V, Dasari SP, Carey S, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. Myosin 5a in the Urinary Bladder: Localization, Splice Variant Expression, and Functional Role in Neurotransmission. Front Physiol 2022; 13:890102. [PMID: 35845995 PMCID: PMC9284544 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.890102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neurotransmission is a feature of several prevalent lower urinary tract conditions, but the mechanisms regulating neurotransmitter release in the bladder are not completely understood. The unconventional motor protein, Myosin 5a, transports neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles along actin fibers towards the varicosity membrane, tethering them at the active zone prior to reception of a nerve impulse. Our previous studies indicated that Myosin 5a is expressed and functionally relevant in the peripheral nerves of visceral organs such as the stomach and the corpora cavernosa. However, its potential role in bladder neurotransmission has not previously been investigated. The expression of Myosin 5a was examined by quantitative PCR and restriction analyses in bladders from DBA (dilute-brown-nonagouti) mice which express a Myosin 5a splicing defect and in control mice expressing the wild-type Myosin 5a allele. Functional differences in contractile responses to intramural nerve stimulation were examined by ex vivo isometric tension analysis. Data demonstrated Myosin 5a localized in cholinergic nerve fibers in the bladder and identified several Myosin 5a splice variants in the detrusor. Full-length Myosin 5a transcripts were less abundant and the expression of splice variants was altered in DBA bladders compared to control bladders. Moreover, attenuation of neurally-mediated contractile responses in DBA bladders compared to control bladders indicates that Myosin 5a facilitates excitatory neurotransmission in the bladder. Therefore, the array of Myosin 5a splice variants expressed, and the abundance of each, may be critical parameters for efficient synaptic vesicle transport and neurotransmission in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A. Carew
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Josephine A. Carew,
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suhas P. Dasari
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean Carey
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raj K. Goyal
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Urology Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Balasubbramanian D, Lambrinos G, Cristofaro V, Bigger‐Allen A, Wang B, Gao Y, Chen H, Adam RM, Sullivan MP, Bielenberg DR. Smooth Muscle‐Specific Deletion of Neuropilin‐1 Increases Vascular Contractility and Blood Pressure. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - George Lambrinos
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Urology ResearchBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare SystemBostonMA
| | | | - Beibei Wang
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Yao Gao
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Hong Chen
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare SystemBostonMA
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6
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Gundogdu G, Okhunov Z, Cristofaro V, Starek S, Veneri F, Orabi H, Jiang P, Sullivan MP, Mauney JR. Evaluation of Bi-Layer Silk Fibroin Grafts for Tubular Ureteroplasty in a Porcine Defect Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:723559. [PMID: 34604185 PMCID: PMC8484785 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.723559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureteral reconstruction with autologous tissue grafts is often limited by tissue availability and donor site morbidity. This study investigates the performance of acellular, bi-layer silk fibroin (BLSF) scaffolds in a porcine model of ureteroplasty. Tubular ureteroplasty with BLSF grafts in combination with transient stenting for 8 weeks was performed in adult female, Yucatan, mini-swine (N = 5). Animals were maintained for 12 weeks post-op with imaging of neoconduits using ultrasonography and retrograde ureteropyelography carried out at 2 and 4 weeks intervals. End-point analyses of ureteral neotissues and unoperated controls included histological, immunohistochemical (IHC), histomorphometric evaluations as well as ex vivo functional assessments of contraction/relaxation. All animals survived until scheduled euthanasia and displayed mild hydronephrosis (Grades 1-2) in reconstructed collecting systems during the 8 weeks stenting period with one animal presenting with a persistent subcutaneous fistula at 2 weeks post-op. By 12 weeks of scaffold implantation, unstented neoconduits led to severe hydronephrosis (Grade 4) and stricture formation in the interior of graft sites in 80% of swine. Bulk scaffold extrusion into the distal ureter was also apparent in 60% of swine contributing to ureteral obstruction. However, histological and IHC analyses revealed the formation of innervated, vascularized neotissues with a-smooth muscle actin+ and SM22α+ smooth muscle bundles as well as uroplakin 3A+ and pan-cytokeratin + urothelium. Ex vivo contractility and relaxation responses of neotissues were similar to unoperated control segments. BLSF biomaterials represent emerging platforms for tubular ureteroplasty, however further optimization is needed to improve in vivo degradation kinetics and mitigate stricture formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Gundogdu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zhamshid Okhunov
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephanie Starek
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Faith Veneri
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hazem Orabi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pengbo Jiang
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua R Mauney
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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7
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Carew JA, Cristofaro V, Siegelman NA, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. Expression of Myosin 5a splice variants in murine stomach. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14162. [PMID: 33939222 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The motor protein, Myosin 5a (Myo5a) is known to play a role in inhibitory neurotransmission in gastric fundus. However, there is no information regarding the relative expression of total Myo5a, or of its alternative exon splice variants, across the stomach. This study investigated the differential distribution of Myo5a variants expressed within distinct anatomical regions of murine stomach. METHODS The distribution of Myo5a protein and mRNA in the stomach was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Quantitative PCR, restriction enzyme analysis, and electrophoresis were used to identify Myo5a splice variants and quantify their expression levels in the fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus. KEY RESULTS Myo5a protein colocalized with βIII-Tubulin in the myenteric plexus, and with synaptophysin in nerve fibers. Total Myo5a mRNA expression was lower in pylorus than in antrum, body, or fundus (p < 0.001), which expressed equivalent amounts of Myo5a. However, Myo5a splice variants were differentially expressed across the stomach. While the ABCE splice variant predominated in the antrum and body regions, the ACEF/ACDEF variants were enriched in fundus and pylorus. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Myo5a splice variants varied in their relative expression across anatomically distinguishable stomach regions and might mediate distinct physiological functions in gastric neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Carew
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Raj K Goyal
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Balasubbramanian D, Lambrinos G, Cristofaro V, Bigger-Allen A, Wang B, Gao Y, Chen H, Adam RM, Sullivan MP, Bielenberg DR. Abstract MP17: Neuropilin-1 Is A Novel Regulator Of Vascular Tone And Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.78.suppl_1.mp17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a transmembrane receptor present in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) that mediates the inhibition of Rho signaling by binding the Class 3 Semaphorin (SEMA) ligand SEMA3A.
Hypothesis:
We hypothesize that loss of NRP1 in VSMC mitigates SEMA3A-induced Rho inhibition, thereby increasing vascular tone and blood pressure
in vivo
.
Methods:
Male and female adult mice (8-12 weeks) with inducible, smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of NRP1 (SM22a-Cre
ERT2
X Nrp1
flox/flox
) were examined. Following recombination using 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (SM-
NRP1
KO), systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using a tail cuff and compared to age- and sex-matched mice that did not receive tamoxifen (control). Aortic vascular reactivity and expression of key proteins in the Rho signaling cascade were measured using
ex vivo
tension myography and western blotting, respectively.
Results:
SBP was significantly increased in SM-
NRP1
KO mice following recombination compared to control mice (SBP: 136.5 ± 10.9 vs 112.9 ± 5.6 mmHg; p=0.0006). Contractile responses in aortas of SM-
NRP1
KO mice to phenylephrine (p=0.025), KCl (p=0.012), and the thromboxane agonist U44619 (p=0.019) were significantly enhanced compared to controls. Expression of total myosin light chain and LIMK-2 proteins were increased in SM-
NRP1
KO compared to control aortas.
In vitro
, treatment of murine primary VSMC expressing NRP1 with SEMA3A decreased angiotensin II-induced Rho-GTP activation. Additionally, control and SM-
NRP1
KO mice (starting at 2 weeks post-recombination) were administered angiotensin II (490 ng/kg/day) for 4 weeks. While there was no significant difference in SBP at weeks 1 and 2, SM-
NRP1
KO mice had significantly lower SBP at weeks 3 and 4 following angiotensin II infusion compared to controls (Week 4 SBP: 150 ± 1.4 vs 130.5 ± 2.5 mmHg; p=0.02), suggesting a low ejection fraction and cardiac dysfunction in these mice. In support of this observation, mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide was increased in hearts of angiotensin II-infused SM-
NRP1
KO mice.
Conclusion:
Our data suggest that VSMC NRP1 regulates basal tone and blood pressure, and that loss of NRP1 causes hypertension and exacerbates cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yao Gao
- Boston Children's Hosp, Boston, MA
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9
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Thaker H, Zhang J, Miyashita SI, Cristofaro V, Sullivan M, Adam R, Dong M. PD27-01 DEFINING SYNAPTOTAGMIN-1 AS THE RECEPTOR FOR BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN B IN THE BLADDER. J Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000002020.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Wang Z, Cheng Z, Cristofaro V, Li J, Xiao X, Gomez P, Ge R, Gong E, Strle K, Sullivan MP, Adam RM, White MF, Olumi AF. Erratum. Inhibition of TNF-α Improves the Bladder Dysfunction That Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2012;61:2134-2145. Diabetes 2021; 70:1416. [PMID: 33980694 PMCID: PMC8275895 DOI: 10.2337/db21-er06c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Gundogdu G, Morhardt D, Cristofaro V, Algarrahi K, Yang X, Costa K, Alegria CG, Sullivan MP, Mauney JR. Evaluation of Bilayer Silk Fibroin Grafts for Tubular Esophagoplasty in a Porcine Defect Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:103-116. [PMID: 32460641 PMCID: PMC7826443 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical reconstruction of tubular esophageal defects with autologous gastrointestinal segments is the gold standard treatment to replace damaged or diseased esophageal tissues. Unfortunately, this approach is associated with adverse complications, including dysphagia, donor-site morbidity, and in some cases patient death. Bilayer silk fibroin (BLSF) scaffolds were investigated as alternative, acellular grafts for tubular esophagoplasty in a porcine defect model for 3 months of implantation. Adult Yucatan mini-swine (n = 5) were subjected to esophageal reconstruction with tubular BLSF grafts (2 cm in length) in combination with transient esophageal stenting for 2 months followed by a 1-month period, where the graft site was unstented. All animals receiving BLSF grafts survived and were capable of solid food consumption, however strictures were noted at graft regions in 60% of the experimental cohort between 2 and 3 months postop and required balloon dilation. In addition, fluoroscopic analysis showed peristaltic function in only 1/5 neotissues. Following swine harvest at 3 months, ex vivo tissue bath evaluations revealed that neoconduits exhibited contractile responses to carbachol, electric field stimulation, and KCl, whereas sodium nitroprusside and isoproterenol induced relaxation effects. Histological (Masson's Trichrome) and immunohistochemical analyses of regenerated tissue conduits showed a stratified, squamous epithelium expressing pan-cytokeratins buttressed by a vascularized lamina propria containing a smooth muscle-rich muscularis mucosa surrounded by a muscularis externa. Neuronal density, characterized by the presence of synaptophysin-positive boutons, was significantly lower in neotissues in comparison to nonsurgical controls. BLSF scaffolds represent a promising platform for the repair of tubular esophageal defects, however improvements in scaffold design are needed to reduce the rate of complications and improve the extent of constructive tissue remodeling. Impact statement The search for a superior "off-the-shelf" scaffold capable of repairing tubularesophageal defects as well as overcoming limitations associated with conventional autologous gastrointestinal segments remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of an acellular, bilayer silk fibroin graft (BLSF) for tubular esophagoplasty in a porcine model. Our results demonstrated that BLSF scaffolds supported the formation of tubular neotissues with innervated, vascularized epithelial and muscular components capable of contractile and relaxation responses. BLSF scaffolds represent a promising platform for esophageal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Gundogdu
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Duncan Morhardt
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khalid Algarrahi
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Costa
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cinthia Galvez Alegria
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua R. Mauney
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA
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12
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Goyal RK, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP. Rapid gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiology and clinical importance. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:107414. [PMID: 31439470 PMCID: PMC7707148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although slow gastric emptying (gastroparesis) is a well-known complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM), it recently has become clear that rapid gastric emptying also is a frequent and important diabetic complication. In contrast, acute hyperglycemia causes slow gastric emptying, and acute hypoglycemia causes rapid gastric emptying. Rapid gastric emptying is frequent in T2DM; however, it may also occur in T1DM, particularly in the early stages of the disease, but may persist even into late stages. Recent studies suggest that usually, the stomach restricts the emptying of nutrients to 1-4 kcals/min. This restriction is due to the action of the gastric 'braking' hormones such as GLP-1, leptin, and amylin acting via the gastric inhibitory vagal motor circuit (GIVMC). Disruption of this braking system leads to rapid gastric emptying. Acute hyperglycemia also slows gastric emptying by stimulating the GIVMC, while acute hypoglycemia causes rapid gastric emptying by stimulating the gastric excitatory vagal motor circuit (GEVMC). In contrast, chronic hyperglycemia causes rapid gastric emptying by inducing oxidative stress in the stomach wall that disrupts inhibitory neuromuscular transmission and increases the contractility of the smooth muscle, while chronic hyperglycemia may also cause slow gastric emptying via severe inflammatory stress caused by proinflammatory macrophages and reduce contractility of the smooth muscle. There is a bidirectional relationship between blood glucose and gastric emptying. Thus, rapid gastric emptying may lead to a sizeable postprandial spike, and slow gastric emptying may blunt it. Postprandial hyperglycemia is involved in the development, progression, and complications of DM. Correction of fast gastric emptying involves agents that activate GIVMC and the use of gastric 'braking' hormones or their analogs. Recognition and treatment of rapid gastric emptying may contribute to better management of postprandial hyperglycemia and prevention of some diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Goyal
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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13
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Bielenberg DR, Doyle C, Vasquez E, Pelton K, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Altered Gut Motility in Mice Lacking Neuropilin 2 in Smooth Muscle. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.496.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane R. Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Evalynn Vasquez
- Urological Diseases Research CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Kristine Pelton
- Urological Diseases Research CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Urology ResearchVA Boston Healthcare SystemWest RoxburyMA
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
- Urology ResearchVA Boston Healthcare SystemWest RoxburyMA
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Urological Diseases Research CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
- Department of SurgeryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
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14
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Affas S, Schäfer FM, Algarrahi K, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP, Yang X, Costa K, Sack B, Gharaee-Kermani M, Macoska JA, Gundogdu G, Seager C, Estrada CR, Mauney JR. Augmentation Cystoplasty of Diseased Porcine Bladders with Bi-Layer Silk Fibroin Grafts. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:855-866. [PMID: 30191762 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The search for an ideal "off-the-shelf" biomaterial for augmentation cystoplasty remains elusive and current scaffold configurations are hampered by mechanical and biocompatibility restrictions. In addition, preclinical evaluations of potential scaffold designs for bladder repair are limited by the lack of tractable large animal models of obstructive bladder disease that can mimic clinical pathology. The results of this study describe a novel, minimally invasive, porcine model of partial bladder outlet obstruction that simulates clinically relevant phenotypes. Utilizing this model, we demonstrate that acellular, bi-layer silk fibroin grafts can support the formation of vascularized, innervated bladder tissues with functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Affas
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank-Mattias Schäfer
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khalid Algarrahi
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- 3 Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts.,4 Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- 3 Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts.,4 Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuehui Yang
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kyle Costa
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan Sack
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehrnaz Gharaee-Kermani
- 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill A Macoska
- 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gokhan Gundogdu
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Seager
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos R Estrada
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua R Mauney
- 1 Department of Urology, John F. Enders Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Doyle C, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Inosine - a Multifunctional Treatment for Complications of Neurologic Injury. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:2293-2303. [PMID: 30261493 DOI: 10.1159/000493831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by trauma or disease leads to motor and sensory abnormalities that depend on the level, severity and duration of the lesion. The most obvious consequence of SCI is paralysis affecting lower and upper limbs. SCI also leads to loss of bladder and bowel control, both of which have a deleterious, life-long impact on the social, psychological, functional, medical and economic well being of affected individuals. Currently, there is neither a cure for SCI nor is there adequate management of its consequences. Although medications provide symptomatic relief for the complications of SCI including muscle spasms, lower urinary tract dysfunction and hyperreflexic bowel, strategies for repair of spinal injuries and recovery of normal limb and organ function are still to be realized. In this review, we discuss experimental evidence supporting the use of the naturally occurring purine nucleoside inosine to improve the devastating sequelae of SCI. Evidence suggests inosine is a safe, novel agent with multifunctional properties that is effective in treating complications of SCI and other neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Doyle C, Cristofaro V, Sack BS, Mahmood F, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. The role of the mucosa in modulation of evoked responses in the spinal cord injured rat bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:1583-1593. [PMID: 29427331 PMCID: PMC6086770 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims Mounting evidence indicates that a variety of factors released from the urothelium or suburothelium can modulate smooth muscle activity. Although the relationship between the mucosa and smooth muscle has been investigated, little is known about the pathophysiologic changes in detrusor‐mucosa interactions in neurogenic bladders. The goal of the study was to determine the impact of the mucosa on evoked responses in spinal cord injured (SCI) bladders. Methods Urinary bladders were obtained from 6wk SCI rats or age‐matched uninjured controls. Ex vivo isometric tension studies were performed and muscarinic receptor expression was measured in bladder tissue with and without mucosa. Results The magnitude and area of nerve evoked responses in SCI tissue with mucosa was higher than without mucosa. The duration and decay time of nerve‐evoked responses were longer in SCI than control tissue irrespective of the mucosa. The level of the muscarinic M2 receptor was decreased in the mucosa of SCI bladders. Conclusions Detrusor‐mucosa interactions are substantially altered in the neurogenic bladder. After spinal cord injury, an excitatory modulation of smooth muscle contraction by the mucosa emerges, and could be targeted via intravesical treatment in the context of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan S Sack
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fabliha Mahmood
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Algarrahi K, Franck D, Savarino A, Cristofaro V, Yang X, Affas S, Schäfer FM, Sullivan MP, Estrada CR, Mauney JR. Bilayer silk fibroin grafts support functional oesophageal repair in a rodent model of caustic injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1068-e1075. [PMID: 28371514 DOI: 10.1002/term.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgical repair of caustic oesophageal injuries with autologous gastrointestinal segments is often associated with dysmotility, dysphagia and donor site morbidity, and therefore alternative graft options are needed. Bilayer silk fibroin (BLSF) scaffolds were assessed for their ability to support functional restoration of damaged oesophageal tissues in a rat model of onlay oesophagoplasty. Transient exposure of isolated oesophageal segments with 40% NaOH led to corrosive oesophagitis and a 91% reduction in the luminal cross-sectional area of damaged sites. Oesophageal repair with BLSF matrices was performed in injured rats (n = 27) as well as a nondiseased cohort (n = 12) for up to 2 months after implantation. Both implant groups exhibited >80% survival rates, displayed similar degrees of weight gain, and were capable of solid food consumption following a 3-day liquid diet. End-point μ-computed tomography of repaired sites demonstrated a 4.5-fold increase in luminal cross-sectional area over baseline injury levels. Reconstructed oesophageal conduits from damaged and nondiseased animals produced comparable contractile responses to KCl and electric field stimulation while isoproterenol generated similar tissue relaxation responses. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of neotissues from both implant groups showed formation of a stratified, squamous epithelium with robust cytokeratin expression as well as skeletal and smooth muscle layers positive for contractile protein expression. In addition, synaptophysin positive neuronal junctions and vessels lined with CD31 positive endothelial cells were also observed at graft sites in each setting. These results provide preclinical validation for the use of BLSF scaffolds in reconstructive strategies for oesophageal repair following caustic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Algarrahi
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Debra Franck
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alyssa Savarino
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saif Affas
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank-Mattias Schäfer
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos R Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua R Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Algarrahi K, Franck D, Cristofaro V, Yang X, Savarino A, Affas S, Schäfer FM, Ghezzi C, Jennings R, Nedder A, Kaplan DL, Sullivan MP, Estrada CR, Mauney JR. Bi-layer silk fibroin grafts support functional tissue regeneration in a porcine model of onlay esophagoplasty. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e894-e904. [PMID: 28084044 DOI: 10.1002/term.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Partial circumferential, full thickness defects of the esophagus can occur as a result of organ perforation or tumour resection, or during surgical reconstruction of strictured segments. Complications associated with autologous tissue flaps conventionally utilized for defect repair necessitate the development of new graft options. In this study, bi-layer silk fibroin (BLSF) scaffolds were investigated for their potential to support functional restoration of partial circumferential defects in a porcine model of esophageal repair. Onlay thoracic esophagoplasty with BLSF matrices (~3 x 1.5 cm) was performed in adult swine (N = 6) for 3 months of implantation. All animals receiving BLSF grafts survived with no complications and were capable of solid food consumption. Radiographic esophagrams revealed preservation of organ continuity with no evidence of contrast extravasation or strictures. Fluoroscopic analysis demonstrated peristaltic contractions. Ex vivo tissue bath studies displayed contractile responses to carbachol, electric field stimulation, and KCl while isoproterenol produced tissue relaxation. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of neotissues showed a stratified, squamous epithelium, a muscularis mucosa composed of smooth muscle bundles, and a muscularis externa organized into circular and longitudinal layers, with a mix of striated skeletal muscle fascicles interspersed with smooth muscle. De novo innervation and vascularization were observed throughout the graft sites and consisted of synaptophysin-positive neuronal boutons and vessels lined with CD31-positive endothelial cells. The results of this study demonstrate that BLSF scaffolds can facilitate constructive remodeling of partial circumferential, full thickness esophageal defects in a large animal model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Algarrahi
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debra Franck
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa Savarino
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saif Affas
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chiara Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Arthur Nedder
- Animal Resource at Children's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos R Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua R Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Cristofaro V, Carew JA, Dasari SP, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. MP42-10 AUGMENTED BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE RESPONSIVENESS TO HYPERGLYCEMIA THROUGH A CAVEOLAE-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF RHO KINASE PATHWAY. J Urol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Cristofaro V, Carew JA, Carey SD, Goyal RK, Sullivan MP. MP42-14 PURINERGIC P2X4 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN RODENT BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE. J Urol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Vasquez E, Cristofaro V, Lukianov S, Burkhard FC, Gheinani AH, Monastyrskaya K, Bielenberg DR, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Deletion of neuropilin 2 enhances detrusor contractility following bladder outlet obstruction. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90617. [PMID: 28194441 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic urethral obstruction and the ensuing bladder wall remodeling can lead to diminished bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contractility and debilitating lower urinary tract symptoms. No effective pharmacotherapy exists to restore BSM contractile function. Neuropilin 2 (Nrp2) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in BSM. Nrp2 deletion in mice leads to increased BSM contraction. We determined whether genetic ablation of Nrp2 could restore BSM contractility following obstruction. Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) was created by urethral occlusion in mice with either constitutive and ubiquitous, or inducible smooth muscle-specific deletion of Nrp2, and Nrp2-intact littermates. Mice without obstruction served as additional controls. Contractility was measured by isometric tension testing. Nrp2 deletion prior to pBOO increased force generation in BSM 4 weeks following surgery. Deletion of Nrp2 in mice already subjected to pBOO for 4 weeks showed increased contractility of tissues tested 6 weeks after surgery compared with nondeleted controls. Assessment of tissues from patients with urodynamically defined bladder outlet obstruction revealed reduced NRP2 levels in obstructed bladders with compensated compared with decompensated function, relative to asymptomatic controls. We conclude that downregulation of Nrp2 promotes BSM force generation. Neuropilin 2 may represent a novel target to restore contractility following obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalynn Vasquez
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefan Lukianov
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Fiona C Burkhard
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katia Monastyrskaya
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School.,Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
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22
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Wang Z, Cristofaro V, Cao H, Ge R, Sullivian M, Olumi A. MP30-18 ENHANCED ATP RELEASE AND P2X1R EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO BLADDER DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES. J Urol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Wang Z, Cristofaro V, Liu T, Ge R, Sullivian M, Olumi A. MP28-20 MUCOSA AFFECTS THE BLADDER DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES WITH HIGH FAT DIET. J Urol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Chung YG, Seth A, Doyle C, Franck D, Kim D, Cristofaro V, Benowitz LI, Tu DD, Estrada CR, Mauney JR, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Inosine Improves Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity following Spinal Cord Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141492. [PMID: 26529505 PMCID: PMC4631513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic detrusor overactivity and the associated loss of bladder control are among the most challenging complications of spinal cord injury (SCI). Anticholinergic agents are the mainstay for medical treatment of detrusor overactivity. However, their use is limited by significant side effects such that a search for new treatments is warranted. Inosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside with neuroprotective, neurotrophic and antioxidant effects that is known to improve motor function in preclinical models of SCI. However, its effect on lower urinary tract function has not been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of systemic administration of inosine on voiding function following SCI and to delineate potential mechanisms of action. Sprague−Dawley rats underwent complete spinal cord transection, or cord compression by application of an aneurysm clip at T8 for 30 sec. Inosine (225 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily via intraperitoneal injection either immediately after injury or after a delay of 8 wk. At the end of treatment, voiding behavior was assessed by cystometry. Levels of synaptophysin (SYP), neurofilament 200 (NF200) and TRPV1 in bladder tissues were measured by immunofluorescence imaging. Inosine administration decreased overactivity in both SCI models, with a significant decrease in the frequency of spontaneous non−voiding contractions during filling, compared to vehicle−treated SCI rats (p<0.05), including under conditions of delayed treatment. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated increased levels of the pan-neuronal marker SYP and the Adelta fiber marker NF200, but decreased staining for the C-fiber marker, TRPV1 in bladder tissues from inosine-treated rats compared to those from vehicle-treated animals, including after delayed treatment. These findings demonstrate that inosine prevents the development of detrusor overactivity and attenuates existing overactivity following SCI, and may achieve its effects through modulation of sensory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeun Goo Chung
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Seth
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debra Franck
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Larry I. Benowitz
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Duong D. Tu
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlos R. Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua R. Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPS); (RMA)
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MPS); (RMA)
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Algarrahi K, Franck D, Ghezzi CE, Cristofaro V, Yang X, Sullivan MP, Chung YG, Affas S, Jennings R, Kaplan DL, Estrada CR, Mauney JR. Acellular bi-layer silk fibroin scaffolds support functional tissue regeneration in a rat model of onlay esophagoplasty. Biomaterials 2015; 53:149-59. [PMID: 25890715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgical management of long-gap esophageal defects with autologous gastrointestinal tissues is frequently associated with adverse complications including organ dysmotility, dysphagia, and donor site morbidity. In order to develop alternative graft options, bi-layer silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds were investigated for their potential to support functional tissue regeneration in a rodent model of esophageal repair. Onlay esophagoplasty was performed with SF matrices (N = 40) in adult rats for up to 2 m of implantation. Parallel groups consisted of animals implanted with small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffolds (N = 22) or sham controls receiving esophagotomy alone (N = 20). Sham controls exhibited a 100% survival rate while rats implanted with SF and SIS scaffolds displayed respective survival rates of 93% and 91% prior to scheduled euthanasia. Animals in each experimental group were capable of solid food consumption following a 3 d post-op liquid diet and demonstrated similar degrees of weight gain throughout the study period. End-point μ-computed tomography at 2 m post-op revealed no evidence of contrast extravasation, fistulas, strictures, or diverticula in any of the implant groups. Ex vivo tissue bath studies demonstrated that reconstructed esophageal conduits supported by both SF and SIS scaffolds displayed contractile responses to carbachol, KCl and electrical field stimulation while isoproterenol produced tissue relaxation. Histological (Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin) and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations demonstrated both implant groups produced de novo formation of skeletal and smooth muscle bundles positive for contractile protein expression [fast myosin heavy chain (MY32) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)] within the graft site. However, SF matrices promoted a significant 4-fold increase in MY32+ skeletal muscle and a 2-fold gain in α-SMA+ smooth muscle in comparison to the SIS cohort as determined by histomorphometric analyses. A stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium expressing cytokeratin 5 and involucrin proteins was also present at 2 m post-op in all experimental groups. De novo innervation and vascularization were evident in all regenerated tissues indicated by the presence of synaptophysin (SYP38)+ boutons and vessels lined with CD31 expressing endothelial cells. In respect to SIS, the SF group supported a significant 4-fold increase in the density of SYP38+ boutons within the implant region. Evaluation of host tissue responses revealed that SIS matrices elicited chronic inflammatory reactions and severe fibrosis throughout the neotissues, in contrast to SF scaffolds. The results of this study demonstrate that bi-layer SF scaffolds represent promising biomaterials for onlay esophagoplasty, capable of producing superior regenerative outcomes in comparison to conventional SIS scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Algarrahi
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Debra Franck
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chiara E Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Urology, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Urology, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yeun Goo Chung
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saif Affas
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Russell Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Carlos R Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Joshua R Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wang Z, Cristofaro V, Cheng Z, Cao H, Kreydin E, Gabrielsen J, Ge R, Wu S, Cai C, Wu P, Sullivan M, White M, Olumi A. MP17-14 CORRECTION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA AND HYPERINSULINEMIA BY GENETIC MODIFICATION RESTORES BLADDER DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. J Urol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pang J, Borjeson TM, Muthupalani S, Ducore RM, Carr CA, Feng Y, Sullivan MP, Cristofaro V, Luo J, Lindstrom JM, Fox JG. Megaesophagus in a line of transgenic rats: a model of achalasia. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1187-200. [PMID: 24457157 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is defined as the abnormal enlargement or dilatation of the esophagus, characterized by a lack of normal contraction of the esophageal walls. This is called achalasia when associated with reduced or no relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). To date, there are few naturally occurring models for this disease. A colony of transgenic (Pvrl3-Cre) rats presented with megaesophagus at 3 to 4 months of age; further breeding studies revealed a prevalence of 90% of transgene-positive animals having megaesophagus. Affected rats could be maintained on a total liquid diet long term and were shown to display the classic features of dilated esophagus, closed lower esophageal sphincter, and abnormal contractions on contrast radiography and fluoroscopy. Histologically, the findings of muscle degeneration, inflammation, and a reduced number of myenteric ganglia in the esophagus combined with ultrastructural lesions of muscle fiber disarray and mitochondrial changes in the striated muscle of these animals closely mimic that seen in the human condition. Muscle contractile studies looking at the response of the lower esophageal sphincter and fundus to electrical field stimulation, sodium nitroprusside, and L-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester also demonstrate the similarity between megaesophagus in the transgenic rats and patients with achalasia. No primary cause for megaesophagus was found, but the close parallel to the human form of the disease, as well as ease of care and manipulation of these rats, makes this a suitable model to better understand the etiology of achalasia as well as study new management and treatment options for this incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T M Borjeson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Ducore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C A Carr
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Y Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sullivan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - V Cristofaro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Tu DD, Chung YG, Gil ES, Seth A, Franck D, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP, Di Vizio D, Gomez P, Adam RM, Kaplan DL, Estrada CR, Mauney JR. Bladder tissue regeneration using acellular bi-layer silk scaffolds in a large animal model of augmentation cystoplasty. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8681-9. [PMID: 23953839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acellular scaffolds derived from Bombyx mori silk fibroin were investigated for their ability to support functional tissue regeneration in a porcine model of augmentation cystoplasty. Two bi-layer matrix configurations were fabricated by solvent-casting/salt leaching either alone (Group 1) or in combination with silk film casting (Group 2) to yield porous foams buttressed by heterogeneous surface pore occlusions or homogenous silk films, respectively. Bladder augmentation was performed with each scaffold group (6 × 6 cm(2)) in juvenile Yorkshire swine for 3 m of implantation. Augmented animals exhibited high rates of survival (Group 1: 5/6, 83%; Group 2: 4/4, 100%) and voluntary voiding over the course of the study period. Urodynamic evaluations demonstrated mean increases in bladder capacity over pre-operative levels (Group 1: 277%; Group 2: 153%) which exceeded nonsurgical control gains (144%) encountered due to animal growth.In addition, animals augmented with both matrix configurations displayed increases in bladder compliance over pre-operative levels(Group 1: 357%; Group 2: 338%) similar to growth-related elevations observed in non-surgical controls (354%) [corrected]. Gross tissue evaluations revealed that both matrix configurations supported extensive de novo tissue formation throughout the entire original implantation site which exhibited ultimate tensile strength similar to nonsurgical counterparts. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that both implant groups promoted comparable extents of smooth muscle regeneration and contractile protein (α-smooth muscle actin and SM22α) expression within defect sites similar to controls. Parallel evaluations demonstrated the formation of a transitional, multi-layered urothelium with prominent cytokeratin, uroplakin, and p63 protein expression in both matrix groups. De novo innervation and vascularization processes were evident in all regenerated tissues indicated by synaptophysin-positive neuronal cells and vessels lined with CD31 expressing endothelial cells. Ex vivo organ bath studies demonstrated that regenerated tissues supported by both silk matrices displayed contractile responses to carbachol, α,β-methylene-ATP, KCl, and electrical field stimulation similar to controls. Our data detail the ability of acellular silk scaffolds to support regeneration of innervated, vascularized smooth muscle and urothelial tissues within 3 m with structural, mechanical, and functional properties comparable to native tissue in a porcine model of bladder repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong D Tu
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Seth A, Chung YG, Kim D, Ramachandran A, Cristofaro V, Gomez P, Tu D, Huang L, Benowitz LI, Di Vizio D, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. The impact of discrete modes of spinal cord injury on bladder muscle contractility. BMC Urol 2013; 13:24. [PMID: 23668225 PMCID: PMC3667057 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior studies have compared the effect of spinal cord injury elicited using distinct approaches on motor and visceral function. However, the impact of such discrete modes of injury specifically on bladder muscle contractility has not been explored in detail. The goal of this study is to compare the impact of complete spinal cord transection versus clip compression at thoracic vertebra eight (T8) on bladder muscle contractility. Methods Rats underwent no treatment (Control), laminectomy (Sham, SH); complete extradural transection (TX); or cord compression with an aneurysm clip (CX). Bladders and spinal cords were harvested at 6 wk for contractility studies or histological analysis. Results Detrusor strips from TX and CX rats showed higher spontaneous activity than those from SH rats. Furthermore, the duration of the neurally-mediated contractile response was longer in TX and CX rats compared to controls and showed attenuated relaxation. No significant differences were observed between muscle strips from SH, TX or CX rats in response to KCl, ATP or phenylephrine. However, tissues from TX and CX rats showed a higher sensitivity to carbachol compared to that from SH animals. Conclusions Complete SCI in rats either by cord transection or compression elicits qualitatively similar changes in bladder muscle contractility. Whereas cord transection is arguably easier to perform experimentally, cord compression better models the situation observed clinically, such that each approach has clear advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Seth
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cristofaro V, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. Altered Caveolar Mediated Purinergic Signaling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Detrusor Overactivity. J Urol 2012; 188:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cristofaro
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Subbarao V. Yalla
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
UNLABELLED What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Caveolae are specialised regions of bladder smooth muscle (BSM) cell membranes where specific signalling pathways are regulated. Caveolin proteins are involved in caveolar biogenesis and function as signal transduction regulators. Expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 has been previously identified in the bladder; however, the distribution and relative expression of these proteins have not been defined. The present data show significant differences in the spatial distribution of caveolin proteins throughout the bladder wall. Region dependent variations in the co-localisation of caveolin subtypes in detrusor SM were also detected. These findings support the premise that the unique spatial pattern of caveolin proteins associated with BSM cells may enable regionally distinct functional responses to common stimuli. OBJECTIVE • To determine the regional expression profile of caveolin isoforms (integral membrane proteins abundant in caveolae), the spatial relationships among caveolin proteins within specific smooth muscle (SM) regions and the extent of their molecular interactions in bladder SM (BSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS • Regional differences in the expression of caveolin family members were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot of RNA and protein extracted from the base, body and dome of rat bladders. • To evaluate the distribution of caveolin-1 (Cav-1), Cav-2 and Cav-3 within the bladder, longitudinal tissue sections from the base to dome were processed for confocal microscopy and quantified for intensity of immunoreactivity (IR) and extent of co-localisation. • Interactions among Cav-1, Cav-2 and Cav-3 were determined by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS • Differential expression of Cav-1 and Cav-3 was detected among bladder regions, with lowest expression in the bladder base relative to the dome. • Cav-1 was highly expressed in all regions, although an increase in IR from submucosa to serosa was detected in each region. • The distribution of Cav-2 IR generally paralleled Cav-1, but progressively decreased from submucosa to serosa in each region. • Cav-3 expression predominated in the medial region of BSM increasing progressively from base to dome, but was poorly expressed in the outer SM layer particularly in the dome. • Cav-1 co-precipitated extensively with both Cav-2 and Cav-3. Co-precipitation between Cav-3 and Cav-2 was also detected. CONCLUSIONS • The isoform-specific spatial distribution and distinct molecular interactions among caveolins in BSM may contribute to the contractile heterogeneity of BSM cells and facilitate differential modulation of responses to local stimuli. • As BSM caveolae regulate key signalling processes involved in contraction, altered expression of caveolin proteins may generate a regional imbalance in contraction/relaxation responses, thus leading to bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryrose P Sullivan
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA.
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Wang Z, Cheng Z, Cristofaro V, Li J, Xiao X, Gomez P, Ge R, Gong E, Strle K, Sullivan MP, Adam RM, White MF, Olumi AF. Inhibition of TNF-α improves the bladder dysfunction that is associated with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:2134-45. [PMID: 22688336 PMCID: PMC3402324 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is common and affects 80% of diabetic patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DBD remain elusive because of a lack of appropriate animal models. We demonstrate DBD in a mouse model that harbors hepatic-specific insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 deletions (double knockout [DKO]), which develops type 2 diabetes. Bladders of DKO animals exhibited detrusor overactivity at an early stage: increased frequency of nonvoiding contractions during bladder filling, decreased voided volume, and dispersed urine spot patterns. In contrast, older animals with diabetes exhibited detrusor hypoactivity, findings consistent with clinical features of diabetes in humans. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily genes were upregulated in DKO bladders. In particular, TNF-α was upregulated in serum and in bladder smooth muscle tissue. TNF-α augmented the contraction of primary cultured bladder smooth muscle cells through upregulating Rho kinase activity and phosphorylating myosin light chain. Systemic treatment of DKO animals with soluble TNF receptor 1 (TNFRI) prevented upregulation of Rho A signaling and reversed the bladder dysfunction, without affecting hyperglycemia. TNFRI combined with the antidiabetic agent, metformin, improved DBD beyond that achieved with metformin alone, suggesting that therapies targeting TNF-α may have utility in reversing the secondary urologic complications of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Urology Research, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jijun Li
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyuan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pablo Gomez
- Urology Research Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rongbin Ge
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Gong
- Urology Research Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Klemen Strle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy/Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Urology Research, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Urology Research Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Morris F. White
- Division of Endocrinology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aria F. Olumi
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Aria F. Olumi,
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Seth A, Chung YG, Ramachandran A, Tu D, Boxer E, Cristofaro V, Huang L, Di Vizio D, Sullivan M, Estrada C, Adam R. 721 INOSINE IMPROVES BLADDER FUNCTION IN RATS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY. J Urol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lowalekar SK, Cristofaro V, Radisavljevic ZM, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. Loss of bladder smooth muscle caveolae in the aging bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31:586-92. [PMID: 22374691 DOI: 10.1002/nau.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Caveolae are specialized regions of the cell membrane that modulate signal transduction and alterations in these structures affect bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contraction. Since bladder dysfunctions are common in the elderly, we evaluated the effect of aging on the morphology of caveolae and caveolin protein expression in BSM. METHODS Caveolar morphology (number, size, and depth) in BSM was determined from electron microscopy images of young (10 weeks), adult (6-month old), and old (12-month old) rat urinary bladders. Changes in expression levels of caveolin proteins with age were investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. Caveolin-3 gene expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR in young and 19-month-old rat bladders. RESULTS Twelve-month-old animals exhibited 50% fewer BSM caveolae compared to young (P < 0.01). The area of caveolae was significantly decreased at 6 and 12 months. Despite a decrease in the number of BSM caveolae at 12 months, the expression of caveolin-1 and cavin-1 were unaltered with age. In contrast, caveolin-2 and caveolin-3 protein expression and immunoreactivity were reduced in BSM at 6 and 12 months of age. Caveolin-3 gene expression was also downregulated at 19 months compared to young animals. CONCLUSION Biological aging significantly decreases BSM caveolae number and morphology with associated selective alteration in caveolin protein expression. Since caveolae are protected membrane regions that regulate signal transduction, age-related alterations in caveolae and caveolin protein expression could alter BSM contractility resulting in bladder dysfunctions of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar K Lowalekar
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cristofaro V, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. DSYREGULATION OF ADRENERGIC SIGNALING BY SMOOTH MUSCLE CAVEOLAE IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS WITH DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY. J Urol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(09)60426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cristofaro V, Radisavljevic ZM, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. BOO IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATION OF BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE CAVEOLAE. J Urol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(09)61600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cristofaro V, Peters CA, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. Smooth muscle caveolae differentially regulate specific agonist induced bladder contractions. Neurourol Urodyn 2007; 26:71-80. [PMID: 17123298 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Caveolae are cholesterol-rich plasmalemmal microdomains that serve as sites for sequestration of signaling proteins and thus may facilitate, organize, and integrate responses to extracellular stimuli. While previous studies in the bladder have demonstrated alterations in caveolae with particular physiologic or pathologic conditions, little attention has been focused on the functional significance of these organelles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of caveolae in the modulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction and determine the presence and localization of caveolin proteins in bladder tissue. METHODS Contractile responses to physiologic agonists were measured in rat bladder tissue before and after disruption of caveolae achieved by depleting membrane cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Stimulation with agonists was repeated after caveolae were restored as a result of cholesterol replenishment. RT-PCR, immmunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to determine the expression and localization of caveolin mRNA and proteins. RESULTS Following caveolae disruption, contractile responses to angiotensin II and serotonin were attenuated, whereas responses to bradykinin and phenylephrine were augmented. Cholesterol replenishment restored responses towards baseline. Carbachol and KCl induced contractions were not affected by caveolae disruption. Ultrastructure analysis confirmed loss of caveolae following cholesterol depletion with cyclodextrin and caveolae restoration following cholesterol replacement. Gene and protein expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 was detected in bladder tissue. Immunoreactivity for all three caveolins was observed in smooth muscle cells throughout the bladder. CONCLUSIONS The functional effects of cholesterol depletion on specific agonist-induced contractile events and the expression of all three caveolins in bladder smooth muscle support a central role for caveolae in regulation of selective G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways in bladder smooth muscle. Thus, caveolae serve to differentially regulate bladder smooth muscle by a stimulus-dependent potentiation or inhibition of bladder contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cristofaro
- Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02132, USA
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Cristofaro V, Curci SM, Hofer AM, Yalla SV, Sullivan MP. 160: Evidence of the Calcium Sensing Receptor in the Bladder. J Urol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(18)32427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypovolaemia has been implicated as a major causal factor of morbidity during haemodialysis (HD). In order to avoid the appearance of destabilising hypovolaemia a biofeedback control system for intra-HD blood volume (BV) change modelling has been developed (Hemocontrol, Hospal Italy). It is based on an adaptive controller incorporated into a HD machine (Integra, Hospal Italy). The Hemocontrol biofeedback system (HBS) monitors BV contraction during HD with an optical device; furthermore, HBS modulates BV contraction rates (by adjusting the ultrafiltration rate--UFR) and the refilling rate (by adjusting dialysate conductivity--DC) in order to obtain the desired pre-determined BV trajectories. METHODS Nineteen patients prone to hypotension (7 males, 12 females, mean age 64.5 +/- 3.0 SEM years, on maintenance HD for 80.5 +/- 13.2 months) volunteered for the prospective study which aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of bicarbonate HD treatmentequipped with HBS, as a whole (HBS),with the gold standard, bicarbonate treatment, equipped with a constant UFR and DC (BD). The study included one period of 6 months of BD always preceding a follow-up period of HBS treatment ranging from 14 to 30 months (mean 24.0 +/- 1.6). RESULTS The overall occurrence of symptomatic hypotension and muscle cramps was significantly less in HBS treatment. Self-evaluation of intra- and inter-HD symptoms (the worst score was o and the best one 10) did reveal a statistically significant difference, as far as post-HD fatigue is concerned (6.2 +/- 0.2 in HBS vs. 4.3 +/- 0.1 in BD treatment, p < 0.0001). No difference between the two treatments was observed when comparing pre- and post-HD lying blood pressure, heart rate, body weights and body weight changes. CONCLUSIONS HBS is an effective treatment. Hypovolaemia-associated morbidity occurs less in BD treatment than HBS. Furthermore, HBS is a safe treatment in the medium-term because these results are achieved without potentially harmful changes in blood pressure, body weight and serum sodium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pastore
- Dialysis Unit, Hospital of Martina Franca, Italy
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