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Nsubuga L, Duggen L, Balzer F, Høegh S, Marcondes TL, Greenbank W, Rubahn HG, de Oliveira Hansen R. Modeling Nonlinear Dynamics of Functionalization Layers: Enhancing Gas Sensor Sensitivity for Piezoelectrically Driven Microcantilever. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38619068 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This article presents a parametrized response model that enhances the limit of detection (LOD) of piezoelectrically driven microcantilever (PD-MC) based gas sensors by accounting for the adsorption-induced variations in elastic properties of the functionalization layer (binder) and the nonlinear motional dynamics of the PD-MC. The developed model is demonstrated for quantifying cadaverine, a volatile biogenic diamine whose concentration is used to assess the freshness of meat. At low concentrations of cadaverine, an increase in the resonance frequency is observed, contrary to the expected reduction due to mass added by adsorption. The study explores the variations in the elastic modulus vis-à-vis the adsorbed mass of cadaverine and derives the resonance frequency to the adsorbed mass response function. We advance a blended technique involving the analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) force-distance (f-d) curves and fitting of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) impedance response spectrum to deduce the adsorption-induced changes in the viscoelastic properties of the functionalization layer. The findings obtained are subsequently employed in modeling the response function for a structurally nonhomogenous PD-MC, highlighting the significance of the functionalization layer to the global elastic properties. The structural composition of the PD-MC beam adopted herein features a trapezoidal base hosting the actuating piezoelectric stratum and a rectangular free end with a functionalization layer. The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory coupled with Hamilton's principle is used to develop the equation of motion, which is subsequently discretized into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations via Galerkin expansion, and the solutions to the first fundamental mode of vibration are determined using the method of multiple scales. The obtained solutions provide a basis for deducing the nonlinear response function model to the adsorbed mass. The derived model is validated by recorded resonance frequency changes resulting from exposure to known concentrations of cadaverine. We demonstrate that the increase in resonance frequency for low concentrations of cadaverine is due to the dominance of the variation of the elastic modulus of the functionalization layer originating from the initial binder-analyte interactions over damping due to added mass. It is concluded that the developed nonlinear response function model can reliably be used to quantify the cadaverine concentration at low concentrations with an elevated Limit of Detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Nsubuga
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Duggen
- SDU Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Frank Balzer
- SDU Centre for Photonics Engineering, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Høegh
- AmiNIC ApS, Jernbanegade 75, 5500 Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Tatiana L Marcondes
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - William Greenbank
- SDU Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Roana de Oliveira Hansen
- SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
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Ahmadpour M, Ahmad M, Prete M, Hansen JL, Miakota DI, Greenbank W, Zheng YJ, Top M, Ebel T, Rubahn HG, Turkovic V, Canulescu S, Witkowski N, Madsen M. Tuning Surface Defect States in Sputtered Titanium Oxide Electron Transport Layers for Enhanced Stability of Organic Photovoltaics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:16580-16588. [PMID: 38529895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) have dramatically improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaics (OPV) in recent years; however, their device stability currently remains a bottleneck for further technological progress. Photocatalytic decomposition of nonfullerene acceptor molecules at metal oxide electron transport layer (ETL) interfaces has in several recent reports been demonstrated as one of the main degradation mechanisms for these high-performing OPV devices. While some routes for mitigating such degradation effects have been proposed, e.g., through a second layer integrated on the ETL surface, no clear strategy that complies with device scale-up and application requirements has been presented to date. In this work, it is demonstrated that the development of sputtered titanium oxide layers as ETLs in nonfullerene acceptor based OPV can lead to significantly enhanced device lifetimes. This is achieved by tuning the concentration of defect states at the oxide surface, via the reactive sputtering process, to mitigate the photocatalytic decomposition of NFA molecules at the metal oxide interlayers. Reduced defect state formation at the oxide surface is confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies, while the reduced photocatalytic decomposition of nonfullerene acceptor molecules is confirmed via optical spectroscopy investigations. The PBDB-T:ITIC organic solar cells show power conversion efficiencies of around 10% and significantly enhanced photostability. This is achieved through a reactive sputtering process that is fully scalable and industry compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrad Ahmadpour
- Mads Clausen Institute, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), University of Southern Denmark, So̷nderborg 6400, Denmark
- SDU Climate Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Mariam Ahmad
- Mads Clausen Institute, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), University of Southern Denmark, So̷nderborg 6400, Denmark
- SDU Climate Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Michela Prete
- Mads Clausen Institute, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), University of Southern Denmark, So̷nderborg 6400, Denmark
- SDU Climate Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - John Lundsgaard Hansen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy/Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNano), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Denys I Miakota
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - William Greenbank
- Centre for Industrial Electronics, Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, So̷nderborg DK-6400, Denmark
| | - Yunlin Jacques Zheng
- UMR CNRS 7588, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Michiel Top
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, Winterbergstrasse 28, Dresden 01277, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebel
- Centre for Industrial Electronics, Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, So̷nderborg DK-6400, Denmark
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- University of Southern Denmark, SDU NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, So̷nderborg 6400, Denmark
| | - Vida Turkovic
- Mads Clausen Institute, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), University of Southern Denmark, So̷nderborg 6400, Denmark
- SDU Climate Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Stela Canulescu
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Nadine Witkowski
- UMR CNRS 7588, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Morten Madsen
- Mads Clausen Institute, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), University of Southern Denmark, So̷nderborg 6400, Denmark
- SDU Climate Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
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