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Salem MZM, Alotaibi SS, Elgat WAAA, Taha AS, Fares YGD, El-Shehawi AM, Ghareeb RY. Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with Melia azedarach Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122012. [PMID: 34203016 PMCID: PMC8235202 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to evaluate pulp produced by kraft cooking for wood materials (WMT) (Bougainvillea spectabilis, Ficus altissima, and F. elastica) and non-wood materials (NWMT) (Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays stalks) and to study the fungal activity of handsheets treated with Melia azedarach heartwood extract (MAHE) solutions. Through the aforementioned analyses, the ideal cooking conditions were determined for each raw material based on the lignin percentage present. After cooking, pulp showed a decrease in the Kappa number produced from WMT, ranging from 16 to 17. This was in contrast with NWMT, which had Kappa numbers ranging from 31 to 35. A difference in the optical properties of the pulp produced from WMT was also observed (18 to 29%) compared with pulp produced from NWMT (32.66 to 35.35%). As for the evaluation of the mechanical properties, the tensile index of the pulp ranged from 30.5 to 40 N·m/g for WMT and from 44.33 to 47.43 N·m/g for NWMT; the tear index ranged from 1.66 to 2.55 mN·m2/g for WMT and from 4.75 to 5.87 mN·m2/g for NWMT; and the burst index ranged from 2.35 to 2.85 kPa·m2/g for WMT and from 3.92 to 4.76 kPa·m2/g for NWMT. Finally, the double fold number was 3 compared with that of pulp produced from pulp, which showed good values ranging from 36 to 55. In the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated handsheets with extract from MAHE showed no growth of Aspergillus fumigatus over paper discs manufactured from B. speclabilis pulp wood. Pulp paper produced from Z. mays and S. bicolor stalks was treated with 1% MAHE, while pulp paper from F. elastica was treated with 0.50% and 1% MAHE. With the addition of 0.5 or 1% MAHE, Fusarium culmorum showed no increase in growth over the paper manufactured from B. speclabilis, F. altissima, F. elastica and Zea mays pulps with visual inhibition zones found. There was almost no growth of S. solani in paper discs manufactured from pulps treated with 1% MAHE. This is probably due to the phytochemical compounds present in the extract. The HPLC analysis of MAHE identified p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, quinol, and quercetin as the main compounds, and these were present in concentrations of 3966.88, 1032.67, 834.13, 767.81, 660.64, 594.86, and 460.36 mg/Kg extract, respectively. Additionally, due to the importance of making paper from agricultural waste (stalks of S. bicolor and Z. mays), the development of sorghum and corn with high biomass is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Wael A. A. Abo Elgat
- Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abukir, Alexandria 21526, Egypt;
| | - Ayman S. Taha
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Yahia G. D. Fares
- Laboratory and Research, Misr Edfu Pulp Writing and Printing Paper Co. (MEPPCO), Aswan 81656, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Rehab Y. Ghareeb
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SARTA, City), New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
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Ali HM, Elgat WAAA, EL-Hefny M, Salem MZM, Taha AS, Al Farraj DA, Elshikh MS, Hatamleh AA, Abdel-Salam EM. New Approach for Using of Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L. Essential Oils as Wood-Biofungicides: GC-MS, SEM, and MNDO Quantum Chemical Studies. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1361. [PMID: 33799760 PMCID: PMC7998113 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi growing on wood cause deterioration of stored food materials or discoloration of the wood itself, and the search for new and safe bioagents is recently needed. METHODS Essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts from Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L., analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were tested for their antifungal activity by the vapor method against four common fungi, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and Fusarium culmorum, and confirmed by SEM examination as the oils applied on wood samples. RESULTS The most abundant compounds identified in the EO from M. longifolia were menthone and eucalyptol; in C. reticulata EO, they were β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide, and β-elemene. EOs from M. longifolia and C. reticulata, at 500 and 250 µL/mL, showed potent antifungal activity against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, with 100% fungal mycelial inhibition growth (FMIG). C. reticulata and M. longifolia EOs, at 125 µL/mL, observed FMIG values of 98% and 95%, respectively, against A. fumigatus. M. longifolia EO, at 500 and 250 µL/mL, showed potent activity against A. niger, with 100% FMIG. F. culmorum completely inhibited (100% FMIG) EOs from M. longifolia and C. reticulata applied at 500 µL/mL. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Wood, treated with M. longifolia at 125 µL/mL, showed inhibition zone values of 7.33 and 21.33 mm against A. flavus and A. niger, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Both oils possessed good wood-biofungicide activity with the vapor method, as clearly shown by the SEM examination. These activities suggest their possible use as natural wood preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayssam M. Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (D.A.A.F.); (M.S.E.); (A.A.H.); (E.M.A.-S.)
- Agriculture Research Center, Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Wael A. A. Abo Elgat
- Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abukir, Alexandria 21526, Egypt;
| | - Mervat EL-Hefny
- Department of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Garden Design, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Ayman S. Taha
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Dunia A. Al Farraj
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (D.A.A.F.); (M.S.E.); (A.A.H.); (E.M.A.-S.)
| | - Mohamed S. Elshikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (D.A.A.F.); (M.S.E.); (A.A.H.); (E.M.A.-S.)
| | - Ashraf A. Hatamleh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (D.A.A.F.); (M.S.E.); (A.A.H.); (E.M.A.-S.)
| | - Eslam M. Abdel-Salam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (D.A.A.F.); (M.S.E.); (A.A.H.); (E.M.A.-S.)
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Salem MZM, Abo Elgat WAA, Taha AS, Fares YGD, Ali HM. Impact of Three Natural Oily Extracts as Pulp Additives on the Mechanical, Optical, and Antifungal Properties of Paper Sheets Made from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Meryta sinclairii Wood Branches. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13061292. [PMID: 32178451 PMCID: PMC7142441 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the pulp and paper industry, several studies have been done to improve and enhance the properties of the mechanical, optical, and antimicrobial activities of pulp produced with different additives. In the present study, pulp of wood branches (WBs) from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Meryta sinclairii (Hook.f.) Seem. was treated with n-hexane oily extracts (HeOE) from Melia azedarach L. fruits, Magnolia grandiflora L. leaves, and Sinapis alba L. seeds as additives at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% based on oven-dry pulp weight. Measured mechanical properties were higher in paper sheets made from E. camaldulensis than M. sinclairii WB pulp. The highest tensile index values were observed with E. camaldulensis WB pulp treated with 5% HeOEs of S. alba (33.90 N·m/g) and M. grandiflora (33.76 N·m/g) compared to control (32.10 N·m/g); the highest tear index with 5% HeOE of S. alba (4.11 mN·m2/g) compared to control (3.32 mN·m2/g); and the highest burst index with 5% HeOE of S. alba (4.11 kPa·m2/g) compared to control (3.08 kPa·m2/g). The highest double-fold number value (9) was observed with E. camaldulensis WB pulp treated with 5% HeOEs of S. alba, M. azedarach, and M. grandiflora but with no significant difference compared to control treatment (8.33) or other HeOE treatments with E. camaldulensis WB pulp. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination showed clear inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus terreus with WB pulp paper discs of E. camaldulensis and M. sinclairii treated with HeOEs of M. azedarach, S. alba, and M. grandiflora at 3% and 5% compared to control treatment, while HeOEs at 5% concentration showed no growth of A. niger and A. terreus. The present findings establish that the HeOEs from M. azedarach, S. alba, and M. grandiflora at 3% and 5% are novel natural products that can be used as alternatives to improve the properties and antifungal activity of WB pulp produced from E. camaldulensis and M. sinclairii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.Z.M.S.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Wael A. A. Abo Elgat
- Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abukir, Alexandria 21526, Egypt;
| | - Ayman S. Taha
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Yahia G. D. Fares
- Laboratory and Research, Misr Edfu Pulp Writing and Printing Paper Co. (MEPPCO), Aswan 81656, Egypt;
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.Z.M.S.); (H.M.A.)
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Taha AS, Salem MZM, Abo Elgat WAA, Ali HM, Hatamleh AA, Abdel-Salam EM. Assessment of the Impact of Different Treatments on the Technological and Antifungal Properties of Papyrus ( Cyperus Papyrus L.) Sheets. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12040620. [PMID: 30791444 PMCID: PMC6416636 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, sheets of Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), manufactured by lamination from strips pre-treated with different treatments, were evaluated for their technological and fungal infestation properties (Aspergillus flavus AFl375, A. niger Ani245 and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cgl311). The results showed that the highest values of tensile strength, tear strength, burst index and double-fold number were observed in papyrus sheets produced from strips treated with nano-cellulose (0.25%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 10%), Tylose (0.25%) and nano-cellulose (0.5%), with values of 98.90 N·m/g, 2343.67 mN·m²/g, 1162 kpa·m²/g and 8.33, respectively. The percentage of brightness ranged from 49.7% (strips treated with KOH 2% + 100 mL NaClO) to 9.6% (strips treated with Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark extract 2%), while the percentage of darkness ranged from 99.86% (strips treated with Salix babylonica leaf extract 2% or E. camaldulensis bark extract 0.5%) to 67.26% (strips treated with NaOH (2%) + 100 mL NaClO). From the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated strips with extracts from P. rigida and E. camaldulensis or S. babylonica showed no growths of A. flavus and C. gloeosporioides. Additionally, other pre-treatments, such as Nano-cellulose+Tylose 0.5% (1:1 v/v) and Tylose 0.5%, were also found to have no growth of A. niger. In conclusion, strips pre-treated with nanomaterials and extracts were enhanced in terms of the technological and antifungal properties of produced Papyrus sheets, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S Taha
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
| | - Wael A A Abo Elgat
- High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abu Qir, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf A Hatamleh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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