Salivary exRNA biomarkers to detect gingivitis and monitor disease regression

AIM

This study tests the hypothesis that salivary extracellular RNA (exRNA) biomarkers can be developed for gingivitis detection and monitoring disease regression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Salivary exRNA biomarker candidates were developed from a total of 100 gingivitis and non-gingivitis individuals using Affymetrix's expression microarrays. The top 10 differentially expressed exRNAs were tested in a clinical cohort to determine whether the discovered salivary exRNA markers for gingivitis were associated with clinical gingivitis and disease regression. For this purpose, unstimulated saliva was collected from 30 randomly selected gingivitis subjects, the gingival and plaque indexes scores were taken at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks and salivary exRNAs were assayed by means of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Eight salivary exRNA biomarkers developed for gingivitis were statistically significantly changed over time, consistent with disease regression. A panel of four salivary exRNAs [SPRR1A, lnc-TET3-2:1, FAM25A, CRCT1] can detect gingivitis with a clinical performance of 0.91 area under the curve, with 71% sensitivity and 100% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical values of the developed salivary exRNA biomarkers are associated with gingivitis regression. They offer strong potential to be advanced for definitive validation and clinical laboratory development test.

Clinical investigation of oral malodor during long-term use of arginine-containing dentifrices

PURPOSE

To investigate whether the long term use of two dentifrices containing arginine, an insoluble calcium compound, and fluoride: (1) 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm F as sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (dical) base, and (2) 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm F as NaMFP in a calcium carbonate base, results in an increase in oral malodor potentially associated with increased ammonia production from breakdown of arginine, as compared to a commercially available fluoride dentifrice without arginine (1450 ppm F as NaMFP in a dical base), after 6 months of product use.

METHODS

A 6-month clinical study, with 119 subjects, was conducted in Chengdu, China, using a double blind, randomized, parallel, three-treatment design. A panel of four expert judges used a nine-point hedonic scale to evaluate breath odor using a protocol designed in concordance with the ADA Acceptance Program Guidelines for Product Used in the Management of Oral Malodor. After a baseline evaluation, study subjects who scored above the threshold value for unpleasant breath odor were stratified by score and randomized into one of three treatment groups. Subjects were provided with a soft-bristled manual toothbrush (Colgate Classic Clean Toothbrush) and brushed their teeth thoroughly in their regular and customary manner for 1 minute with their assigned dentifrice, twice daily. Before breath-odor evaluations, the subjects refrained from eating odorigenic foods and did not use dental hygiene procedures, breath mints, or mouth rinses for 48 hours and 12 hours, respectively.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in oral malodor levels among subjects using the three dentifrices after 1, 3 and 6 months of product use.

Two-year caries clinical study of the efficacy of novel dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm fluoride

A 2-year double-blind randomized three-treatment controlled parallel-group clinical study compared the anti-caries efficacy of two dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound (di-calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate) and 1,450 ppm fluoride (F), as sodium monofluorophosphate, to a control dentifrice containing 1,450 ppm F, as sodium fluoride, in a silica base. The 6,000 participants were from Bangkok, Thailand and aged 6-12 years initially. They were instructed to brush twice daily, in the morning and evening, with their randomly assigned dentifrice. Three trained and calibrated dentists examined the children at baseline and after 1 and 2 years using the National Institute of Dental Research Diagnostic Procedures and Criteria. The number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and surfaces (DMFS) for the three study groups were very similar at baseline, with no statistically significant differences among groups. After 1 year, there were no statistically significant differences in caries increments among the three groups. After 2 years, the two groups using the dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm F had statistically significantly (p < 0.02) lower DMFT increments (21.0 and 17.7% reductions, respectively) and DMFS increments (16.5 and 16.5%) compared to the control dentifrice. The differences between the two groups using the new dentifrices were not statistically significant. The results of this pivotal clinical study support the conclusion that dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm F provide significantly greater protection against caries lesion cavitation, in a low to moderate caries risk population, than dentifrices containing 1,450 ppm F alone.

Comparative efficacy of two treatment regimens combining in-office and at-home programs for dentin hypersensitivity relief: a 24-week clinical study

PURPOSE

Dentin hypersensitivity is a significant clinical problem that affects numerous individuals. This sharp pain, arising from exposed dentin in response to external stimuli, can be a particularly uncomfortable and unpleasant sensation for patients, because it interferes with their quality of life. The objective of this 24-week, single-center, parallel group, double-blind, stratified and randomized clinical study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single professional treatment with an in-office desensitizing paste followed by twice daily brushing with a desensitizing toothpaste and toothbrush for 24 weeks.

METHODS

100 adults with confirmed dentin hypersensitivity were randomly assigned into two groups. One group received a single in-office treatment with a desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate (marketed as Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Desensitizing Paste and Elmex Sensitive Professional desensitizing paste), after dental scaling, followed by 24 weeks of brushing twice daily with a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8% arginine, calcium carbonate with 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP (marketed as Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste and Elmex Sensitive Professional toothpaste) and using the Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothbrush (Test Group). The other group received a single in-office treatment with Nupro-M pumice prophylaxis paste, after dental scaling, followed by 24 weeks of brushing twice daily with a non-desensitizing toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP and with the Oral-B Indicator toothbrush (Negative Control Group). Hypersensitivity was reexamined immediately after in-office product application and after 8 and 24 weeks of twice daily brushing.

RESULTS

Immediately after professional product application, and after 8 and 24 weeks, subjects assigned to the Test Group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in dentin hypersensitivity compared to subjects assigned to the Negative Control Group in tactile (49.8%, 57.5% and 32.9%, respectively) and air blast (26.0%, 38.4% and 34.3%, respectively) sensitivity scores. The instant reductions in dentin hypersensitivity provided by the single professional application of a desensitizing paste for in-office use, containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate were maintained by twice daily brushing with the 8% arginine, calcium carbonate toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP and the Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothbrush for at least 24 weeks.

Comparison of efficacy of an arginine-calcium carbonate-MFP toothpaste to a calcium carbonate-MFP toothpaste in controlling supragingival calculus formation and gingivitis: a 6-month clinical study

PURPOSE

To investigate whether the long-term use (6 months) of an arginine-calcium carbonate-MFP toothpaste would affect calculus formation and/or gingivitis when compared to a calcium carbonate-MFP toothpaste.

METHODS

This was a double-blind clinical study. Eligible adult subjects (120) entered a 2-month pre-test phase of the study. After receiving an evaluation of oral tissue and a dental prophylaxis, the subjects were provided with a regular fluoride toothpaste, a soft-bristled adult toothbrush with instructions to brush their teeth for 1-minute twice daily (morning and evening) for 2 months. The subjects were then examined for baseline calculus using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index (VMI) and gingivitis using the Löe-Silness Gingival Index (GI), along with an oral tissue examination. Qualifying subjects were randomized to two treatment groups: (1) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, 1450 ppm MFP and calcium carbonate (Test group), or (2) Colgate Cavity Protection toothpaste containing 1450 ppm MFP and calcium carbonate (Control group). Subjects were stratified by the VMI score and gender. After a dental prophylaxis (VMI=0), the subjects entered a 6-month test phase. Each received the assigned toothpaste and a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use with instructions of brushing teeth for 1 minute twice daily (morning and evening). The examinations of VMI, Löe-Silness GI and oral tissues were conducted after 3 and 6 months. Prior to each study visit, subjects refrained from brushing their teeth as well as eating and drinking for 4 hours.

RESULTS

99 subjects complied with the study protocol and completed the 6-month test phase. No within-treatment comparison was performed for the VMI because it was brought down to zero after the prophylaxis at the baseline of the test phase. For the Löe-Silness GI, subjects of the Test group exhibited a significant difference from baseline at the 3- and 6-month examinations. The 3-month Löe-Silness GI of the Control group was significantly different from that of the baseline; however, its 6-month Löe-Silness GI was not statistically significantly different from the baseline values. After 3 and 6 months, there were no significant differences between the Test and Control groups with respect to the mean VMI scores; there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to the Löe-Silness GI results after 3 and 6 months of product use.

Comparison of the clinical efficacy of a new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm fluoride to a commercially available sensitive toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion on dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

This clinical study was designed to compare dentin hypersensitivity relief among subjects who brushed their teeth with a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) to subjects who brushed with a commercially available dentifrice containing 2% potassium ion as potassium nitrate over an eight-week period.

METHODS

Adult male and female subjects from the New Delhi, India area were required to present two teeth that exhibited dentin hypersensitivity, both to tactile stimulation using the Yeaple Probe and to air blast stimulation delivered by a standard dental unit syringe. After an examination of the oral soft and hard tissues, qualifying subjects were randomly assigned one of the study dentifrices and a soft-bristled toothbrush, and were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute, twice daily (morning and evening), using only the toothbrush and dentifrice provided. No other oral hygiene practices were permitted over the course of the study. After two, four, and eight weeks of product use, subjects returned to the dental clinic for follow-up examinations of tactile and air blast sensitivity of the baseline-designated hypersensitive teeth. Examinations of the oral soft and hard tissues were also performed at these follow-up visits.

RESULTS

Subjects who brushed with the new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm MFP exhibited statistically significant reductions (p < 0.05) in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (36.2%, 33.1%, and 29.7%) and air blast (16.4%, 31.1%, 58.8%) stimuli when compared to the subjects who brushed with the 2% potassium ion as potassium nitrate dentifrice after two, four, and eight weeks, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The use ofa new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm MFP provides greater efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity when compared to a dentifrice containing 2% potassium ion, as potassium nitrate, after two, four, and eight weeks of product use.

Comparison of the clinical efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate to a commercially available toothpaste containing 1000 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate: an eight-week clinical trial on adults in New Delhi, India

OBJECTIVE

This clinical study evaluated relief from dentin hypersensitivity among subjects who brushed their teeth with a new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) to subjects who brushed with a commercially available dentifrice containing 1000 ppm MFP over an eight-week period.

METHODS

Adult subjects from the New Delhi, India area, with two teeth that exhibited dentin hypersensitivity, both to tactile stimulation using the Yeaple Probe and to stimulation using an air blast delivered by a standard dental unit syringe, were screened for study enrollment. Qualifying subjects were randomly assigned one of the study dentifrices and instructed to brush their teeth for one minute, twice daily (morning and evening) with the provided dentifrice. Follow-up examinations for dentin hypersensitivity were conducted after two, four, and eight weeks of product use.

RESULTS

Subjects provided with the new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm MFP exhibited statistically significantly (p < 0.05) greater reductions in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (81.9%, 90.5%, and 116.7%) and air blast (39.5%, 56.7%, and 76.7%) stimuli than subjects assigned the 1000 ppm MFP dentifrice after two, four, and eight weeks, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The use of a new dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1000 ppm MFP provides superior efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity (p < 0.05) than a control dentifrice containing 1000 ppm MFP alone after two, four, and eight weeks of use.

The efficacy of dentifrices on extrinsic tooth stains among community dwelling adults in India--a randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effects of routine use of two dentifrices on tooth stain.

BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN

Single centre, parallel design, double blind randomised clinical study with two treatment groups.

CLINICAL SETTING

Department of Dental Public Health, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.

PARTICIPANTS

125 of the 140 study subjects aged 18-70 years completed the 8-week study period.

INTERVENTIONS

Subjects were randomly assigned to brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste (control) or a dentifrice formulated with silicas (test) and recalled for tooth stain examinations after 4 and 8 weeks of dentifrice use.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Modified Lobene tooth stain index.

RESULTS

Whereas statistical analyses indicate no significant differences between the treatment groups for baseline scores of tooth stain intensity, stain area and tooth stain composite scores (p > 0.53), examinations demonstrate significant reductions in stain area, intensity and stain composite scores amongst subjects assigned the test dentifrice at both recall visits versus the control (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Routine use of the test dentifrice demonstrated significant removal of tooth stain among individuals recruited from the community.

Comparative investigation of a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride and specially-designed silica and a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base for the control of established supra-gingival plaque and gingivitis: a 6-month clinical study

PURPOSE

To investigate the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride, and specially-designed silica in controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis.

METHODS

Qualifying adult male and female subjects from the West Palm Beach, Florida area were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride, and specially-designed silica (Test Dentifrice); and (2) a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Negative Control Dentifrice). All subjects received an oral soft and hard tissue examination, baseline plaque and gingivitis were assessed, and subjects were dispensed their assigned dentifrice product along with a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily (morning and evening), using only the dentifrice provided. Examinations for plaque and gingivitis, and oral soft and hard tissue assessments were repeated after 3 and 6 months of product use.

RESULTS

115 subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the 6-month examination. After 6 months of product use, subjects assigned to the Test Dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Plaque Index, Plaque Severity Index, Gingival Index, and Gingivitis Severity Index scores; and subjects assigned to the Negative Control Dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Gingival Index scores only. Relative to the Negative Control Dentifrice group, the Test Dentifrice group exhibited an 18.8% reduction in Plaque Index; a 50% reduction in Plaque Severity Index; a 19.6% reduction in Gingival Index; and a 60% reduction in Gingivitis Severity Index after 6 months, all of which were statistically significant.

Assessment of hypersensitivity reduction of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF and specially-designed silica as compared to a dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc lactate and to a dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF on dentin hypersensitivity reduction: an 8-week study

PURPOSE

To evaluate the 8-week dentin hypersensitivity efficacy of three toothpastes: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride and specially-designed silica (Test Dentifrice 1); (2) a commercially-available dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride in a silica base with sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc lactate (Test Dentifrice 2); and (3) a commercially-available non-sensitive dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Negative Control Dentifrice).

METHODS

For this 8-week randomized controlled clinical study, qualifying subjects had to have at least two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force, and air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale). Subjects brushed twice daily for 1 minute, using the assigned toothpaste and toothbrush. Dentin hypersensitivity assessments, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted at the baseline examination and after 4 and 8 weeks of brushing.

RESULTS

118 subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the 8-week study. At baseline, the mean tactile sensitivity scores for toothpastes (1), (2) and (3) were 13.6, 14.1 and 13.1; at 4 weeks 28.75, 20.13, and 20.00; and after 8 weeks 33.1, 24.0 and 20.5, respectively. The mean air blast scores for toothpastes (1), (2), and (3) at baseline were 2.5, 2.5, and 2.4; at 4 weeks 1.25, 1.50 and 1.85; and after 8 weeks 0.99, 1.36 and 1.5, respectively. At all time points after the baseline examination, for both tactile and air blast sensitivity scores, the differences between Test Dentifrice 1 and the Negative Control Dentifrice were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The differences between Test Dentifrice 1 and Test Dentifrice 2 were statistically significant (P < 0.05) at 4 and 8 weeks after baseline examination for tactile sensitivity scores and at 8 weeks after baseline examination for air blast sensitivity scores.

Extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a new dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF and specially-designed silica for sensitivity relief and whitening benefits as compared to a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF and to a negative control dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF: a 6-week study

PURPOSE

This single-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical study was designed to investigate the extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a new antisensitivity dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid copolymer (PVM/MA copolymer), 0.243% NaF and a new silica specially-designed to occlude dentin tubules, relative to a Positive Control dentifrice and a Negative Control dentifrice.

METHODS

117 qualifying adults were stratified by baseline Lobene Stain Index scores and randomly assigned to brush twice daily using a soft-bristled toothbrush and one of three dentifrices: (1) the Test Dentifrice; (2) a previously clinically proven dentifrice variant containing 0.3% triclosan, 2% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF in a high cleaning silica base (Positive Control); and (3) a dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF in a silica base (Negative Control). Extrinsic stain area and stain intensity examinations were repeated after 3 and 6 weeks of product use.

RESULTS

Relative to the Negative Control group, the Test group and the Positive Control group exhibited statistically significant improvements in mean Lobene composite stain scores after 3 weeks of product use (39.8% and 40.7% respectively) and after 6 weeks of product use (58.8% and 61.8% respectively). There were no statistically significant differences observed between the stain removal performance of the Test Dentifrice and the Positive Control Dentifrice after 3 and 6 weeks of product use.

Teeth and implant surroundings: clinical health indices and microbiologic parameters

OBJECTIVE

Dental implants and peri-implant tissue are susceptible to disease conditions that may lead to implant loss. The objective of the present study was to describe teeth and implant surroundings as well as clinical health indices and oral microbiologic parameters.

METHOD AND MATERIALS

A group of 83 adults (42 men and 41 women) were enrolled in the study. Clinical assessments of dental implants and contralateral natural teeth included dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and bleeding on probing. Microbiologic assessments included bacterial culture, light and phase contrast microscopy, and DNA probe hybridization for a panel of 14 target microorganisms. Clinical and microbiologic data were compared by paired t test and ANOVA. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The Plaque Index for the implants was 1.85 ± 0.47, whereas the score for natural teeth was significantly higher, 2.15 ± 0.52. Compared to the samples obtained from the dental implants, the samples from natural teeth demonstrated significantly higher total bacterial cell numbers (P < .05). Consistent with the clinical measures of dental plaque, significantly higher numbers of oral bacteria, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, were found in dental plaque samples from teeth (aerobic 5.648 ± 0.512, anaerobic 6.243 ± 0.535, P < .0001) compared to implants (aerobic 5.430 ± 0.541, anaerobic 5.917 ± 0.523, P < .0001). In addition, there were significantly higher numbers of anaerobic (6.243 ± 0.535 and 5.917 ± 0.523, P < .0001) than aerobic (5.648 ± 0.512 and 5.430 ± 0.541, P < .008) bacteria for samples from teeth and implants, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Clinical and microbiologic analyses provide consistent findings that suggest differences in quantity of plaque and bacterial species between teeth and dental implants. For long-term treatment success, the importance of plaque control and oral hygiene of both periodontal and dental implant therapy is emphasized.

Evaluation of the antiplaque efficacy of two cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy in reducing dental plaque regrowth of two mouthwashes containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), one with 6% alcohol and one alcohol-free, as compared to a negative control mouthwash without CPC, using the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI).

METHODS

The study was a double-blind, randomized, three-way crossover, controlled design. Following a washout period, subjects reported to the dental clinic where they were instructed to brush their teeth, used their assigned mouthwash, and were scored by the examining dentist for plaque using the MGMPI method. Subjects were instructed to refrain from all oral hygiene for the next 24 hours, except for rinsing with their assigned mouthwash 12 hours post-brushing. After this 24-hour period, subjects returned to the dental clinic and were once again scored for plaque. This sequence of washout followed by mouthwash use and plaque scoring was repeated until each subject had used all three mouthwashes. An ANOVA was conducted to assess between-group differences.

RESULTS

The two test mouthwashes significantly reduced plaque regrowth over a 24-hour period (p < 0.05) as compared to the negative control mouthwash. The difference between the CPC-containing mouthwashes was not significant (p = 0.4868).

CONCLUSION

Two mouthwashes containing 0.075% CPC, one with 6% alcohol and the other alcohol-free, were found to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared a negative control mouthwash without CPC. In short-term studies, the MGMPI appears useful for evaluating the antiplaque efficacy of mouthwash products.

Clinical efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride compared to a dentifrice containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride under consumer usage conditions before and after switch-over

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this 16-week, double-blind, randomized, switch-over design study was to compare the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief [also marketed as elmex Sensitive Professional]) to a desensitizing dentifrice containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride (Sensodyne Rapid Relief) under relevant consumer usage conditions.

METHODS

Qualifying subjects from the San Francisco, CA, USA area, who presented two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force and an air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale), participated in this two-phase double-blind study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two test groups. The first phase of the study consisted of twice-daily at-home brushing with the first assigned dentifrice for eight weeks. The second phase of the study consisted of switching product use to the second assigned dentifrice for a second eight-week period. Dentin hypersensitivity examinations, which comprised tactile and air blast hypersensitivity measures, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted at baseline, at the completion of the first study phase, and at two weeks and eight weeks of the second phase.

RESULTS

One-hundred and twenty-one subjects complied with the study protocol and completed the study. Study Phase I: Subjects who brushed twice daily for eight weeks with the arginine/calcium carbonate dentifrice experienced statistically significant improvements in mean tactile and air blast hypersensitivity scores (51.3% and 39.4%, respectively) relative to that experienced by subjects who brushed with the strontium acetate dentifrice. Study Phase II: Subjects who brushed with the arginine/calcium carbonate dentifrice for the first eight weeks of the study and then switched to brush with the strontium acetate dentifrice for the second eight weeks of the study, did not exhibit further improvements in mean tactile or mean air blast hypersensitivity scores after two and eight weeks of switch-over product use. However, subjects who brushed with the strontium acetate dentifrice for the first eight weeks of the study and then switched to brush with the arginine/calcium carbonate dentifrice exhibited statistically significant improvements in mean tactile and air blast hypersensitivity scores two weeks (35.2% and 29.9%, respectively) and eight weeks (40.3% and 35.3%, respectively) after product switch-over. Relative to the subjects who switched from twice-daily brushing with the arginine/calcium carbonate dentifrice to brush with the strontium acetate dentifrice, those who switched from brushing with the strontium acetate dentifrice to brush with the arginine/calcium carbonate dentifrice exhibited statistically significant improvements in mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (10.3%) and in mean air blast hypersensitivity scores (16.3%) eight weeks after product switch-over.

CONCLUSION

Eight weeks of brushing with Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief(elmex Sensitive Professional) provides significant reductions in mean dentin hypersensitivity relative to the identical use of Sensodyne Rapid Relief. Additionally, the dentin hypersensitivity reductions achieved by twice-daily brushing with Sensodyne Rapid Relief are significantly improved by switching to twice-daily brushing with Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (elmex Sensitive Professional) for two and eight weeks. Further, the dentin hypersensitivity reductions achieved by twice-daily brushing with Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (elmex Sensitive Professional) are not improved by switching to twice-daily brushing with Sensodyne Rapid Relief for two or eight weeks. Eight weeks' use of Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (elmex Sensitive Professional), after having used Sensodyne Rapid Relief for an initial eight-week time period, provides statistically significant improvements in dentin hypersensitivity relative to eight weeks' use of the Sensodyne Rapid Relief.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of three commercially available toothpastes on dentin hypersensitivity reduction: an eight-week clinical study

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this eight-week, single-center, three-cell, double-blind, and randomized clinical study was to evaluate the dentin hypersensitivity reduction efficacy of three commercially available toothpastes: 1) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Toothpaste (also marketed as elmex Sensitive Professional); 2) Sensodyne Rapid Relief Toothpaste; and (3) Crest Cavity Protection Toothpaste.

METHODS

150 subjects, having two teeth with tactile and air blast hypersensitivity, were assigned to one of the three study groups (50/group). Subjects were then asked to brush their teeth for one minute, twice daily, with the given toothpaste. The dentin hypersensitivity and oral tissues were evaluated at baseline, two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks. Comparison of the treatment groups with respect to gender was conducted using a chi-square analysis, and with respect to age and baseline hypersensitivity scores was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Within-treatment effects were analyzed using the paired t-test, while the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine between-treatment effects. The post hoc Tukey test was performed for pair-wise comparisons. All statistical tests were two-sided using a significance level of alpha = 0.05.

RESULTS

After two, four, and eight weeks of daily use of the products, all three groups showed a statistically significant reduction from baseline in tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity (p < 0.05). Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste produced a significant improvement in mean tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity scores, and was more effective than Sensodyne Rapid Relief toothpaste and Crest Cavity Protection toothpastes (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Colgate Sensitive Pro-ReliefToothpaste, used twice daily, significantly reduces dentin hypersensitivity, and is significantly more effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity than Sensodyne Rapid Relief Toothpaste and Crest Cavity Protection Toothpaste.

Comparison of clinical efficacy of three toothpastes in reducing dentin hypersensitivity

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF) in a silica base, to a positive control toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) in a calcium carbonate base, and a negative control toothpaste containing 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base.

METHODS

Subjects identified with two hypersensitive teeth using the tactile (Yeaple Probe) and air blast (Schiff's Scale) hypersensitivity methods were assigned to their treatment group. There were 50 subjects per group. Subjects then self-applied the assigned toothpaste to their hypersensitive teeth using a fingertip, then brushed their teeth at home using the same toothpaste twice daily for seven days. Dentin hypersensitivity and oral tissues were evaluated at baseline, immediately after the single application, and after seven days. A chi-square analysis was conducted to examine the effects with respect to gender between treatments. Comparisons of the age and baseline hypersensitivity data among groups were performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Within-treatment effects were analyzed using the paired t-test, while the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the between-treatment effects. The post hoc Tukey's test was performed for the pair-wise comparisons using a significance level of alpha = 0.05.

RESULTS

All 150 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. The positive control toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base provided statistically significant improvements in mean tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity scores compared to the negative control toothpaste containing 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base (p < 0.05). The toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base (positive control) also provided statistically significant improvements in mean tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity scores compared to the test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base. The test toothpaste and the negative control toothpaste were not significantly different from each other.

CONCLUSION

The test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base, when used for a single topical application and twice-daily brushing for seven days, does not provide statistically significant relief of dentin hypersensitivity compared to a negative control toothpaste containing 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base. In contrast, the positive control toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base provided significantly reduced dentin hypersensitivity compared to the negative control toothpaste, and was significantly more effective than the test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base.

Evaluation of the specificity and effectiveness of selected oral hygiene actives in salivary biofilm microcosms

The microbiological effects of biocidal products used for the enhancement of oral hygiene relate to the active compound(s) as well as other formulation components. Here, we test the specificities of selected actives in the absence of multiple excipients. Salivary ecosystems were maintained in tissue culture plate-based hydroxyapatite disc models (HDMs) and modified drip-flow biofilm reactors (MDFRs). Test compounds stannous fluoride (SF), SDS, triclosan (TCS), zinc lactate (ZL) and ZL with SF in combination (ZLSF) were delivered to the HDMs once and four times daily for 6 days to MDFRs. Plaques were characterized by differential viable counting and PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). TCS and SDS were the most effective compounds against HDM plaques, significantly reducing total viable counts (P<0.05), whilst SF, ZL and ZLSF were comparatively ineffective. TCS exhibited specificity for streptococci (P<0.01) and Gram-negative anaerobes (P<0.01) following a single dosing and also on repeated dosing in MDFRs. In contrast to single exposures, multiple dosing with ZLSF also significantly reduced all bacterial groups, whilst SF and ZL caused significant but transient reductions. According to PCR–DGGE analyses, significant (P<0.05) reductions in eubacterial diversity occurred following 6 day dosing with both TCS and ZLSF. Concordance of MDFR eubacterial profiles with salivary inocula ranged between 58 and 97 %. TCS and ZL(SF) exhibited similar specificities to those reported for formulations. TCS was the most potent antibacterial, after single and multiple dosage regimens.

Dentin hypersensitivity reduction of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride: an 8-week clinical study on Chinese adults

PURPOSE

To present the results of an 8-week dentin hypersensitivity clinical study in which the efficacy of a new Pro-Argin formula toothpaste, with gentle whitening benefits, containing 8.0% arginine, a high cleaning calcium carbonate system, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) was compared to that of a commercial Pro-Argin formula toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP and a negative control toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP.

METHODS

An 8-week clinical study, with 121 subjects, was conducted in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, using a double-blind, stratified, three-treatment design. Tactile and air blast sensitivity assessments were used to compare the efficacy of the three products.

RESULTS

This clinical study demonstrated that the new Pro-Argin formula toothpaste provided a significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity when used over a period of 8 weeks. The study also showed that the new toothpaste provided significantly greater reductions (P < 0.05) in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (64.4%, 71.1%, and 61.0%) and air blast (40.7%, 58.8%, and 74.4%) stimuli than the negative control toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of product use, respectively. The results for the new toothpaste did not differ significantly from those of the positive control toothpaste at all time points in the study.

Extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a new desensitizing dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate and 1450 ppm fluoride

PURPOSE

To evaluate the extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a new Pro-Argin formula whitening dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, a high cleaning calcium carbonate and 1450 ppm fluoride, as monofluorophosphate, after brushing twice daily for 4 and 8 weeks.

METHODS

At the baseline visit, 92 adult subjects were stratified based on their Lobene Stain Index scores and randomized into two treatment groups; one using the new Pro-Argin formula whitening dentifrice (test group) and the other using the original Pro-Argin formula dentifrice (control group). Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for the duration of the study. Tooth stain evaluations were conducted as stain area and stain intensity according to the Lobene Stain Index.

RESULTS

All 92 enrolled subjects complied with the protocol and completed the 8-week study. Baseline scores demonstrated no significant differences between the two treatment groups for the evaluated area and intensity parameters of stain (P > 0.05). At both the 4- and 8-week post-use evaluations, subjects brushing with the test dentifrice demonstrated significant reductions for all stain parameters versus the control (P < 0.05). Relative to the control group, the test group demonstrated reductions in mean stain intensity scores of 9.7% and 17.9% at the 4- and 8-week evaluations, respectively. Corresponding reductions in mean stain area scores for the test group relative to the control were 11.7% and 20.8% at the 4- and 8-week evaluations, respectively. (Am JDent 2010;23 Sp Is A:36A-40A).

Instant dentin hypersensitivity relief of a new desensitizing dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, a high cleaning calcium carbonate system and 1450 ppm fluoride: a 3-day clinical study in Chengdu, China

PURPOSE

To compare, with a double-blind, randomized, parallel-design clinical study, the hypersensitivity efficacy of a new Pro-Argin formula dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, a high cleaning calcium carbonate system and 1450 ppm fluoride to a previously validated Pro-Argin formula dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and 1450 ppm fluoride, instantly after a single direct topical self-application using a fingertip, and after subsequent brushing for 3 days.

METHODS

Qualifying subjects from the Chengdu, China area who presented two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile score of 10 to 50 grams, and an air blast score of 2 or 3, participated in this study. The first phase of the study consisted of a single topical application of the assigned product directly onto the hypersensitive surface of each of the two hypersensitive teeth. Study subjects applied a pea-size amount of their toothpaste onto the hypersensitive surface and massaged for 1 minute. The second phase of the study consisted of twice-daily at-home brushing with the toothpaste for 3 days.

RESULTS

All one hundred and twenty-two (122) subjects complied with the study protocol and completed the study. There was good balance among the three groups at baseline. The mean tactile sensitivity scores for the new Pro-Argin formula dentifrice, the previously validated Pro-Argin formula dentifrice, and the control dentifrice were at baseline 14.88, 14.76 and 14.38, and after direct application were 28.90, 29.02 and 15.88, and after 3 days of brushing were 34.51, 33.41 and 16.00, respectively. The mean air blast scores at baseline were 2.11, 2.12 and 2.15, and after direct application were 1.21, 1.18 and 2.06, and after 3 days of brushing were 0.80, 0.83 and 1.93, respectively. Immediately after direct application and after 3 days of brushing, for both the tactile and air blast sensitivity scores, the differences between the two dentifrices containing 8.0% arginine and the control were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between the two 8.0% arginine dentifrices immediately after direct application and after 3 days of brushing.

Prevalence and severity of gingivitis in American adults

PURPOSE

To investigate prevalence and severity of gingivitis in representative American adults.

METHODS

Subjects (1,000) in Loma Linda, California; Seattle, Washington; and Boston, Massachusetts were examined for Löe-Silness Gingivitis Index (GI). Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to determine significances in the GI between genders. The data among study sites and races were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks. The correlation of the GI and age was examined by the Spearman rank order correlation. Age differences among three sites were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA.

RESULTS

The race composition of the subjects (mean age 37.9) approximated to the 2004 U.S. Census data. The overall average GI was 1.055. Only 6.1% of subjects showed mean GI<0.50; most (93.9%) were > or = 0.50, with 55.7% > or = 1.00. There was a significant correlation (P<0.001) between the age and GI. The males' GI was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the females'; African-Americans showed a significantly higher GI (P<0.05) than other races except for the Native-Americans.

The use of the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) method to investigate the inhibitory effect of various toothpastes on dental plaque formation

OBJECTIVE

Colgate Total (CTT) is the only FDA-approved toothpaste for antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of Colgate Total Pharma (CTP), a new variant of Colgate Total, with Colgate Regular Toothpaste (CRT) on plaque formation over a 24-hour period following a single use of the dentifrice.

METHODS

CTP and CRT were the two test products. CRT was used for a washout product as well. Fifteen male/female subjects who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were included into this single-blind (preliminary phase) and double-blind (randomized phase) crossover study. Ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained. Preliminary phase: After a one-week washout with CRT, subjects brushed in the dental clinic with CRT before a one-minute use of a test dentifrice. A baseline Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) score was calculated. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 24 hours, and returned to the clinic for their 24-hour MGMPI score. Subjects entered the second washout phase to repeat as per the crossover design. The above procedures were conducted three times by three independent examiners. Randomized phase: Subjects were randomized to the groups according to a computer-generated randomization schedule. The procedure was carried out as in the preliminary phase, except the washout period between the two products was at least one week and the products (CTP or CRT) were used in a randomized double-blind manner. Plaque scores were recorded as above.

RESULTS

CTP provided a significant (p = 0.01) antiplaque effect versus CRT. The results are consistent with previously reported data for CTT. All three examiners demonstrated a strong correlation for this clinical study utilizing the MGMPI methodology.

CONCLUSION

This clinical investigation examined the efficacy of a new variant of a commercial dentifrice, historically shown to provide antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy. It is important to confirm the continued efficacy of new products to consumers and to the profession. Additionally, this clinical trial demonstrated the usefulness of the clinical methodology with respect to consistency in results by three independent clinical examiners. Because this methodology is often employed to document antiplaque benefits of new and existing technologies, it is important to periodically evaluate and confirm its reliability and reproducibility.

A clinical investigation of the efficacy of three commercially available dentifrices for controlling established gingivitis and supragingival plaque

OBJECTIVE

To assess the efficacy ofa dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride for controlling established gingivitis and supragingival plaque relative to that of a dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate, and zinc lactate, and a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride as a negative control.

METHODS

Following a baseline examination for gingivitis and supragingival plaque, qualifying adult male and female subjects from the Piscataway, NJ, USA area were randomized into three dentifrice groups. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for gingivitis and supragingival plaque were repeated after six weeks of product use.

RESULTS

One-hundred and seventy-one (171) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. Relative to the group using the dentifrice with 0.243% sodium fluoride alone, the 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride group exhibited statistically significant reductions in gingival index and supragingival plaque index scores of 25.3% and 33.0%, respectively, after six weeks of product use. Similarly, relative to the group using the 0.243% sodium fluoride dentifrice, the 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate, and zinc lactate dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions in gingival index and plaque index scores of 8.1% and 14.1% after six weeks of product use. Further, relative to the 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate, and zinc lactate dentifrice group, the 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions in gingival index and plaque index scores of 18.7% and 22%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The overall results of this double-blind clinical study support the conclusion that a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride is efficacious for the control of established gingivitis and supragingival plaque as compared to a regular fluoride dentifrice, and that it provides a greater level of efficacy for the control of gingivitis and supragingival plaque than does a dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate, and zinc lactate.

Regional differences within the dentition for plaque, gingivitis, and anaerobic bacteria

OBJECTIVE

This investigation assessed regional differences in dental plaque and gingivitis within the human dentition in conjunction with microbiological analyses of dental plaque.

METHODS

Forty-one adults (23 males and 18 females; age range 19-44 years) were enrolled, and a calibrated dental examiner completed whole mouth examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Index (TMQH) and the L6e-Silness (LS) Index, respectively. Dental plaque samples were collected from the anterior surfaces and posterior teeth to determine viable anaerobic bacteria. During this visit, subjects underwent a whole mouth dental prophylaxis and were provided a marketed fluoride dentifrice for twice-daily oral hygiene. Subjects were recalled on day 15 and day 30 for whole mouth assessments of PI and GI, followed by the collection of dental plaque from the anterior and posterior teeth for microbiological analyses during these visits.

RESULTS

Low plaque and gingival scores were common on anterior surfaces, in contrast to greater frequencies of higher PI and GI scores on the posterior regions or the entire dentition. Correspondingly, mean scores for PI and GI were significantly lower among the anterior surfaces in comparison to all other regions of the mouth (posterior, Ramfjord surfaces, or the entire dentition) over each phase of the study (p < 0.0001). While prophylaxis resulted in lower clinical scores from baseline to the day-15 recall visit (p < 0.05), anterior surfaces demonstrated lower scores than posterior regions during this recall visit (p < 0.05). Although dental plaque scores increased from the day-15 to the day-30 evaluations, gingival scores maintained broad reductions, with anterior scores consistently lower than the corresponding posterior regions (p <0.05). Microbiological analyses indicated significantly lower numbers of viable bacteria from the anterior surfaces in comparison to posterior regions at both recall visits (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Anterior surfaces routinely demonstrated lower levels of dental plaque scores than the other regions of the dentition. Higher gingival inflammation levels were also correlated with increased plaque deposits associated with posterior teeth. Microbiological analyses confirm clinical observations with significantly higher numbers of viable bacteria in the dental plaque collected from the posterior regions. The human dentition demonstrates significant regional differences in the prevalence of dental plaque, gingivitis, and corresponding anaerobic bacteria, with posterior surfaces consistently reporting higher scores than the anterior regions. These consistent differences should be taken into account in performing plaque and gingivitis studies when assessing the efficacy of oral health products for controlling dental health.

Comparison of the short-term antiplaque/antibacterial efficacy of two commercial dentifrices

OBJECTIVE

The objective of these three clinical trials was to compare the impact of two commercial products, Colgate Total and Crest Pro-Health, on the formation of dental plaque over a 24-hour period of time. The studies utilized the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI), a validated and reliable clinical method for assessing the efficacy of products in reducing plaque build-up.

METHODS

Colgate Total and Crest Pro-Health were the test products for all three clinical trials. Colgate Great Regular Flavor (CR) was used as the universal washout product. Colgate Total, as the only toothpaste approved by the FDA under an NDA for antiplaque, antigingivitis, and anticaries benefits, contains 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer for antigingivitis and antiplaque, as well as 0.243% sodium fluoride (NaF) for anticaries. Crest Pro-Health contains 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF2) as both a monographed anticaries agent and a monographed antigingivitis agent, along with sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc lactate. Twenty-five healthy subjects meeting all study criteria were included into each of the double-blind studies. Product assignment was randomized and a crossover design was implemented. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to commencement of each of the studies. The studies followed published MGMPI procedures, which require subjects to receive a dental scaling/prophylaxis followed by a one-week washout period prior to use of test products. A baseline MGMPI score was calculated following use of the test products in the dental clinic. Subjects refrained from all oral hygiene for 24 hours following use of each test product, and returned to the clinic for a 24-hour MGMPI score. Following a washout period, subjects repeated the procedure with the other test product as per the crossover design. The differences (delta) between baseline plaque scores and 24-hour plaque scores were independently calculated for each study, and the delta values were compared for the two test products in each of the studies.

RESULTS

In all three clinical trials, Colgate Total significantly reduced plaque regrowth over a 24-hour time period (p < or = 0.05) compared to Crest Pro-Health. Existing differences were determined via a paired t-test, which confirmed that Colgate Total was statistically significantly different from Crest Pro-Health.

CONCLUSION

These in vivo data support the antiplaque benefit of the 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride dentifrice. Additionally, the results support that Colgate Total provides superior efficacy in inhibiting the formation of dental plaque compared to Crest Pro-Health.

Comparative investigation of the efficacy of triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate/zinc lactate dentifrices for the control of established supragingival plaque and gingivitis in a six-month clinical study

OBJECTIVE

This double-blind clinical study, conducted at the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, was designed to compare the efficacy of two commercially available dentifrices for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis.

METHODS

Qualifying adult male and female subjects from the San Juan, Puerto Rico area were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: 1) a commercially available dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride (Colgate Total); and 2) a commercially available dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate, and zinc lactate (Crest Pro-Health). All subjects received an oral soft and hard tissue examination, and were dispensed their assigned dentifrice product, along with a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute, twice daily (morning and evening), using only the dentifrice provided. Examinations for supragingival plaque and gingivitis, and oral soft and hard tissue assessments were repeated after six weeks, three months, and six months of product use.

RESULTS

One-hundred and nine (109) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the six-month examinations. At the six-month examination, both treatment groups exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to supragingival plaque and gingivitis scores. Relative to the Crest Pro-Health Toothpaste group, the Colgate Total Toothpaste group exhibited statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque index scores of 18.5%, 20.7%, and 25.8% after six weeks, three months, and six months of product use, respectively. For gingival index scores, statistically significant reductions of 20.5%, 18.9%, and 17.1% were exhibited after six weeks, three months, and six months of product use, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results of this double-blind clinical study support the conclusion that a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride provides a significant reduction in established supragingival plaque and gingivitis, as compared to a dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate, and zinc lactate when used over a period of six months.

Levels of serum interleukin (IL)-6 and gingival crevicular fluid of IL-1beta and prostaglandin E(2) among non-smoking subjects with gingivitis and type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

The goal of this study was to assess whether non-smoking patients with type 2 diabetes present with increased levels of local and systemic proinflammatory mediators and, if so, whether such an increase is associated with enhanced clinical gingival inflammation compared to non-smoking patients without diabetes.

METHODS

We used a cross-sectional database consisting of 725 self-reported lifelong non-smokers aged 53 to 74 years. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and serum levels of IL-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No participant had probing depth >3 mm. Participants with bleeding on probing (BOP) in <10% of sites were classified as healthy, whereas those with BOP in >or=10% of sites were defined as having biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) gingivitis.

RESULTS

Approximately 53% (n = 385) and 11% (n = 80) of the sample had BGI gingivitis and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The mean age-adjusted level of GCF IL-1beta was significantly elevated in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group (P = 0.048), but serum IL-6 (P = 0.14) and GCF PGE(2) were not (P = 0.98). The mean GCF IL-1beta and PGE(2) levels were significantly elevated in subjects with BGI gingivitis (136.2 +/- 112.9 ng/ml and 277.2 +/- 187.2 ng/ml, respectively) compared to subjects with gingival health (95.9 +/- 82.9 ng/ml and 205.7 +/- 149.6 ng/ml, respectively), regardless of diabetic status (P <0.001 for both). However, serum IL-6 was elevated in subjects with BGI gingivitis compared to subjects with gingival health only among subjects with diabetes (2.9 +/- 3.2 pg/ml versus 1.5 +/- 1.4 pg/ml; P = 0.008). With the exception of serum IL-6 in subjects without diabetes, an increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators was associated with increased odds of having BGI gingivitis. The associations were stronger in the diabetic group.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetes may increase the host inflammatory response to oral biofilm, which, in turn, may exacerbate preconditions associated with gingivitis in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by the increased level of serum IL-6, is associated with BGI gingivitis among non-smoking patients with diabetes.

The efficacy of a newly designed toothbrush to decrease tooth sensitivity

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this monadic clinical study was to evaluate the reduction in tooth sensitivity among patients who used the Colgate 360 degrees Sensitive toothbrush during an 8-week period.

METHODOLOGY

Adult men and women from the northern New Jersey area were required to present two teeth that exhibited sensitivity both to tactile stimulation using the Yeaple Probe and to thermal stimulation using an air blast delivered by a standard dental-unit syringe. After examination of the oral soft and hard tissues, qualifying patients were provided with a Colgate 360 degrees Sensitive toothbrush and a supply of a commercially available, nonsensitive fluoride toothpaste, and instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily (morning and evening), using only the toothbrush and dentifrice provided. No other oral hygiene practices were permitted during the course of the study. After 4 weeks and again after 8 weeks of product use, patients returned to the dental clinic for follow-up examinations of tactile and thermal sensitivity of the baseline-designated sensitive teeth. Examinations of the oral soft and hard tissues also were performed at these followup visits.

RESULTS

At the 4-week examinations, patients exhibited a statistically significant 5.49-unit increase in tactile sensitivity score and a statistically significant 0.77-unit decrease in thermal sensitivity score, both indicative of improvements in tooth sensitivity. At the 8-week examinations, patients exhibited a statistically significant 13.78-unit increase in tactile sensitivity score and a statistically significant 1.85-unit decrease in thermal sensitivity score, again both indicative of improvements in tooth sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that brushing sensitive teeth with the new Colgate 360 degrees Sensitive toothbrush will result in a decrease in tooth sensitivity and this decrease in tooth sensitivity will increase over time.

Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of an in-office desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate in providing instant and lasting relief of dentin hypersensitivity

PURPOSE

To determine the efficacy of an in-office desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate relative to that of a commercially-available pumice prophylaxis paste in reducing dentin hypersensitivity instantly after a single application following a dental scaling procedure and to establish the duration of sensitivity relief over a period of 4 weeks and 12 weeks.

METHODS

This was a single-center, parallel group, double-blind, stratified clinical study conducted in San Francisco, California, USA. Qualifying adult male and female subjects who presented two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10-50 grams of force and an air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale) were stratified according to their baseline hypersensitivity scores and randomly assigned within strata to one of two treatment groups: (1) A Test Paste, a desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate (Colgate-Palmolive Co); and (2) A Control Paste, Nupro pumice prophylaxis paste (Dentsply Professional). Subjects received a professionally-administered scaling procedure, after which they were re-examined for tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity (Post-Scaling Examinations). The assigned pastes were then applied as the final step to the professional dental cleaning procedure. Tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity examinations were again performed immediately after paste application. Subjects were provided with a commercially-available non-desensitizing dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride (Crest Cavity Protection, Procter & Gamble Co.) and an adult soft-bristled toothbrush and were instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily at home using only the toothbrush and dentifrice provided, for the next 12 weeks. Subjects returned to the testing facility 4 and 12 weeks after the single application of Test or Control paste, having refrained from all oral hygiene procedures and chewing gum for 8 hours and from eating and drinking for 4 hours, prior to each follow-up visit. Assessments of tactile and air blast hypersensitivity, and examinations of oral soft and hard tissue were repeated at these 4- and 12-week examinations.

RESULTS

68 subjects completed the 12-week study. No statistically significant differences from baseline scores were indicated at the Post-Scaling Examinations for either the Test Paste or Control Paste groups. Immediately following product application and 4 weeks after product application, subjects assigned to the Test Paste group exhibited statistically significant improvements from baseline with respect to baseline-adjusted mean air blast (44.1% and 45.9% respectively) and mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (156.2% and 170.3% respectively). At the same time points, subjects assigned to the Control Paste group exhibited statistically significant improvements from baseline with respect to baseline-adjusted mean air blast (15.1% and 8.9% respectively) and mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (43.1% and 8.3% respectively). Immediately following application of the assigned paste and 4 weeks later, the Test Paste group demonstrated statistically significant reductions in dentin hypersensitivity with respect to baseline-adjusted mean air blast (34.1% and 40.6% respectively) and mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (79.0% and 149.6% respectively), compared to the Control Paste group. No statistically significant differences were exhibited between paste groups at the Post-Scaling and 12-week examinations with respect to mean tactile and baseline-adjusted mean air blast hypersensitivity scores.

Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of a desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate for the in-office relief of dentin hypersensitivity associated with dental prophylaxis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a professional desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate relative to that of a commercially-available pumice prophylaxis paste when applied pre-procedurally to a professional dental cleaning (dental prophylaxis).

METHODS

This was a single-center, parallel group, double-blind, stratified clinical study, conducted in Langhorne, Pennsylvania. Adult male and female subjects who presented a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force and an air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale) were stratified according to their baseline hypersensitivity scores and randomly assigned within strata to one of two treatment groups. The two treatment groups were: (1) a Test paste, a desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate (Colgate-Palmolive Co.); and (2) a Control paste, Nupro pumice prophylaxis paste (Dentsply Professional). Subjects had their assigned paste applied immediately before receiving a professional dental cleaning procedure. After the completion of the dental cleaning procedure, tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity examinations were again performed following the same methodology employed for the baseline hypersensitivity examinations.

RESULTS

45 subjects completed the study. At the final hypersensitivity examinations, conducted immediately after the completion of the dental cleaning procedure, subjects assigned to the test group exhibited statistically significant improvements from baseline with respect to baseline-adjusted mean tactile (132.1%) and air blast hypersensitivity scores (48.6%). Additionally, subjects assigned to the control group exhibited a statistically significant hypersensitivity improvement from baseline with respect to baseline-adjusted mean air blast hypersensitivity scores (13.9%). The hypersensitivity improvement from baseline indicated for the control group for mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (21.7%) was not statistically significant. At the final hypersensitivity examinations, statistically significant differences were indicated between the test group and the control group with respect to baseline-adjusted mean tactile (110.0%) and air blast hypersensitivity scores (41.9%).

Comparing the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion: an eight-week clinical study in Rome, Italy

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this double-blind dentin hypersensitivity clinical study was to investigate the effectiveness of a new desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), compared to that of a benchmark commercially available desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion, dosed as 5.0% potassium nitrate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF).

METHODS

A total of 80 subjects were entered into the study, and stratified into two balanced groups according to their baseline mean tactile and mean air blast sensitivity scores. The two groups were randomly assigned to use either the new arginine toothpaste or the benchmark commercially available desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned toothpaste and a commercially available soft-bristled toothbrush. Dentin hypersensitivity examinations, which included tactile and air blast sensitivity measures, were conducted at baseline, one week, two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks. Subject examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner at each examination period.

RESULTS

This clinical study demonstrated that the new toothpaste, containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base, provided a significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity when used over a period of eight weeks. The study also showed that the new arginine toothpaste provided significantly greater reductions (p < 0.05) in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (38.9%, 28.8%, and 11.6%) and air blast (16.8%, 26.4%, and 33.8%) stimuli than the benchmark commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base, after two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks of product use, respectively.

CONCLUSION

A new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP provides significantly increased hypersensitivity relief (p < 0.05) as compared to a benchmark commercial desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion, dosed as potassium nitrate, after two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks of product use.

The clinical effect of a single direct topical application of a dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride on dentin hypersensitivity: the use of a cotton swab applicator versus the use of a fingertip

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this examiner-blind, randomized clinical study was to compare the effect of a toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride, as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity when delivered as a single direct topical application using a cotton swab applicator versus using a fingertip. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effect on dentin hypersensitivity of the dentifrice after seven days of twice-daily at-home brushing, subsequent to the single direct topical application performed at the beginning of the study.

METHODS

Qualifying subjects possessed two baseline-designated hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score of 10 to 50 grams of force (Yeaple Probe), and an air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale). In the first phase of the study, subjects topically self-applied the test product using a fingertip, a previously validated method, for one of the hypersensitive teeth (fingertip test teeth), and a cotton swab applicator for the second hypersensitive tooth (swab test teeth). In the second phase of the study, subjects brushed with the test dentifrice twice daily for seven days. Dentin hypersensitivity assessments, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted immediately after direct topical product application, and after the subsequent seven-day brushing period.

RESULTS

Eighty-four subjects complied with the study protocol and completed the study. Immediately after direct topical application, the fingertip test teeth and the swab test teeth exhibited statistically significant (p <0.05) improvements from baseline in mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (191.7% and 182.1%, respectively), and mean air blast hypersensitivity scores (58.1% and 56.3%, respectively). After the seven-day brushing period, the fingertip test teeth and the swab test teeth continued to exhibit statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvements from baseline in mean tactile hypersensitivity scores (191.7% and 190.5%, respectively) and mean air blast hypersensitivity scores (57.4% and 58.2%, respectively). No statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences were indicated between the fingertip test teeth and the swab test teeth with respect to mean tactile hypersensitivity scores or mean air blast hypersensitivity scores immediately after topical application (3.4% and 4.4%, respectively), or after seven days of twice-daily brushing with the product (0.41% and -1.90%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The results of this examiner-blind clinical study support the conclusions that 1) both fingertip and cotton swab methods of application provide significant reductions in dentin hypersensitivity immediately after a single direct topical application of the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate dentifrice, 2) when topical application is followed by seven days of twice-daily brushing with the dentifrice, the sensitivity relief obtained instantly after topical application is maintained, and 3) after topical application and after seven days of brushing, neither method of topical application provided a level of control of dentin hypersensitivity that differed significantly from the other.

Comparing the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a commercial sensitive toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion: an eight-week clinical study on Canadian adults

OBJECTIVE

This paper presents the results of one of two eight-week dentin hypersensitivity clinical studies in which the efficacy of a novel toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) was compared to that of a benchmark commercial toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion, dosed as 3.75% potassium chloride, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF).

METHODS

An eight-week clinical study, with seventy-seven patients, was conducted in Mississauga, Canada using a double-blind, stratified, two-treatment design. Tactile sensitivity assessments, as well as air blast sensitivity assessments, were used to compare the efficacy of the two products.

RESULTS

This clinical study demonstrated that the new toothpaste, containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm MFP in a calcium carbonate base, provided a significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity when used over a period of eight weeks. The study also showed that this new arginine toothpaste provided significantly greater reductions (p < 0.05) in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (16.2%, 22.4%, and 21.4%) and air blast (16.2%, 29.2%, and 63.4%) stimuli than the benchmark commercial toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm NaF in a silica base, after two, four, and eight weeks of product use, respectively.

CONCLUSION

A new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride, as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), provides significantly greater hypersensitivity relief (p < 0.05) compared to a commercial sensitive toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion after two, four, and eight weeks of product use.

Clinical investigation of the efficacy of a commercial mouthrinse containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride in reducing dental plaque

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this independent, double-blind, seven-day clinical study was to assess the efficacy of a commercially available mouthrinse containing 0.05% CPC for controlling dental plaque relative to that of a control mouthrinse without 0.05% CPC.

METHODS

Adult male and female subjects from the San Juan, Puerto Rico area reported to the clinical facility, having refrained from any oral hygiene procedures for 12 hours, and from eating, drinking, and smoking for four hours, for an assessment of the oral soft and hard tissues and a baseline dental plaque evaluation. Qualifying subjects were randomly assigned into one of the two treatment groups, and were provided with their assigned mouthrinse, an adult soft-bristled toothbrush, and a commercially available fluoride toothpaste for home use. Over the seven-day period of home use, during which there were no restrictions regarding diet or smoking habits, subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute twice daily (morning and evening) with the toothbrush and toothpaste supplied, to rinse their mouths with water after brushing, and then to rinse with 15 ml of their assigned mouthrinse for one minute before expectorating. The use of other oral hygiene products or procedures, such as floss or interdental stimulators, was not permitted during the study. After seven days of product use, subjects returned to the clinical facility having followed the same restrictions with respect to oral hygiene procedures, eating, and drinking as prior to the baseline examination, and the oral soft and hard tissue assessments and dental plaque evaluations were repeated. Comparisons between treatment groups with respect to baseline-adjusted Plaque Index scores at the seven-day examination were performed using Analyses of Covariance, p < or = 0.05.

RESULTS

Forty-eight subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. Results demonstrated that, after seven days of product use and 12 hours after rinsing, both the CPC mouthrinse group and the control mouthrinse group exhibited statistically significant reductions in whole-mouth Plaque Index scores (25.3% and 6.6%, respectively), in Plaque Index scores measured at interproximal sites (51.3% and 32.9%, respectively), and in Plaque Severity Index scores (43.5% and 25.4%, respectively). Relative to the control mouthrinse, the 0.05% CPC mouthrinse group exhibited statistically significant greater reductions in whole-mouth plaque scores (15.9%), in Plaque Index scores measured at interproximal sites (23%), and in Plaque Severity Index scores (17%). As the measurements were made 12 hours after final product use, the results also demonstrate that the CPC mouthrinse provides 12-hour protection against plaque accumulation in individuals with existing plaque.

CONCLUSION

The overall results of this double-blind clinical study support the conclusion that after seven days of product use, a mouthrinse containing 0.05% CPC provides significantly greater efficacy for reducing dental plaque 12 hours after use, than does a control mouthrinse without 0.05% CPC.

Clinical stain removal efficacy of two dentifrices after one and two weeks of use

OBJECTIVE

This investigation evaluated extrinsic stain removal efficacy after brushing for one and two weeks with a commercially available fluoride dentifrice relative to Colgate Total Advanced Clean, a new dentifrice formulated with dual-phase silica.

METHODS

At the baseline visit, one-hundred and forty-four adult subjects were stratified by Lobene Stain Index scores and randomized to two treatment groups using either Total Advanced Clean dentifrice (0.3% triclosan, 2% copolymer, dual phase silica) or a commercially available fluoride dentifrice, and instructed to brush twice daily. Tooth stain evaluations were conducted on stain area, stain intensity, and a composite score of both, after one and two weeks of dentifrice use.

RESULTS

Baseline scores demonstrated no significant differences between the two treatment groups for all evaluated stain parameters (p > 0.05). At both the one- and two-week post-use evaluations, subjects brushing with Total Advanced Clean demonstrated significant reductions for all stain parameters versus the control (p < 0.05). The Total Advanced Clean group demonstrated mean reductions in stain intensity of 0.37 and 0.74 at the one- and two-week evaluations, respectively, versus the control group. Corresponding mean reductions in stain area for the Total Advanced Clean group versus the control were 0.12 and 0.24 at the one- and two-week evaluations, respectively. The two post-use evaluations also demonstrated significant reductions in stain composite scores for the subjects assigned Total Advanced Clean (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

In comparison to the control dentifrice, the results demonstrated significantly more stain removal following the use of Total Advanced Clean at each recall visit. Subjects assigned Total Advanced Clean demonstrated continued reductions in stains from baseline to one week, and from one week to two weeks.

Comparing the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a commercial sensitive toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion: an eight-week clinical study in Rome, Italy

OBJECTIVE

This paper presents the results of one of two eight-week dentin hypersensitivity clinical studies in which the efficacy of a novel toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) was compared to that of a benchmark commercial toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion, dosed as 3.75% potassium chloride, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF).

METHODS

An eight-week clinical study, with eighty patients, was conducted in Rome, Italy using a double-blind, stratified, two-treatment design. Tactile sensitivity assessments, as well as air blast sensitivity assessments, were used to compare the efficacy of the two products.

RESULTS

This clinical study showed that the new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base provided a significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity when used over a period of eight weeks. The study also showed that this new arginine toothpaste provided significantly greater reductions (p < 0.05) in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (37.0%, 30.0%, and 12.2%) and air blast (23.9%, 32.0%, and 29.3%) stimuli than the commercial sensitive toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base, after two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks of product use, respectively.

CONCLUSION

A new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) provides significantly increased dentin hypersensitivity relief (p < 0.05) compared to a commercial sensitive toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion after two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks of product use.

A clinical investigation of the efficacy of a commercial mouthrinse containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride to control established dental plaque and gingivitis

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this independent, double-blind, parallel, six-week clinical study was to assess the efficacy of a commercially available mouthrinse containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) for controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis relative to that of a control mouthrinse without CPC.

METHODS

Adult male and female subjects from the Maceió, Brazil area reported to the clinical facility, after having refrained from any oral hygiene procedures for 12 hours, and from eating, drinking, and smoking for four hours, for an assessment of the oral soft and hard tissues, and for a baseline gingivitis and dental plaque evaluation. Qualifying subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups, and were provided with their assigned mouthrinse, and an adult soft-bristled toothbrush and toothpaste for home use. Over the six-week period of home use, during which there were no restrictions regarding diet or smoking habits, subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute twice daily with the supplied toothbrush and a commercially available fluoride toothpaste, to rinse their mouths with water after brushing, and then to rinse with their assigned mouthrinse for one minute before expectorating. The use of any other oral hygiene products or procedures, such as floss or interdental stimulators, was not permitted during the study. After six weeks of product use, subjects returned to the clinical facility, having followed the same restrictions with respect to oral-hygiene procedures, eating and drinking, as with the baseline visit, and the oral soft and hard tissue assessments and gingivitis and dental plaque evaluations were repeated.

RESULTS

One-hundred and ten subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. With regard to supragingival plaque, after six weeks of product use, the subjects using the 0.05% CPC mouthrinse exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline in whole-mouth Plaque Index scores (32.1%), in Plaque Index scores measured at interproximal sites (31.3%), and in Plaque Severity Index scores (84.8%). Subjects using the control mouthrinse exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline in whole-mouth Plaque Index scores (7.0%), in Plaque Index scores measured at interproximal sites (6.4%), and in Plaque Severity Index scores (24.5%). When compared to the control mouthrinse group, the 0.05% CPC mouthrinse group presented statistically significant greater reductions in whole-mouth Plaque Index scores (27.9%), in Plaque Index scores measured at interproximal sites (27.9%), and in Plaque Severity Index scores (81.1%) after six weeks of product use. With regard to gingivitis, after six weeks of product use, subjects using the 0.05% CPC mouthrinse exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline in whole-mouth Gingival Index scores (25.0%), in Gingival Index scores measured at interproximal sites (25.3%), and in Gingivitis Severity Index scores (42.4%). Subjects using the control mouthrinse exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline in whole-mouth Gingival Index scores (6.5%), in Gingival Index scores measured at interproximal sites (5.5%), and in Gingivitis Severity Index scores (11.6%). When compared to the control mouthrinse group, the 0.05% CPC mouthrinse group presented statistically significant greater reductions in whole-mouth Gingival Index scores (19.8%), in Gingival Index scores measured at interproximal sites (20.7%), and in Gingivitis Severity Index scores (35.5%) after six weeks of product use.

CONCLUSION

The results of this double-blind, parallel, six-week clinical study support the conclusion that a mouthrinse containing 0.05% CPC is efficacious for controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis. As measurements were conducted 12 hours after product use, the results also demonstrate that the 0.5% CPC mouthrinse provides 12-hour protection against plaque and gingivitis.

Comparing the efficacy in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride relative to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride: a three-day clinical study in New Jersey, USA

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this double-blind, randomized, parallel-design clinical study was to compare the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a novel toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride, instantly after a single direct topical self-application using a fingertip, and after subsequent brushing twice daily for three days.

METHODS

Qualifying subjects from the Piscataway, New Jersey, USA area who presented two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force, and an air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Sensitivity Scale), participated in this study. The first phase of the study consisted of a single topical application of the assigned product directly onto the hypersensitive surface of each of the two baseline-designated hypersensitive teeth. Study subjects applied a pea-size amount of their assigned toothpaste onto the hypersensitive surface of each tooth and massaged each surface for one minute. The second phase of the study consisted of twice-daily at-home brushing with the assigned toothpaste for three days. Dentin hypersensitivity assessments, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted at baseline, immediately after direct topical application, and after three days of product use.

RESULTS

One-hundred and twenty-five subjects complied with the study protocol and completed the study. Relative to the benchmark desensitizing toothpaste and the control toothpaste groups, the 8.0% arginine toothpaste group exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions in dentin hypersensitivity on both tactile and air blast hypersensitivity scores immediately after direct application. Reductions in sensitivity for the 8.0% arginine toothpaste compared to the benchmark desensitizing toothpaste and control toothpaste were 161.2% and 180.2% (tactile), and 59.8% and 58.0% (air blast), respectively. Relative to the benchmark desensitizing toothpaste and control toothpaste groups, the 8.0% arginine group exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions in sensitivity after the subsequent three days of twice-daily regular tooth brushing of 147.1% and 181.2% (tactile), and 70.1% and 70.9% (air blast), respectively.

CONCLUSION

A single fingertip topical self-application of a new 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste directly onto the hypersensitive surface of teeth provides significant immediate improvement in dentin hypersensitivity relative to an identical application of a control toothpaste and to a benchmark potassium-based desensitizing toothpaste. Significant improvements in dentin hypersensitivity were also demonstrated after three days of brushing with the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste, subsequent to the single topical self-application of the product, relative to an identical application of the control toothpaste and to the potassium-based desensitizing toothpaste. The improvement demonstrated by the 8.0% arginine toothpaste after direct application was maintained after three days of twice-daily brushing.

Comparing the efficacy in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride: a three-day clinical study in Mississauga, Canada

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this double-blind, randomized, parallel-design clinical study was to compare the efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a novel toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride, instantly after a single direct topical self-application using a fingertip, and after subsequent brushing twice daily for three days.

METHODS

Qualifying subjects from the Mississauga, Canada area who presented two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force, and an air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Sensitivity Scale) participated in this study. The first phase of the study consisted of a single topical application of the assigned product directly onto the hypersensitive surface of each of the two baseline-designated hypersensitive teeth. Study subjects applied a pea-size amount of their assigned toothpaste onto the hypersensitive surface of each tooth, and massaged each surface for one minute. The second phase of the study consisted of twice-daily at-home brushing with the assigned toothpaste for three days. Dentin hypersensitivity assessments, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted at baseline, immediately after direct topical application, and after three days of product use.

RESULTS

One-hundred and twenty subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. Relative to the desensitizing toothpaste and the control toothpaste groups, the 8.0% arginine toothpaste group exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions in dentin hypersensitivity on both tactile and air blast measures immediately after completion of the first phase of the study. Reductions in sensitivity for the 8.0% arginine toothpaste, compared to the benchmark desensitizing toothpaste and the control toothpaste, were 130.7% and 139.5% (tactile), and 43.8.0% and 49.6% (air blast), respectively. Relative to the benchmark desensitizing toothpaste and control toothpaste groups, the 8.0% arginine group also exhibited statistically significantly (p < 0.05) reductions in sensitivity after completion of the second phase of the study, of 104.9% and 136.1% (tactile), and 44.5% and 53.2% (air blast), respectively. There was no loss of the instant relief effects in the 8.0% arginine group after the brushing period.

CONCLUSION

A single fingertip topical self-application of the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste directly onto the hypersensitive surface of teeth provides significant immediate improvements in dentin hypersensitivity relative to an identical application of the control toothpaste and to the benchmark potassium-based desensitizing toothpaste. Significant improvements in dentin hypersensitivity were also demonstrated after three days of brushing with the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste, subsequent to the single topical self-application of the product, relative to an identical application of the control toothpaste and to the benchmark potassium-based desensitizing toothpaste. The improvement demonstrated by the 8.0% arginine toothpaste after direct application was maintained after three days of twice-daily brushing.

Clinical investigation of the efficacy of a commercial mouthrinse containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride in preventing dental plaque

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this independent, double-blind, seven-day clinical study was to assess the efficacy of a commercially available mouthrinse containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in preventing dental plaque build-up relative to that of a control mouthrinse without 0.05% CPC.

METHODS

Adult male and female subjects from the São Paulo, Brazil area reported to the clinical facility, having refrained from any oral hygiene procedures for 12 hours, and from eating, drinking, and smoking for four hours, for an assessment of the oral soft and hard tissues and a baseline dental plaque evaluation. Subjects qualifying for participation received a complete dental prophylaxis. Qualifying subjects were randomly assigned into one of the two treatment groups and were provided with their assigned mouthrinse, an adult soft-bristled toothbrush, and a commercially available fluoride toothpaste for home use. Over the seven-day period of home use, during which there were no restrictions regarding diet or smoking habits, subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute twice daily (morning and evening) with the toothbrush and toothpaste supplied, to rinse their mouths with water after brushing, and then to rinse with 15 ml of their assigned mouthrinse for one minute before expectorating. The use of other oral hygiene products or procedures, such as floss or interdental stimulators, was not permitted during the study. After seven days of product use, subjects returned to the clinical facility having followed the same restrictions with respect to oral hygiene procedures, eating and drinking, as prior to the baseline examination, and the oral soft and hard tissue assessments and dental plaque evaluations were repeated.

RESULTS

Forty-three subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. Results demonstrated that after seven days of product use, mean plaque levels were statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the pre-prophylaxis levels for both treatment groups. The mean plaque level for the CPC mouthrinse group was 46.1% of the pre-prophylaxis plaque level, whereas the mean plaque level for the control mouthrinse group was 75.5% of the pre-prophylaxis plaque level. The results demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in plaque build-up for the CPC mouthrinse group (29.3%) as compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

The overall results from this double-blind clinical study support the conclusion that, after seven days of product use, a mouthrinse containing 0.05% CPC provides significantly greater efficacy in preventing dental plaque build-up than a control mouthrinse without 0.05% CPC. As measurements were made 12 hours after final product use, the results also demonstrate that the CPC rinse provides 12-hour protection against dental plaque build-up.

Comparison of a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride, 0.3% triclosan, and 2.0% copolymer in a silica base, and a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base: a three-year clinical trial of root caries and dental crowns among adults

OBJECTIVE

Colgate Total toothpaste has been demonstrated to be highly effective in plaque and gingivitis control. The effect of triclosan on root caries and on the survival of dental crowns (fixed dental prosthetic treatment) has not been evaluated. In order to examine these important variables, a randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted comparing Colgate Total toothpaste with triclosan, and an identical fluoride toothpaste without triclosan.

METHODS

Adult subjects were randomly assigned to a test group using Colgate Total plus Whitening toothpaste with triclosan, and a control group using Colgate sodium fluoride toothpaste without triclosan. By the end of the study, following three years of product use, an evaluation was performed to compare baseline data to the three-year data for root caries and dental crown survival. Clinical root caries was evaluated by the Katz RCI- Root Caries Index. Within-treatment analysis for each dentifrice was conducted using a paired t-test. Between-treatment analysis was performed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). For fixed dental prosthetic treatment evaluation, dental crowns were dichotomized for success and failure at the end of the study. Within-treatment analysis for each dentifrice was conducted using a paired t-test. Between-treatment analysis was performed using the Bonferroni test.

RESULTS

One-thousand, three-hundred, and fifty-seven subjects (1,357) completed the study. Regarding root caries, at termination of the study the Colgate Total group presented a mean score of 1.14 +/- 1.75 and a +5.6% change from baseline, while the sodium fluoride toothpaste presented a mean of 1.25 +/- 1.88 and a +43.2% change from baseline (p < 0.001). The adjusted mean root caries increment was 0.07 +/- 0.03 for the Colgate Total group, and 0.38 +/- 0.03 for the sodium fluoride toothpaste group (p < 0.001). Regarding crowns, at termination of the study the Colgate Total group presented a mean score of 5.38 +/- 3.70 and a +1.1% change from baseline, while the sodium fluoride toothpaste without triclosan presented a mean of 5.75 +/- 3.86 and a +3.8% change from baseline (p < 0.001). The mean (adjusted for multiple comparisons) dental crowns failure increment was 0.09 +/- 0.03 for the Colgate Total group, and 0.31 +/- 0.02 for the sodium fluoride toothpaste group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

A comparison between the two study groups revealed a statistically significant difference for root caries and dental crown failure scores, both favoring the triclosan toothpaste (Colgate Total). The significantly lower root caries and observed dental crown failure scores among the Colgate Total toothpaste users indicate an effect of the triclosan and the copolymer system. These results are important and could provide a strong and valuable public health measure.

Clinical studies to assess the extrinsic stain prevention and stain removal efficacy of a variant of a commercially available dentifrice containing a new dual silica system

OBJECTIVE

The objective of these two six-week, double-blind clinical studies was to compare the extrinsic stain prevention (Study #1) and stain removal (Study #2) efficacy of a new dentifrice (Colgate Total Advanced Toothpaste) containing 0.3% triclosan/ 2.0% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride in a 17% dual silica base, to a commercially available fluoride dentifrice without tooth whitening ingredients (Crest Cavity Protection Toothpaste) containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base.

METHODS

Following baseline examinations for extrinsic tooth stain and an oral tissue examination, qualifying adult male and female subjects from the northern and central New Jersey, USA areas were randomized for each study into two treatment groups which were balanced for gender and level of extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects received a full oral prophylaxis at the start of Study #1 only. All subjects were provided with their assigned product and a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute twice daily (morning and evening) using only the dentifrice and toothbrush provided, and to refrain from using any other oral hygiene products for the entire six weeks of the study. There were no restrictions regarding diet or smoking habits during the course of the study. Examinations for extrinsic tooth stain and oral tissue assessments were repeated after three weeks and six weeks of product use.

RESULTS

One-hundred fourteen (114) subjects participating in Study #1 and 119 subjects participating in Study #2 complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. In both studies, at the three-week and the six-week examinations, subjects who used the new dentifrice exhibited statistically significantly lower levels of extrinsic tooth stain area and extrinsic tooth stain intensity than did those subjects who used the commercially available fluoride control dentifrice.

CONCLUSION

A new dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride in a 17% dual silica base is more efficacious in the prevention and removal of extrinsic tooth stain than a commercially marketed fluoride dentifrice.

A clinical investigation of the efficacy of two dentifrices for the reduction of supragingival calculus formation

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this double-blind clinical study, conducted in harmony with Volpe-Manhold design for studies of dental calculus, was to compare the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride in a 17% dual silica base (Colgate Total Advanced Toothpaste) to that of a commercially available dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Crest Cavity Protection Toothpaste) with respect to the reduction of supragingival calculus formation.

METHODS

Adult male and female subjects from the San Francisco area were entered into the eight-week pre-test phase of the study. Subjects received an evaluation of oral soft and hard tissues and were given a complete oral prophylaxis. They were provided with a non-tartar control placebo dentifrice and a soft-bristled adult toothbrush, and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute. After eight weeks of using the placebo dentifrice, subjects were examined for baseline supragingival calculus formation using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index. Qualifying subjects were randomized into two treatment groups which were balanced for gender and baseline calculus scores. All subjects entered into the twelve-week test phase were given a complete oral prophylaxis, and were provided with their assigned dentifrice and a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for one minute twice daily (in the morning and evening). Prior to each study visit, subjects refrained from brushing their teeth and eating and drinking for four hours.

RESULTS

Seventy-seven (77) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. At the twelve-week examination, the Test Dentifrice group presented a mean Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index score of 13.22 and the Control Dentifrice group presented a score of 20.29. After twelve weeks of product use, the Test Dentifrice group exhibited 34.8% less supragingival calculus formation than the Control Dentifrice group (statistically significant at p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The overall results of this double-blind clinical study support the conclusion that after twelve weeks' use of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2.0% PVM/MA copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride in a 17% dual silica base provides significantly greater control of supragingival calculus formation relative to that of a commercially available dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base.