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Fulton EA, Weir W, Czopowicz M, McBrearty AR. The relationships between sediment findings and culture results and the presence of proteinuria in canine urine samples. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:749-758. [PMID: 37632274 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess relationships between urine sediment and microbial culture findings and the presence of proteinuria in canine urine samples, and to assess the change in the percentage of proteinuric samples and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio when urine abnormalities resolve. MATERIALS AND METHODS Canine urine samples collected via cystocentesis and submitted for culture and contemporaneous urinalysis (including urine protein-to-creatinine ratio) were retrospectively identified. Dogs receiving corticosteroids were excluded. Associations between haematuria (red blood cells>5/high-power field), pyuria (white blood cells>5/high-power field), presence of microorganisms on microscopy, active sediment, and positive culture and proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio>0.5) were investigated. Patient characteristics were considered possible confounders. In dogs with repeat urinalysis, the associations between active sediment and positive culture resolution on proteinuria and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio were assessed. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-two of 491 samples were proteinuric (39.1%). Age was positively associated with proteinuria. In the multivariable analysis corrected for age, active sediment was the only variable significantly associated with proteinuria (adjusted odds ratio: 2.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.44 to 3.11); however, only 49.8% of samples with active sediment were proteinuric. Neither resolution of active sediment nor positive culture were associated with reduced proportions of proteinuric samples (from 57.9% to 42.1% and from 40.0% to 25.0%, respectively) or significant reductions in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (median change: -0.16 and -0.14, respectively). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Attributing proteinuria to urinalysis abnormalities or a positive urine culture in canine cystocentesis samples is not supported by our findings, and could result in alternative causes of proteinuria (e.g. renal proteinuria) being overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fulton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - W Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - M Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A R McBrearty
- The University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital and Vets Now, Glasgow, Scotland
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Schrank T, Landess L, Stepp W, Rehmani H, Weir W, Lenze N, Lal A, Jefferys S, Blumberg J, Patel S, Lumley C, Hackman T, Issaeva N, Yarbrough W. HPV16-A1 Genotype is Associated with Poor Recurrence-Free Survival in HPV16 Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rowland H, Holding E, Falces PM, Wissink-Argilaga N, Stidworthy MF, Denk D, Weir W, Krumrie S, Dunbar D, Hopper JS. Canine coronavirus subtype 2a associated with outbreaks of fatal diarrhoea in bush dog (Speothos venaticus) groups. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2021; 164:661-671. [PMID: 34758958 DOI: 10.17236/sat00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three outbreaks of fatal diarrhoea occurred in bush dog (Speothos venaticus) groups at two zoological collections in the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2017. In all cases, the predominant clinical signs were diarrhoea, anorexia and severe loss of condition. Despite supportive treatment, a number of fatalities occurred during each outbreak. Common gross post mortem findings were emaciation, with erythema, mucosal haemorrhage, and ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathological features included villus blunting and fusion, crypt epithelial loss and lymphoid depletion, supporting a viral aetiology and canine coronavirus was suspected. Diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of serology (rising antibody titres) and the detection of viral nucleic acid using polymerase chain reaction. The canine coronavirus was subtyped as type 2a, which is known to cause systemic fatal disease in immature domestic dogs. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first reported cases of fatal diarrhoea associated with canine coronavirus type 2a in bush dogs. These outbreaks suggest that adult bush dogs are highly susceptible to canine coronavirus infection and may succumb to viral enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Holding
- Aspinall Foundation, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park
| | - P M Falces
- Penbode Vets, Hillhead, Stratton, Cornwall
| | | | | | - D Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group
| | - W Weir
- University of Glasgow, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - S Krumrie
- University of Glasgow, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - D Dunbar
- University of Glasgow, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - J S Hopper
- Aspinall Foundation, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park
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Larcombe SD, Kolte SW, Ponnudurai G, Kurkure N, Magar S, Velusamy R, Rani N, Rubinibala B, Rekha B, Alagesan A, Weir W, Shiels BR. The impact of tick-borne pathogen infection in Indian bovines is determined by host type but not the genotype of Theileria annulata. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 75:103972. [PMID: 31344487 PMCID: PMC6853275 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are a major source of production loss and a welfare concern in livestock across the globe. Consequently, there is a trade-off between keeping animals that are tolerant to TBP infection, but are less productive than more susceptible breeds. Theileria annulata is a major TBP of bovines, with different host types (i.e. exotic and native cattle breeds, and buffalo) displaying demonstrable differences in clinical susceptibility to infection. However, the extent to which these differences are driven by genetic/physiological differences between hosts, or by different parasite populations/genotypes preferentially establishing infection in different host breeds and species is unclear. In this study, three different bovine host types in India were blood sampled to test for the presence of various TBP, including Theileria annulata, to determine whether native cattle (Bos indicus breeds), crossbreed cattle (Bos taurus x Bos indicus breeds) or water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) differ in the physiological consequences of infection. Population genetic analyses of T. annulata isolated from the three different host types was also performed, using a panel of mini- and micro-satellite markers, to test for sub-structuring of the parasite population among host types. We discovered that compared to other host types, “carrier” crossbreed cattle showed a higher level of haematological pathology when infected with T. annulata. Despite this finding, we found no evidence for differences in the genotypes of T. annulata infecting different host types, although buffalo appeared to harbour fewer mixed parasite genotype infections, indicating they are not the major reservoir of parasite diversity. The apparent tolerance/resistance of native breed cattle and buffalo to the impacts of T. annulata infection is thus most likely to be driven by host genotype, rather than differences in the parasite population. Our results suggest that an improved understanding of the genetic factors that underpin disease resistance could help to ameliorate future economic loss due to TBP or tropical theileriosis. Theileria annulata infection has different consequences in crossbreed cattle, native cattle and water buffalo in India Crossbreed Bos taurus x Bos indicus cattle showed reductions in haematological parameters when infected with T. annulata We found no evidence for infection-mediated physiological change in native cattle breeds or water buffalo We found no sub-structuring of the T. annulata population between different host types using microsatellite analysis Buffalo were not a major reservoir of genetically diverse T. annulata infecting cattle, contrasting the epidemiology of T. parva
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Larcombe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - S W Kolte
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - G Ponnudurai
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - N Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - S Magar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - R Velusamy
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - N Rani
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - B Rubinibala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
| | - B Rekha
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
| | - A Alagesan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
| | - W Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - B R Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
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Terron-Canedo N, Weir W, Nicolson L, Britton C, Nasir L. Differential expression of microRNAs in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:764-774. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Terron-Canedo
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - W. Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Nicolson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - C. Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Nasir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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Bishop RP, Hemmink JD, Morrison WI, Weir W, Toye PG, Sitt T, Spooner PR, Musoke AJ, Skilton RA, Odongo DO. The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4:333-42. [PMID: 26543804 PMCID: PMC4589832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the wildlife reservoir of multiple species within the apicomplexan protozoan genus Theileria, including Theileria parva which causes East coast fever in cattle. A parasite, which has not yet been formally named, known as Theileria sp. (buffalo) has been recognized as a potentially distinct species based on rDNA sequence, since 1993. We demonstrate using reverse line blot (RLB) and sequencing of 18S rDNA genes, that in an area where buffalo and cattle co-graze and there is a heavy tick challenge, T. sp. (buffalo) can frequently be isolated in culture from cattle leukocytes. We also show that T. sp. (buffalo), which is genetically very closely related to T. parva, according to 18s rDNA sequence, has a conserved orthologue of the polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) that forms the basis of the diagnostic ELISA used for T. parva serological detection. Closely related orthologues of several CD8 T cell target antigen genes are also shared with T. parva. By contrast, orthologues of the T. parva p104 and the p67 sporozoite surface antigens could not be amplified by PCR from T. sp. (buffalo), using conserved primers designed from the corresponding T. parva sequences. Collectively the data re-emphasise doubts regarding the value of rDNA sequence data alone for defining apicomplexan species in the absence of additional data. ‘Deep 454 pyrosequencing’ of DNA from two Theileria sporozoite stabilates prepared from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks fed on buffalo failed to detect T. sp. (buffalo). This strongly suggests that R. appendiculatus may not be a vector for T. sp. (buffalo). Collectively, the data provides further evidence that T. sp. (buffalo). is a distinct species from T. parva. Theileria sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes. Antigen genes of T. sp. (buffalo) vary in level of identity to those of T. parva The tick that transmits T. sp. (buffalo) to cattle is not Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 18s rDNA sequence information alone is insufficient to define species of Theileria
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - J D Hemmink
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - W I Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - W Weir
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - P G Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - T Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - P R Spooner
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - A J Musoke
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - R A Skilton
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - D O Odongo
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya ; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Braceland M, Bickerdike R, Tinsley J, Cockerill D, Mcloughlin M, Graham D, Burchmore R, Weir W, Wallace C, Eckersall P. The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3). J Proteomics 2013; 94:423-36. [PMID: 24145143 PMCID: PMC3878379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus is the aetological agent of pancreas disease (PD) in marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with most outbreaks in Norway caused by SAV subtype 3 (SAV3). This atypical alphavirus is transmitted horizontally causing a significant economic impact on the aquaculture industry. This histopathological and proteomic study, using an established cohabitational experimental model, investigated the correlation between tissue damage during PD and a number of serum proteins associated with these pathologies in Atlantic salmon. The proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting. A number of humoral components of immunity which may act as biomarkers of the disease were also identified. For example, creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase serum concentrations were shown to correlate with pathology during PD. In contrast, hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, amongst others, altered during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. This approach has given new insight into not only PD but also fish disease as a whole, by characterisation of the protein response to infection, through pathological processes to tissue recovery. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Salmonid alphavirus causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and has a major economic impact on the aquaculture industry. A proteomic investigation of the change to the serum proteome during PD has been made with an established experimental model of the disease. Serum proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting with 72 protein spots being shown to alter significantly over the 12week period of the infection. The concentrations of certain proteins in serum such as creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase were shown to correlate with tissue pathology while other proteins such as hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, altered in concentration during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. The protein response to infection may be used to monitor disease progression and enhance understanding of the pathology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Braceland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - R. Bickerdike
- BioMar Ltd., North Shore Road, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, Scotland, UK
| | - J. Tinsley
- BioMar Ltd., North Shore Road, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, Scotland, UK
| | - D. Cockerill
- Marine Harvest Scotland, Farms Office Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, PH33 7PT, Scotland, UK
| | - M.F. Mcloughlin
- Aquatic Vet Services, 35 Cherryvalley Pk, Belfast, BT5 6PN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - D.A. Graham
- Fish Diseases Unit, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Rd, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R.J. Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - W. Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Wallace
- VESO Vikan, Aquamedical Contract Research, Vikan, N-7800 Namsos, Norway
| | - P.D. Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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Weir W, Han M, Shih T, Reddy R, Chan K, Chang A, Lin J. Effects of Hyperglycemia on Primary Graft Dysfunction in Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.01.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Asiimwe B, Weir W, Tait A, Lubega G, Oura C. Haemoparasite infection kinetics and the population structure of Theileria parva on a single farm in Uganda. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oura CAL, Tait A, Asiimwe B, Lubega GW, Weir W. Haemoparasite prevalence and Theileria parva strain diversity in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Uganda. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:212-9. [PMID: 21074945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) are considered to be an important reservoir for various tick-borne haemoparasites of veterinary importance. In this study we have compared the haemoparasite carrier prevalence in buffalo from four geographically isolated national parks in Uganda [Lake Mburo National Park (LMNP), Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP), Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP) and Kidepo Valley National Park (KVNP)]. Differences were seen in haemoparasite prevalence in buffalo from the four national parks. All the buffalo sampled in LMNP were carriers of Theileria parva however, buffalo from MFNP and KVNP, which are both located in the north of Uganda, were negative for T. parva. Interestingly, 95% of buffalo in the northern part of QENP were T. parva positive, however all buffalo sampled in the south of the park were negative. A high multiplicity of infection was recorded in all the buffalo found to be carrying T. parva, with evidence of at least nine parasite genotypes in some animals. Most of the buffalo sampled in all four national parks were carriers of T. mutans and T. velifera, however none were carriers of T. taurotragi, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Ehrlichia bovis or Ehrlichia ruminantium. All the buffalo sampled from LMNP were positive for T. buffeli and T. sp. (buffalo) however, buffalo from the parks in the north of the country (KVNP and MFNP) were negative for these haemoparasites. Anaplasma centrale and Anaplasma marginale were circulating in buffalo from all four national parks. T. parva gene pools from two geographically separated populations of buffalo in two of the national parks in Uganda (LMNP and QENP) were compared. The T. parva populations in the two national parks were distinct, indicating that there was limited gene flow between the populations. The results presented highlight the complexity of tick-borne pathogen infections in buffalo and the significant role that buffalo may play as reservoir hosts for veterinary haemoparasites that have the potential to cause severe disease in domestic cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A L Oura
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Makerere, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Sloan E, Weir W, Filbin N, Koenigsberg M. 216: Shock Index Does Not Differ Following the Infusion of DCLHb in Two Clinical Trials of Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock, Such That Its Clinical Use as a Measure of Compensated Shock is Valid. Ann Emerg Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.06.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oura CAL, Asiimwe BB, Weir W, Lubega GW, Tait A. Population genetic analysis and sub-structuring of Theileria parva in Uganda. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 140:229-39. [PMID: 15760662 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the population structures of many apicomplexan parasites including Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptospordium parvum have been elucidated. These species show a considerable diversity of population structure suggesting different strategies for transmission and survival in mammalian hosts. We have undertaken a population genetic analysis of another apicomplexan species (Theileria parva) to investigate the levels of diversity of this parasite and the role of genetic exchange in three geographically separate populations. The principal hindrance to carrying out such a study on field isolates was the high proportion of blood samples that contain multiple genotypes, making it impossible to determine the genotypes of the parasites directly. This problem was overcome by sampling only young indigenous calves between 3 and 9 months of age in which approximately 60% of the T. parva infected calves contained a single/predominant allele at each locus, making it possible to undertake population genetic analyses. Blood samples were collected from calves in three geographically distinct regions of Uganda and were analysed using 12 polymorphic mini and microsatellite markers that were evenly dispersed across the four chromosomes. We have identified 84 multilocus genotypes (MLG) from these samples, indicating high levels of diversity in the parasite. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci provides evidence that the population in Lira district had an epidemic structure. The population in Mbarara was substructured containing two genetically distinct sub-groups and the larger sub-group also had an epidemic population structure. The population from Kayunga was in linkage disequilibrium. Genetic distances and Wrights fixation index (F(ST)) indicate that there is evidence for geographical sub-structuring between the Lira and the Kayunga populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A L Oura
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Vet. Medecine, University of Makerere, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Van den Bosch C, Sundkvist T, Weir W, O'Sullivan D, Heathcock R, Strangeways J, Ellam T, Seng C. Reform of the Public Health Act. Thorax 1999; 54:750. [PMID: 10413732 PMCID: PMC1745534 DOI: 10.1136/thx.54.8.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hassan IS, Bannister BA, Akbar A, Weir W, Bofill M. A study of the immunology of the chronic fatigue syndrome: correlation of immunologic parameters to health dysfunction. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 87:60-7. [PMID: 9576011 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surface and intracellular immunologic and apoptotic markers and functional lymphocyte assays after stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied in 44 patients fulfilling the Oxford criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Results were then correlated to scores for the Short Form-36 health questionnaire (SF-36), which assesses eight aspects of patient's well-being, and for the general health questionnaire (GHQ), which detects current psychiatric disorder. Patients had significantly increased mean fluorescence intensity readings of HLA-DR in CD4 and CD8 cells (P < 0.05). Expression of the costimulatory receptor CD28 in CD8 cells was significantly reduced, and the apoptosis repressor ratio of bcl-2/bax in both CD4 and CD8 was increased in patients (P < 0.05). Patients with increased HLA-DR expression had significantly lower SF-36 total scores, worse body pains, and poorer general health perception and physical functioning scores. Increased spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation was associated with poor general health perception. PHA proliferative responses were lower in patients with poor emotional and mental health scores, and the anti-CD3/anti-CD28 response was low in those with low general health perception scores. Higher spontaneous proliferation and reduced PHA responses correlated with higher GHQ scores. Similarly, GHQ scores were significantly higher, indicating worse mental health, in those with lower total SF-36 scores and worse general and mental health scores in the SF-36 questionnaire. Finally, higher expression of the costimulatory molecule CD28 correlated with higher total SF-36 scores, general health perception and social functioning scores, and with lower role limitation due to physical health. The increased expression of class II antigens and the reduced expression of the costimulatory receptor CD28, which is a marker of terminally differentiated cells, lend further support to the concept of immunoactivation of T-lymphocytes in CFS and may be consistent with the notion of a viral etiopathogenesis in the illness. We report, for the first time, increased expression of the apoptosis repressor protein bcl-2, which may contribute to enhanced survival of activated lymphocytes. Using the SF-36 health assessment questionnaire and the GHQ, we demonstrated changes in different immunological parameters, each of which correlated with particular aspects of disease symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Hassan
- Department of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, England
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Taheri S, Crump J, Samarasinghe D, Weir W. TB or not TB? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91:241-4. [PMID: 9231186 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
These 3 cases illustrate what we believe to be unusual presentations of tuberculosis. In no case was there conclusive proof of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis using histological, microbiological or radiological techniques. All were treated empirically with anti-tuberculous medication, with complete recovery. With the re-emergence of tuberculosis, there may be a rise in such cases, and the importance of their recognition and empirical treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taheri
- Coppetts Wood Hospital, London, UK
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17
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18
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Massengill R, Weir W, Lamb C, Rosenfeld JA. Anomia as a symptom of herpes simplex encephalitis. Am Fam Physician 1993; 48:408, 413. [PMID: 8362693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder of uncertain aetiology, and there is uncertainty also about the appropriate way in which patients should manage the illness. An illness management questionnaire (IMQ) was designed to assess coping in CFS. This was completed by 207 patients, in parallel with the COPE scales (a general measure of coping that can be applied situationally), and measures of functional impairment, anxiety and depression. The IMQ yielded four factors: maintaining activity, accommodating to the illness, focusing on symptoms and information-seeking. Scales based upon these factors together predicted 26, 27 and 22% of the variance in functional impairment, anxiety and depression, respectively, and each scale had significant relationships with relevant scales of the COPE, supporting the interpretation of the factors. It is suggested that the IMQ may be employed to relate ways of coping to outcomes in CFS, and to assess coping as a mediator of change in cognitive-behavioural interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ray
- Department of Human Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, U.K
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20
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Ball S, Scoble JE, Weir W. Atypical presentation of cerebral lymphoma with the result of a bromide partition test suggesting tuberculous meningitis. J Infect 1990; 20:91-2. [PMID: 2299190 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(90)92588-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Thirteen patients are presented who developed tuberculosis at the site of injury. They were all immigrants from areas where tuberculosis is endemic. The presence of injury caused a delay in diagnosis and therefore appropriate treatment. In an immigrant with an injury that pursues an unusual or protracted course, tuberculous infection should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Ferris
- Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex
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Abstract
Peritoneal serositis is not a widely recognised aspect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Indeed, ascites in SLE is said to occur only when complicated by the nephrotic syndrome, congestive cardiac failure, or hepatic cirrhosis. We describe two patients who developed ascites that could be attributed to none of these complications.
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Abstract
Tissue removed from nine new cases from 18 hours to 20 weeks after injury by a golf ball contained crystalline and other foreign material to which there was a mild inflammatory reaction followed by macrophagic activity and fibrosis. Optical and electron probe analysis showed that the crystalline material was crushed barytes containing small quantities of muscovite as is typical in natural deposits. The centres of several golf balls were shown to contain essentially identical material. By contrast with previous reports, no zinc sulphide was found. The form and frequent location of the deposits in the conjunctiva as compared with cornea and eyelid is related to the structure of these tissues.
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Tanner S, Weir W. Adeno-Carcinoma in A Bitch. Can Vet J 1962; 3:66. [PMID: 17421457 PMCID: PMC1585803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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