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Cheung CY, Dubey S, Hadrovic M, Ball CR, Ramage W, McDonald JU, Harvey R, Hufton SE, Engelhardt OG. Development of an ELISA-Based Potency Assay for Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Using Cross-Reactive Nanobodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091473. [PMID: 36146550 PMCID: PMC9503116 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated vaccines are the main influenza vaccines used today; these are usually presented as split (detergent-disrupted) or subunit vaccines, while whole-virus-inactivated influenza vaccines are rare. The single radial immune diffusion (SRD) assay has been used as the gold standard potency assay for inactivated influenza vaccines for decades; however, more recently, various alternative potency assays have been proposed. A new potency test should be able to measure the amount of functional antigen in the vaccine, which in the case of influenza vaccines is the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. Potency tests should also be able to detect the loss of potency caused by changes to the structural and functional integrity of HA. To detect such changes, most alternative potency tests proposed to date use antibodies that react with native HA. Due to the frequent changes in influenza vaccine composition, antibodies may need to be updated in line with changes in vaccine viruses. We have developed two ELISA-based potency assays for group 1 influenza A viruses using cross-reactive nanobodies. The nanobodies detect influenza viruses of subtype H1N1 spanning more than three decades, as well as H5N1 viruses, in ELISA. We found that the new ELISA potency assays are sensitive to the nature of the reference antigen (standard) used to quantify vaccine antigens; using standards matched in their presentation to the vaccine type improved correspondence between the ELISA and SRD assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Y. Cheung
- Vaccines Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sitara Dubey
- Vaccines Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Martina Hadrovic
- Vaccines Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Christina R. Ball
- Biotherapeutics Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Walter Ramage
- Biotherapeutics Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jacqueline U. McDonald
- Vaccines Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Vaccines Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Vaccines Division, Scientific Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
- Correspondence:
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Gaiotto T, Ramage W, Ball C, Risley P, Carnell GW, Temperton N, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3126. [PMID: 33542302 PMCID: PMC7862619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza H7N9 virus continues to cause infections in humans and represents a significant pandemic risk. During the most recent 5th epidemic wave in 2016/17 two distinct lineages with increased human infections and wider geographical spread emerged. In preparation for any future adaptations, broadly reactive antibodies against H7N9 are required for surveillance, therapy and prophylaxis. In this study we have isolated a panel of nanobodies (Nbs) with broad reactivity across H7 influenza strains, including H7N9 strains between 2013 and 2017. We also describe Nbs capable of distinguishing between the most recent high and low pathogenicity Yangtze River Delta lineage H7N9 strains. Nanobodies were classified into 5 distinct groups based on their epitope footprint determined using yeast display and mutational scanning. The epitope footprint of Nbs capable of distinguishing high pathogenic (HP) A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 from low pathogenic (LP) A/Hong Kong/125/2017 (H7N9) were correlated to natural sequence divergence in the head domain at lysine 164. Several Nbs binding to the head domain were capable of viral neutralisation. The potency of one nanobody NB7-14 could be increased over 1000-fold to 113 pM by linking two Nbs together. Nbs specific for distinct epitopes on H7N9 may be useful for surveillance or therapy in human or veterinary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Gaiotto
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Walter Ramage
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Christina Ball
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - George W Carnell
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.,Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK.
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Ramage W, Gaiotto T, Ball C, Risley P, Carnell GW, Temperton N, Cheung CY, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Cross-Reactive and Lineage-Specific Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza B Hemagglutinin. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E14. [PMID: 31544820 PMCID: PMC6640691 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) circulates in the human population and causes considerable disease burden worldwide, each year. Current IBV vaccines can struggle to mount an effective cross-reactive immune response, as strains become mismatched, due to constant antigenic changes. Additional strategies which use monoclonal antibodies, with broad reactivity, are of considerable interest, both, as diagnostics and as immunotherapeutics. Alternatives to conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as single domain antibodies (NanobodiesTM) with well-documented advantages for applications in infectious disease, have been emerging. In this study we have isolated single domain antibodies (sdAbs), specific to IBV, using alpacas immunised with recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) from two representative viruses, B/Florida/04/2006 (B/Yamagata lineage) and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/Victoria lineage). Using phage display, we have isolated a panel of single domain antibodies (sdAbs), with both cross-reactive and lineage-specific binding. Several sdAbs recognise whole virus antigens, corresponding to influenza B strains included in vaccines spanning over 20 years, and were capable of neutralising IBV pseudotypes corresponding to prototype strains from both lineages. Lineage-specific sdAbs recognised the head domain, whereas, sdAbs identified as cross-reactive could be classified as either head binding or stem binding. Using yeast display, we were able to correlate lineage specificity with naturally occurring sequence divergence, at residue 122 in the highly variable 120 loop of the HA1 domain. The single domain antibodies described, might have applications in IBV diagnostics, vaccine potency testing and as immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ramage
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Tiziano Gaiotto
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Christina Ball
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - George W Carnell
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Chung Y Cheung
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Ellis M, Patel P, Edon M, Ramage W, Dickinson R, Humphreys DP. Development of a high yieldingE. coliperiplasmic expression system for the production of humanized Fab' fragments. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:212-220. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ellis
- Discovery Research, Protein Sciences; UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road; Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE U.K
| | | | - Marjory Edon
- Novasep, 5 chemin du Pilon, St Maurice de Beynost; Miribel 01708 France
| | - Walter Ramage
- NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar; Hertfordshire EN6 3QG U.K
| | | | - David P. Humphreys
- Discovery Research, Protein Sciences; UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road; Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE U.K
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Huizinga TW, Keijsers V, Yanni G, Hall M, Ramage W, Lanchbury J, Pitzalis C, Drossaers-Bakker WK, Westendorp RG, Breedveld FC, Panayi G, Verweij CL. Are differences in interleukin 10 production associated with joint damage? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39:1180-8. [PMID: 11085795 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.11.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutive differences between individuals in cytokine production may determine the variation in the course of inflammatory arthritis. METHODS The association between interleukin 10 (IL-10) production and joint destruction was studied by comparing IL-10 mRNA content in synovial biopsies from seven patients with destructive joint disease and six patients with non-destructive joint disease. The IL-10 mRNA content was 0.4 +/- 0.6 arbitrary units in erosive joints compared with 2.3 +/- 1.2 arbitrary units in non-erosive joints (P: < 0.03, Mann-Whitney U:-test). As this difference suggested that IL-10 production was associated with joint destruction, we tested whether the IL-10 locus determined the extent of joint damage. RESULTS Innate differences in IL-10 production are locus-dependent. In line with these data, we showed that innate differences in IL-10 protein production were also present as differences in IL-10 mRNA levels. We tested if polymorphisms in the promoter of IL-10 were associated with the extent of joint damage. DISCUSSION In a cohort study of female rheumatoid arthritis patients followed for 12 yr, the extent of joint destruction differed significantly between patients with different IL-10 genotypes. In patients with the -1082AA genotype who were studied prospectively, the mean increase in radiographic damage score (modified Sharp score of X-rays of hands and feet) during the first 6 yr was 9 +/- 9 per yr vs 19 +/- 16 per yr for patients with the genotype -1082GG (P: < 0.02). In line with these data, cultures of endotoxin-stimulated whole blood from 158 donors showed that the presence of the allele associated with less joint destruction correlated with slightly higher IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS Both the immunogenetic and the synovial biopsies suggest that a variation in IL-10 production is associated with joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology and. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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