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Muungani G, Pillay MN, van Zyl WE. The mineral manaksite, KNaMnSi 4O 10, as a supercapattery-type electrochemical energy storage material. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26732-26743. [PMID: 37681039 PMCID: PMC10481385 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The manaksite mineral KNaMnSi4O10 was synthesized and used to fabricate electrodes, which were investigated for electrochemical energy storage (EES) application using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Optimum weight percentages (wt%) of electrode components were established as 10 wt% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder, 15 wt% RuO2 and 5 wt% carbon black. RuO2 was added to improve electrical conductivity. A ratio of 13 : 3 for KNaMnSi4O10 : RuO2 was used in the fabrication of the electrode. A study of the suitable electrolyte and corresponding concentration to use was done using NaOH and KOH, both at concentrations of 1 M, 3 M and 6 M, with 3 M NaOH as the optimum electrolyte and concentration. The KNaMnSi4O10 yielded a specific capacity of 106 mA h g-1. An investigation into the energy storage mechanism from a plot of log I(ν) vs. log ν, where I is current and ν is the scan rate gave a b value parameter of 0.8; that is, in-between 0.5 obtained for a pure battery material and 1.0 for a pure capacitor material. Accordingly, KNaMnSi4O10 exhibited a battery-supercapacitor duality phenomenon consistent with supercapattery materials. The KNaMnSi4O10 electrochemical system involved both capacitive and diffusion-controlled processes and was found to have good cyclic stability. It is concluded that KNaMnSi4O10 is a potential electrochemical energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregarious Muungani
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
| | - Michael N Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
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2
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Muungani G, van Zyl WE. A CaCuSi 4O 10/GCE electrochemical sensor for detection of norfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12799-12808. [PMID: 37114019 PMCID: PMC10126821 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01702h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on a calcium copper tetrasilicate (CaCuSi4O10)/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) electrochemical sensor developed for rapid sensing and quantification of an antibacterial drug, norfloxacin, using both cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with the CaCuSi4O10. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed and the Nyquist plot showed that the CaCuSi4O10/GCE had a lower charge transfer resistance of 22.1 Ω cm2 compared to the GCE with a charge transfer resistance of 43.5 Ω cm2. Differential pulse voltammetry showed that the optimum pH for the electrochemical detection of norfloxacin in potassium phosphate buffer solution (PBS) electrolyte was pH 4.5 and an irreversible oxidative peak was found at 1.067 V. Two linear ranges were established at 0.01 to 0.55 μM and 0.55 μM to 82.1 μM, and the limit of detection was ca. 0.0046 μM. We further demonstrated that the electrochemical oxidation was controlled by both diffusion and adsorption processes. The sensor was investigated in the presence of interferents and was found to be selective toward norfloxacin. The pharmaceutical drug analysis was done to establish method reliability and a significantly low standard deviation of 2.3% was achieved. The results suggest that the sensor can be applied in the detection of norfloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregarious Muungani
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3199
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3
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Ogundare SA, Muungani G, Amaku JF, Ogunmoye AO, Adesetan TO, Olubomehin OO, Ibikunle AA, van Zyl WE. Mangifera indica L. stem bark used in the bioinspired formation of silver nanoparticles: catalytic and antibacterial applications. Chem Pap 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Fraser SA, van Zyl WE. In situ polymerization and electrical conductivity of polypyrrole/cellulose nanocomposites using Schweizer's reagent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22031-22043. [PMID: 36043106 PMCID: PMC9361926 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based composites have attracted interest given the shift towards 'green' materials, but achieving uniform dispersions of cellulose in polymer matrices and/or enhancement of interfacial interactions between components remains challenging. Herein we report the preparation of polypyrrole/cellulose nanocomposites in [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](OH)2 (Schweizer's reagent/cuoxam)-based reaction media via in situ polymerization. The effect of cellulose template morphology and reaction media on the microstructure, electrical conductivity, and surface wettability was studied. Aqueous reaction media favored the formation of a uniform polypyrrole coating encapsulating the cellulose fibers; concentrated cuoxam solutions promoted inhomogeneity and exhibited a progressive decline in conductivity. The maximum conductivity attained was 3.08 S cm-1 from a bacterial cellulose-templated composite prepared in aqueous reaction media and afforded an approximately threefold increase in conductivity when compared with pure PPy at 1.14 S cm-1. Generally, the composites resembled wetting surfaces - with highly concentrated cuoxam solutions yielding improved hydrophilicity, while substitution of bacterial cellulose with nanocrystalline cellulose engendered a shift towards hydrophobicity. Most composites displayed a contact angle of less than 90° suggesting PPy/cellulose composites tended towards hydrophilic behavior. This study highlights investigations into the viability of cellulose solvents as a facile means to control the structure and performance of in situ functionalized cellulose nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Fraser
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
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5
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van Zyl WE, Liu CW. Interstitial hydrides in nanoclusters can reduce M(I) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) to M(0) and form stable superatoms. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104241. [PMID: 34936722 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-nuclearity clusters resemble the closest model between the determination of atomically precise chemical species and the bulk metallic version thereof, and both impacts on a variety of applications, including catalysis, optics, sensors, and new energy sources. Our interest lies with the nanoclusters of the Group 11 (Cu, Ag, Au) metals stabilized by dichalcogenido and hydrido ligands. Herein, we describe superatoms formed by the clusters and their relationship with precursor hydrido clusters. Specifically, our concept seeks to demonstrate a possible correlation that exist between hydrido clusters (and nanoalloys) and the formation of superatoms, with the loss of hydrides and typically with release of H 2 gas. These reactions appear to be internal self-redox reactions and require no additional reducing agent, but does seem to require a similar core structure. Knowledge of such processes could provide insight into how clusters grow and an understanding in bridging the atomically precise cluster - metal nanoparticle mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E van Zyl
- University of Kwazulu-Natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Chen-Wei Liu
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, 1, section 2, University drive, 974, Hualien, TAIWAN
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Ogundare SA, Moodley V, Amaku JF, Ogunmoye AO, Atewolara-Odule OC, Olubomehin OO, Awokoya KN, Sanyaolu NO, Ibikunle AA, van Zyl WE. Nanocrystalline cellulose derived from melon seed shell (Citrullus colocynthis L.) for reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and catalytic activity. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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Obakachi VA, Kushwaha B, Kushwaha ND, Mokoena S, Ganai AM, Pathan TK, van Zyl WE, Karpoormath R. Synthetic and anti-cancer activity aspects of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole containing bioactive molecules: A concise review. J Sulphur Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2021.1963441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A. Obakachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Narva Deshwar Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sithabile Mokoena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tabasum Khan Pathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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8
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Ayom GE, Khan MD, Choi J, Gupta RK, van Zyl WE, Revaprasadu N. Synergistically enhanced performance of transition-metal doped Ni 2P for supercapacitance and overall water splitting. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11821-11833. [PMID: 34369503 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cost-effective and readily available catalysts applicable for electrochemical conversion technologies are highly desired. Herein, we report the synthesis of dithiophosphonate complexes of the type [Ni{S2P(OH)(4-CH3OC6H4)}2] (1), [Co{S2P(OC4H9)(4-CH3OC6H4)}3] (2) and [Fe{S2P(OH)(4-CH3OC6H4)}3] (3) and employed them to prepare Ni2P, Co-Ni2P and Fe-Ni2P nanoparticles. Ni2P was formed by a facile hot injection method by decomposing complex 1 in tri-octylphosphine oxide/tri-n-octylphosphine at 300 °C. The prepared Ni2P was doped with Co and Fe employing complexes 2 and 3, respectively, under similar experimental conditions. Doping Ni2P with Co and Fe demonstrated synergistic improvement of Ni2P performance as an electrocatalyst in supercapcitance, hydrogen evololution and oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline medium. Cobalt doping improved the Ni2P charge storage capacity with a supercapacitance of 864 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 current density. Fe doped Ni2P recorded the lowest overpotential of 259 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 80 mV dec-1 for OER, better than the undoped Ni2P and the benchmark IrO2. Likewise, Fe-doped Ni2P electrode required the lowest overpotential of 68 mV with a Tafel slope of 110 mV dec-1 to attain the same current density for HER. All catalysts showed excellent stability in supercapacitance and overall water splitting reactions, indicating their practical use in energy conversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwaza Eric Ayom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa.
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9
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Yusuf TL, Pillay MN, Zamisa SJ, van Zyl WE. Crystal structure of (morpholine-1-carbodithioato-κ 2- S, S′)bis(triphenylphosphine-κ- P)gold(I), C 41H 38AuNOP 2S 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2021-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C41H38AuNOP2S2, triclinic, P
1
‾
$‾{1}$
(no. 2), a = 10.0821(2) Å, b = 12.9409(2) Å, c = 14.7183(3) Å, α = 76.207(1)°, β = 80.444(1)°, γ = 75.592(1)°, V = 1794.63(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0170, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.0407, T = 150 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde L. Yusuf
- University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Chemistry and Physics , Private Bag X54001 , Westville Campus , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Michael N. Pillay
- University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Chemistry and Physics , Private Bag X54001 , Westville Campus , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Sizwe J. Zamisa
- University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Chemistry and Physics , Private Bag X54001 , Westville Campus , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Chemistry and Physics , Private Bag X54001 , Westville Campus , 4000 Durban , South Africa
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10
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Ayom GE, Khan MD, Shombe GB, Choi J, Gupta RK, van Zyl WE, Revaprasadu N. Triphenylphosphine-Assisted Transformation of NiS to Ni 2P through a Solvent-Less Pyrolysis Route: Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Performance. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11374-11384. [PMID: 34260204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Straightforward synthetic routes to the preparation of transition metal phosphides or their chalcogenide analogues are highly desired due to their widespread applications, including catalysis. We report a facile and simple route for the preparation of a pure phase nickel phosphide (Ni2P) and phase transformations in the nickel sulfide (NiS) system through a solvent-less synthetic protocol. Decomposition of different sulfur-based complexes (dithiocarbamate, xanthate, and dithiophosphonate) of nickel(II) was investigated in the presence and absence of triphenylphosphine (TPP). The optimization of reaction parameters (nature of precursor, ratio of TPP, temperature, and time) indicated that phosphorus- and sulfur-containing inorganic dithiophosphonate complexes and TPP (1:1 mole ratio) produced pure nickel phosphide, whereas different phases of nickel sulfide were obtained from dithiocarbamate and xanthate precursors in the presence or absence of TPP. A plausible explanation of the sulfide or phosphide phase formation is suggested, and the performance of Ni2P was investigated as an electrocatalyst for supercapacitance and overall water-splitting reactions. The performance of Ni2P with the surface free of any capping agents is not well explored, as common synthetic methods are solution-based routes; therefore, the electrocatalytic performance was also compared with metal phosphides, prepared by other routes. The highest specific capacitance of 367 F/g was observed at 1 A/g, and the maximum energy and power density of Ni2P were calculated to be 17.9 Wh/kg and 6951 W/kg, respectively. The prepared nickel phosphide required overpotentials of 174 and 316 mV along with Tafel slopes of 115 and 95 mV/dec to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwaza E Ayom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Malik D Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Ginena B Shombe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa.,Chemistry Department, University of Dar-es-salaam, P.O. Box 35091, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZuluNatal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag, X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Neerish Revaprasadu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
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11
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Gupta AK, Kishore PVVN, Cyue JY, Liao JH, Duminy W, van Zyl WE, Liu CW. [Cu{SC(O)O iPr}] 96: A Giant Self-Assembled Copper(I) Supramolecular Wheel Exhibiting Photoluminescence Tuning and Correlations with Dynamic Solvation and Solventless Synthesis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8973-8983. [PMID: 34081458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hierarchical self-organization of structurally complex high-nuclearity metal clusters with metallosupramolecular wheel architectures that are obtained from the self-assembly of smaller solvated cluster units is rare and unique. Here, we use the potentially heteroditopic monothiocarbonate ligand and demonstrate for the first time the synthesis and structure of a solvated non-cyclic hexadecanuclear cluster [Cu{SC(O)OiPr}]16·2THF (1) that can simultaneously desolvate and self-assemble in solution and subsequently form a giant metallaring, [Cu{SC(O)OiPr}]96 (2). We also demonstrate a luminescent precursor to cluster (2) can be achieved through a solventless and rapid mechanochemical synthesis. Cluster (2) is the highest nuclearity copper(I) wheel and the largest metal cluster containing a heterodichalcogen (O, S) ligand reported to date. Cluster (2) also exhibits solid-state luminescence with relatively long emission lifetimes at 4.1, 13.9 (μs). The synthetic strategy described here opens new research avenues by replacing solvent molecules in stable {Cu16} clusters with designed building units that can form new hybrid and multifunctional finite supramolecular materials. This finding may lead to the development of novel high-nuclearity materials self-assembled in a facile manner with tunable optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Pilli V V N Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan R.O.C.,Chemistry Division, Department of Sciences and Humanities, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur 522213, A.P., India
| | - Jhih-Yu Cyue
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Welni Duminy
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - C W Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan R.O.C
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12
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13
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Potwana FS, Pillay MN, Staples RJ, Adeniyi AA, Singh P, van Zyl WE. Silver(I) bis(phosphanylamino)naphthalene complexes: Synthesis, structures and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moodley V, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB, van Zyl WE. Degradation of o-Chloranil Using Nanocrystalline-Cellulose/TiO2 Composites via a Solar Photocatalytic Route. S Afr j chem 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v75a10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Water pollution by organic pollutants is a continuous and increasing problem of global concern. In this paper, we developed a nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and titania (TiO2) based nanocomposite for the photocatalytic degradation of o-chloranil via aqueous wet impregnation. Different NCC loadings (10, 20, 40, and 80%) were used, and several analytical and microscopy techniques characterised the NCC/TiO2 catalyst. The efficiency of TiO2 as a photo-catalyst was enhanced through the chiral nematic nature and potential charge carrier capacity of NCC, which lowered the rate of electron recombination. The NCC/TiO2 material was used in the solar-driven photo-degradation of o-chloranil (3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone), a by-product of a commonly used pesticide. The successful decomposition of o-chloranil led to the successful identification of three breakdown products, namely 2,3-dichloro-4,5-dioxohex-2-enedoic acid (DCA), 2,3-dioxosuccinic acid (DSA) and oxalic acid (OA). The 20% NCC/TiO2 catalyst was found to be optimum and showed excellent degradation and mineralisation of o-chloranil within 2 hours (~90% degradation after 2 hours or 0.00920 mols of the total 0.0102 mols). The degradation products were analysed and identified using GC-MS. The photo-catalyst offers many benefits, including ease of preparation, a low cost-factor, and high stability with no loss of activity. Keywords: nanocrystalline cellulose; o-chloroanil; photocatalyst; photo-degradation; titania
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15
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Pillay MN, van Zyl WE, Liu CW. A construction guide for high-nuclearity (≥50 metal atoms) coinage metal clusters at the nanoscale: bridging molecular precise constructs with the bulk material phase. Nanoscale 2020; 12:24331-24348. [PMID: 33300525 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis remains a major strength in chemistry and materials science and relies on the formation of new molecules and diverse forms of matter. The construction and identification of large molecules poses specific challenges and has historically lain in the realm of biological (organic)-type molecules with evolved synthesis methods to support such endeavours. But with the development of analytical tools such as X-ray crystallography, new synthesis methods toward large metal-based (inorganic) molecules and clusters have come to the fore, making it possible to accurately determine the precise distribution of hundreds of atoms in large clusters. In this review, we focus on different synthesis protocols used to form new metal clusters such as templating, alloying and size-focusing strategies. A specific focus is on group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) as they currently predominate large metal cluster investigations and related Au and Ag bulk surface phenomena. This review focuses on metal clusters that have very high-nuclearity, i.e. with 50 or more metal centers within the isolated cluster. This size domain, it is believed, will become increasingly important for a variety of applications as these metal clusters are positioned at the interface between the molecular and bulk phases, whilst remaining a classic nanomaterial and retaining unique nano-sized properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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16
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Yusuf TL, Quadri TW, Tolufashe GF, Olasunkanmi LO, Ebenso EE, van Zyl WE. Synthesis and structures of divalent Co, Ni, Zn and Cd complexes of mixed dichalcogen and dipnictogen ligands with corrosion inhibition properties: experimental and computational studies. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41967-41982. [PMID: 35516734 PMCID: PMC9057858 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07770d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and corrosion inhibition properties of four different transition-metal complexes of heteroleptic S-donor atom dithiophosphonate and N-donor atom phenanthroline ligands are reported. Full structural characterization of the Co, Ni, Zn and Cd complexes was achieved with the aid of single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Structural elucidation revealed the formation of a 4-coordinate Zn(ii) complex, and 6-coordinate Ni(ii) and Cd(ii), as well as a novel dithiophosphonato Co(ii) complex. The ability of the complexes with this ligand type to act as inhibitors of mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution is reported for the first time. Corrosion inhibition potentials of the complexes were assessed using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and density functional theory (DFT). The open circuit potential (OCP) time profile showed the system achieved a steady-state potential before the first 600 s after submerging the working electrode in the corrosive medium. The studied metal complexes are good inhibitors of mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl and were found to retard the corrosion rate by forming an adsorbed pseudocapacitive film on the steel surface. The order of inhibition efficiencies was in the order Ni (94.14%) > Cd (92.28%) > Zn (91.14%) > Co (72.53%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde L Yusuf
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
| | - Taiwo W Quadri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Materials Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Gideon F Tolufashe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Lukman O Olasunkanmi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Materials Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife 220005 Nigeria
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Materials Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa.,Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
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Gounden D, Nombona N, van Zyl WE. Recent advances in phthalocyanines for chemical sensor, non-linear optics (NLO) and energy storage applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Yusuf TL, Ibeji CU, van Zyl WE. Nickel(II) complexes from phosphor-dichalcogenide (P/Se2 and P/S2) type ligands: Synthesis, structure and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Nirmal N, Pillay MN, Mariola M, Petruccione F, van Zyl WE. Formation of dialysis-free Kombucha-based bacterial nanocellulose embedded in a polypyrrole/PVA composite for bulk conductivity measurements. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27585-27597. [PMID: 35516931 PMCID: PMC9055618 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of dialysis-free bacterial nanocrystalline cellulose (BNCC) combined with a suitable polymer to form a robust conducting material remains a challenge. In this work, we developed a polypyrrole@BNCC/PVA nanocomposite that avoids the time-consuming dialysis step and which exhibits bulk electrical conductivity. The nanocellulose (NC) was derived from bacterial cellulose (BC) that was grown from a symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) starting from Kombucha tea, and then subjected to sulfuric acid hydrolysis that led to isolable bacterial nanocrystalline cellulose (BNCC) product and subsequently utilized as a stabilizer and support. Pyrrole monomer was reacted with FeCl3·6H2O as a polymerization initiator to form polypyrrole (PPy) and combined with BNCC it produced PPy@BNCC nanocomposite. We found PPy to BNCC in a 1 : 1 ratio provided the best suspension of the components and formed a well dispersed homogeneous network. The PPy@BNCC nanocomposite was then suspended in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), that facilitated the construction of a continuous PPy@BNCC/PVA conductive network in the matrix. We designed an in-house electrical measurement apparatus and developed a method that recorded bulk resistance. The results obtained from the measurements of the electrical properties of the PPy@BNCC/PVA composite prepared dialysis-free were then compared with (i) a dialyzed sample of similar composition, and (ii) a traditional four-point probe measurement. The PPy@BNCC/PVA dialysis-free sample showed a higher conductivity compared to the dialyzed composite at 4.27 × 10-1 and 3.41 × 10-1 S m-1, respectively, and both values closely matched the traditional four-point probe measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Nirmal
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
| | - Michael N Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
| | - Marco Mariola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
| | - Francesco Petruccione
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa +27 31 260 3188
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20
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Gracious SN, Kerru N, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Facile one-pot green synthesis of 2-amino-4 H-benzo[ g]chromenes in aqueous ethanol under ultrasound irradiation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1761393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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21
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Shabalala NG, Hadebe NP, Kerru N, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. An Efficient and Sustainable Protocol for the Synthesis of Poly-Functionalized-Pyran Derivatives under Ultrasound Irradiation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1743331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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22
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Moodley V, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB, van Zyl WE. Retraction: Synthesis of triazolidine-3-one derivatives through the nanocellulose/hydroxyapatite-catalyzed reaction of aldehydes and semicarbazide. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj90154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retraction of ‘Synthesis of triazolidine-3-one derivatives through the nanocellulose/hydroxyapatite-catalyzed reaction of aldehydes and semicarbazide’ by Vashen Moodley et al., New J. Chem., 2017, 41, 6455–6463, DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00855d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashen Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | | | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
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23
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Bhaskaruni SV, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Four-Component Fusion Protocol with NiO/ZrO 2 as a Robust Recyclable Catalyst for Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridines. ACS Omega 2019; 4:21187-21196. [PMID: 31867512 PMCID: PMC6921676 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nickel oxide loaded on zirconia (NiO/ZrO2) as an expedient catalyst is reported for the synthesis of 18 unsymmetrical 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. The Lewis acidic nature of the catalyst proved an excellent choice for the one-pot, four-component fusion reaction with excellent yields of 89-98% and a completion time of 20-45 min. Mechanistic studies show that enamine and imine functionalities are the two possible pathways for the formation of 1,4-dihydropyridines with high selectivity. Crystal structures of two novel compounds (5a, 5c) were reported. The catalyst demonstrated reusability up to six cycles. The reaction at room temperature and ethanol as a solvent make this protocol green and economical.
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Bhaskaruni SVHS, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. A green protocol for the synthesis of new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives using Fe2O3/ZrO2 as a reusable catalyst. Res Chem Intermed 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Naicker C, Nombona N, van Zyl WE. Fabrication of novel magnetic chitosan/graphene-oxide/metal oxide nanocomposite beads for Cr(VI) adsorption. Chem Pap 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Ogundare SA, van Zyl WE. Amplification of SERS “hot spots” by silica clustering in a silver-nanoparticle/nanocrystalline-cellulose sensor applied in malachite green detection. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualian 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualian 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
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28
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Abstract
Copper hydride clusters of variable nuclearity are derived from hydrogen and HCOOH as emerging energy storage materials and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S. Dhayal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda 151 001
- India
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien
- Taiwan 97401
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29
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Bhaskaruni SVHS, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Ag₂O on ZrO₂ as a Recyclable Catalyst for Multicomponent Synthesis of Indenopyrimidine Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E1648. [PMID: 29976914 PMCID: PMC6100188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of silver loaded on zirconia and its use as an efficient catalyst for a one-pot three-component reaction to synthesize 11 indenopyrimidine derivatives, of which 7 are new compounds. The procedure involves substituted benzaldehydes, indane-1,3-dione, and guanidinium hydrochloride, with ethanol as solvent. The proposed green protocol at room temperature is simple and efficient, giving excellent yields (90⁻96%) in short reaction times (<30 min). The protocol works well according to the green chemistry principles with respect to high atom economy, no need for column separation, and reusability of the catalyst, which are attractive features. XRD, TEM, SEM, and BET analysis were used to characterize the catalyst materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep V H S Bhaskaruni
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Bhaskaruni SV, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. V 2 O 5 /ZrO 2 as an efficient reusable catalyst for the facile, green, one-pot synthesis of novel functionalized 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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31
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Bhaskaruni SHS, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. An efficient and green approach for the synthesis of 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylates using Bi2O3/ZrO2 as a reusable catalyst. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16336-16343. [PMID: 35542231 PMCID: PMC9080279 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel material of bismuth loaded on zirconia (Bi2O3/ZrO2) is synthesized by simple wet-impregnation method and characterized by several techniques (P-XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, etc.). Bi2O3/ZrO2 proved to be a good catalyst for the four-component, one-pot reaction to produce a new series of 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylate derivatives with excellent yields (91 to 98%) under mild conditions at RT with short reaction times (≈20 min). The structures of the target molecules were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR, HRMS and FT-IR. The catalyst is easily separable and can be reused for six cycles without ostensible loss of activity. This method is inexpensive, atom-efficient and no chromatographic separations are needed. Novel bismuth loaded on zirconia (Bi2O3/ZrO2) as a reusable catalyst to synthesize 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylates under mild conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000
- South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry & Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000
- South Africa
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Shabalala S, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Innovative Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridines Using Y2O3 Loaded on ZrO2 as Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebenzile Shabalala
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000, South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomilola J. Ajayi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michael N. Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Ogundare SA, Moodley V, van Zyl WE. Nanocrystalline cellulose isolated from discarded cigarette filters. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:273-281. [PMID: 28917867 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) produced from discarded cigarette filters (DCF). The DCF were processed into cellulose via ethanolic extraction, hypochlorite bleaching, alkaline deacetylation, and then converted into NCC by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The morphological structures of the isolated NCC established with TEM showed that the nanocrystals were needle-like with a mean length of 143nm. FEGSEM showed the morphological transition of the micro-sized DCF to self-assembled NCC while EDX revealed the presence of Ti (as TiO2) in DCF, which was retained in the NCC. A NCC sample was freeze-dried and showed a specific surface area of 7.78m2/g. The crystallinity of the NCC film and freeze-dried samples were 96.77% and 94.47%, respectively. Crystallite sizes of the freeze-dried (8.4nm) and film (7.6nm) samples correlated with the mean width (8.3nm) of the NCC observed under TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun A Ogundare
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P. M. B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.
| | - Vashen Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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35
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Varkolu M, Raju Burri D, Rao Kamaraju SR, Jonnalagadda SB, van Zyl WE. Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid Using Formic Acid as a Hydrogen Source over Ni/SiO2Catalysts. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Varkolu
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division; Uppal Road, Tarnaka 500607 Hyderabad India
- University of KwaZulu-Natal; School of Chemistry & Physics; Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, King George V Ave 4000 Durban South Africa
| | - David Raju Burri
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division; Uppal Road, Tarnaka 500607 Hyderabad India
| | - Seetha Rama Rao Kamaraju
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division; Uppal Road, Tarnaka 500607 Hyderabad India
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- University of KwaZulu-Natal; School of Chemistry & Physics; Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, King George V Ave 4000 Durban South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- University of KwaZulu-Natal; School of Chemistry & Physics; Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, King George V Ave 4000 Durban South Africa
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36
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Maddila SN, Maddila S, Gangu KK, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Sm2O3/Fluoroapatite as a reusable catalyst for the facile, green, one-pot synthesis of triazolidine-3-thione derivatives under aqueous conditions. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moodley V, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB, van Zyl WE. Retracted Article: Synthesis of triazolidine-3-one derivatives through the nanocellulose/hydroxyapatite-catalyzed reaction of aldehydes and semicarbazide. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00855d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
First use of the nanocellulose/hydroxyapatite heterogeneous catalyst to produce triazolidine-3-one derivatives from aldehydes and semicarbazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashen Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
| | | | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban
- South Africa
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Varkolu M, Moodley V, Potwana FSW, Jonnalagadda SB, van Zyl WE. Esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol over bio-glycerol derived carbon–sulfonic-acid. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-016-1105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Narayana Maddila S, Maddila S, E. van Zyl W, B. Jonnalagadda S. Ru-Hydroxyapatite: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyranopyrazoles under Facile Green Conditions. Curr Org Synth 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179413666151218202439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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N. Maddila S, Maddila S, E. van Zyl W, B. Jonnalagadda S. Swift and Green Protocol for One-pot Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3- c]pyrazole-3-carboxylates With RuCaHAp as Catalyst. CURR ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272820666160530104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Dhayal RS, van Zyl WE, Liu CW. Polyhydrido Copper Clusters: Synthetic Advances, Structural Diversity, and Nanocluster-to-Nanoparticle Conversion. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:86-95. [PMID: 26696469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal hydride clusters have historically been studied to unravel their aesthetically pleasing molecular structures and interesting properties, especially toward hydrogen related applications. Central to this work is the hydride ligand, H¯, the smallest closed-shell spherical anion known. Two new developments in polyhydrido nanocluster chemistry include the determination of heretofore unknown hydride coordination modes and novel structural constructs, and conversion from the molecular entities to rhombus-shaped copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). These advances, together with hydrogen evolution and catalysis, have provided both experimentalists and theorists with a rich scientific directive to further explore. The isolation of hexameric [{(Ph3P)CuH}6] (Stryker reagent) could be regarded as the springboard for the recent emergence of polyhydrido copper cluster chemistry due to its utilization in a variety of organic chemical transformations. The stability of clusters of various nuclearity was improved through phosphine, pyridine, and carbene type ligands. Our focus lies with the isolation of novel copper (poly)hydride clusters using mostly the phosphor-1,1-dithiolato type ligands. We found such chalcogen-stabilized clusters to be exceptionally air and moisture stable over a wide range of nuclearities (Cu7 to Cu32). In this Account, we (i) report on state-of-the-art copper hydride cluster chemistry, especially with regards to the diverse and novel structural types generally, and newly discovered hydride coordination modes in particular, (ii) demonstrate the indispensable power of neutron diffraction for the unambiguous assignment and location of hydride ligand(s) within a cluster, and (iii) prove unique transformations that can occur not only between well characterized high nuclearity clusters, but also how such clusters can transform to uniquely shaped nanoparticles of several nanometers in diameter through copper hydride reduction. The increase in the number of low- to high-nuclearity hydride clusters allows for different means by which they can be classified. We chose a classification based on the coordination mode of hydride ligand within the cluster. This includes copper clusters associated with bridging (μ2-H) and capping (μ3-H) hydride modes, followed by an interstitial (μ4-H) hydride mode that was introduced for the first time into octa- and hepta-nuclear copper clusters stabilized by dichalcogen-type ligands. This breakthrough provided a means to explore higher nuclearity polyhydrido nanoclusters, which contain both capping (μ3-H) and interstitial (μ(4-6)-H) hydrides. The presence of bidentate ligands having mixed S/P dative sites led to air- and moisture-stable copper hydride nanoclusters. The formation of rhombus-shaped nanoparticles (CuNPs) from copper polyhydrides in the presence of excess borohydrides suggests the presence of metal hydrides as intermediates during the formation of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S. Dhayal
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
- Centre
for Chemical Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Westville
Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
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Moodley V, Mthethwa L, Pillay MN, Omondi B, van Zyl WE. The silver(I) coordination polymer [AgO2PPh2] and unsupported Ag⋯Ag interactions derived from aminophosphinate and phosphinic acid. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pillay MN, van der Walt H, Staples RJ, van Zyl WE. C/O/P/S cycles derived from oxidative intramolecular disulfide (–S–S–) coupling of ferrocenyl dithiophosphonates. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Maddila SN, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Ceria-Vanadia/Silica-Catalyzed Cascade for C-C and C-O Bond Activation: Green One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans. ChemistryOpen 2015; 5:38-42. [PMID: 27308209 PMCID: PMC4906492 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a ceria-vanadia/silica (Ce-V/SiO2) heterogeneous catalyst and used it for the green and efficient synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives. The green reaction was a multicomponent one-pot condensation of 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione, aromatic aldehyde, and malononitrile in an eco-compatible solvent (ethanol). The catalyst was synthesized and fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The reported procedure offers a number of advantages including decreased reaction times, mild conditions, high yields, operational simplicity, and environmentally benign and simple work-up procedures. Furthermore, the catalyst is economical, fully recyclable, and reusable for over five runs while preserving its high activity. The synthesized 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran products can later be used for pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayana Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban 4000 South Africa
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45
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Traut-Johnstone T, Kanyanda S, Kriel FH, Viljoen T, Kotze PR, van Zyl WE, Coates J, Rees DJG, Meyer M, Hewer R, Williams DBG. Heteroditopic P,N ligands in gold(I) complexes: Synthesis, structure and cytotoxicity. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 145:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maddila SN, Maddila S, van Zyl WE, Jonnalagadda SB. Mn doped ZrO2 as a green, efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]-pyrimidine derivatives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06373f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and an efficient method has been developed for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]-pyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000
- South Africa
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry & Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000
- South Africa
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Lee YC, Lin YR, Liou BY, Liao JH, Gusarova NK, Trofimov BA, van Zyl WE, Liu CW. Dinuclear gold(i) dithio- and diselenophosph(in)ate complexes forming mononuclear gold(iii) oxidative addition complexes and reversible chemical reductive elimination products. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:663-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Liao JH, Chang HW, Li YJ, Fang CS, Sarkar B, van Zyl WE, Liu CW. Anion templating from a silver(i) dithiophosphate 1D polymer forming discrete cationic and neutral octa- and decanuclear silver(i) clusters. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:12380-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The polymer [Ag5{S2P(OiPr)2}4]n(PF6)n forms discrete Ag8 and Ag10 clusters with encapsulated anions; the nuclearity depends on the M : L stoichiometric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Hao-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Shiang Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Bijay Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
| | - Werner E. van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban, South Africa
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Dong Hwa University
- Hualien, Republic of China
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Pillay MN, Omondi B, Staples RJ, van Zyl WE. A hexanuclear gold(i) metallatriangle derived from a chiral dithiophosphate: synthesis, structure, luminescence and oxidative bromination reactivity. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40496j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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