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Morris DM, Wang C, Papanastasiou G, Gray CD, Xu W, Sjöström S, Badr S, Paccou J, Semple SIK, MacGillivray T, Cawthorn WP. A novel deep learning method for large-scale analysis of bone marrow adiposity using UK Biobank Dixon MRI data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 24:89-104. [PMID: 38268780 PMCID: PMC10806280 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) represents > 10% fat mass in healthy humans and can be measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the bone marrow fat fraction (BMFF). Human MRI studies have identified several diseases associated with BMFF but have been relatively small scale. Population-scale studies therefore have huge potential to reveal BMAT's true clinical relevance. The UK Biobank (UKBB) is undertaking MRI of 100,000 participants, providing the ideal opportunity for such advances. Objective To establish deep learning for high-throughput multi-site BMFF analysis from UKBB MRI data. Materials and methods We studied males and females aged 60-69. Bone marrow (BM) segmentation was automated using a new lightweight attention-based 3D U-Net convolutional neural network that improved segmentation of small structures from large volumetric data. Using manual segmentations from 61-64 subjects, the models were trained to segment four BM regions of interest: the spine (thoracic and lumbar vertebrae), femoral head, total hip and femoral diaphysis. Models were tested using a further 10-12 datasets per region and validated using datasets from 729 UKBB participants. BMFF was then quantified and pathophysiological characteristics assessed, including site- and sex-dependent differences and the relationships with age, BMI, bone mineral density, peripheral adiposity, and osteoporosis. Results Model accuracy matched or exceeded that for conventional U-Nets, yielding Dice scores of 91.2% (spine), 94.5% (femoral head), 91.2% (total hip) and 86.6% (femoral diaphysis). One case of severe scoliosis prevented segmentation of the spine, while one case of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma prevented segmentation of the spine, femoral head and total hip because of T2 signal depletion; however, successful segmentation was not disrupted by any other pathophysiological variables. The resulting BMFF measurements confirmed expected relationships between BMFF and age, sex and bone density, and identified new site- and sex-specific characteristics. Conclusions We have established a new deep learning method for accurate segmentation of small structures from large volumetric data, allowing high-throughput multi-site BMFF measurement in the UKBB. Our findings reveal new pathophysiological insights, highlighting the potential of BMFF as a novel clinical biomarker. Applying our method across the full UKBB cohort will help to reveal the impact of BMAT on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Morris
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chengjia Wang
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- School of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 1AS, UK
| | - Giorgos Papanastasiou
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Wivenhoe Park, The University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Calum D. Gray
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Wei Xu
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Samuel Sjöström
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sammy Badr
- University of Lille, Marrow Adiposity and Bone Laboratory (MABlab) ULR 4490, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Department of Radiology and Musculoskeletal Imaging, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Paccou
- University of Lille, Marrow Adiposity and Bone Laboratory (MABlab) ULR 4490, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Department of Rheumatology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Scott IK Semple
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tom MacGillivray
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Austin MJ, Kalampalika F, Cawthorn WP, Patel B. Turning the spotlight on bone marrow adipocytes in haematological malignancy and non-malignant conditions. Br J Haematol 2023; 201:605-619. [PMID: 37067783 PMCID: PMC10952811 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Whilst bone marrow adipocytes (BMAd) have long been appreciated by clinical haemato-pathologists, it is only relatively recently, in the face of emerging data, that the adipocytic niche has come under the watchful eye of biologists. There is now mounting evidence to suggest that BMAds are not just a simple structural entity of bone marrow microenvironments but a bona fide driver of physio- and pathophysiological processes relevant to multiple aspects of health and disease. Whilst the truly multifaceted nature of BMAds has only just begun to emerge, paradigms have shifted already for normal, malignant and non-malignant haemopoiesis incorporating a view of adipocyte regulation. Major efforts are ongoing, to delineate the routes by which BMAds participate in health and disease with a final aim of achieving clinical tractability. This review summarises the emerging role of BMAds across the spectrum of normal and pathological haematological conditions with a particular focus on its impact on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Austin
- Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Haemato‐OncologyQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Foteini Kalampalika
- Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Haemato‐OncologyQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh BioquarterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Bela Patel
- Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Haemato‐OncologyQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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3
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Suchacki KJ, Thomas BJ, Ikushima YM, Chen KC, Fyfe C, Tavares AAS, Sulston RJ, Lovdel A, Woodward HJ, Han X, Mattiucci D, Brain EJ, Alcaide-Corral CJ, Kobayashi H, Gray G, Whitfield PD, Stimson RH, Morton NM, Johnstone AM, Cawthorn WP. The effects of caloric restriction on adipose tissue and metabolic health are sex- and age-dependent. eLife 2023; 12:88080. [PMID: 37096321 PMCID: PMC10171869 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is a nutritional intervention that reduces the risk of age-related diseases in numerous species, including humans. CR's metabolic effects, including decreased fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity, play an important role in its broader health benefits. However, the extent and basis of sex differences in CR's health benefits are unknown. We found that 30% CR in young (3-month-old) male mice decreased fat mass and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, whereas these effects were blunted or absent in young female mice. Females' resistance to fat and weight loss was associated with decreased lipolysis, lower systemic energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation, and increased postprandial lipogenesis compared to males. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) showed that peripheral glucose uptake was comparable between sexes. Instead, the sex differences in glucose homeostasis were associated with altered hepatic ceramide content and substrate metabolism: compared to CR males, CR females had lower TCA cycle activity but higher blood ketone concentrations, a marker of hepatic acetyl-CoA content. This suggests that males use hepatic acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle whereas in females it accumulates, thereby stimulating gluconeogenesis and limiting hypoglycaemia during CR. In aged mice (18-months old), when females are anoestrus, CR decreased fat mass and improved glucose homeostasis to a similar extent in both sexes. Finally, in a cohort of overweight and obese humans CR-induced fat loss was also sex- and age-dependent: younger females (<45 years) resisted fat loss compared to younger males while in older subjects (>45 years) this sex difference was absent. Collectively, these studies identify age-dependent sex differences in the metabolic effects of CR and highlight adipose tissue, the liver and oestrogen as key determinants of CR's metabolic benefits. These findings have important implications for understanding the interplay between diet and health and for maximising the benefits of CR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Suchacki
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kuan-Chan Chen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fyfe
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Sulston
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lovdel
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Holly J Woodward
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Han
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Mattiucci
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J Brain
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gillian Gray
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roland H Stimson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - William P Cawthorn
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Lucas S, Tencerova M, von der Weid B, Andersen TL, Attané C, Behler-Janbeck F, Cawthorn WP, Ivaska KK, Naveiras O, Podgorski I, Reagan MR, van der Eerden BCJ. Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types: Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:744527. [PMID: 34646237 PMCID: PMC8503265 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.744527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, increased interest of scientists to study bone marrow adiposity (BMA) in relation to bone and adipose tissue physiology has expanded the number of publications using different sources of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). However, each source of BMAT has its limitations in the number of downstream analyses for which it can be used. Based on this increased scientific demand, the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) established a Biobanking Working Group to identify the challenges of biobanking for human BMA-related samples and to develop guidelines to advance establishment of biobanks for BMA research. BMA is a young, growing field with increased interest among many diverse scientific communities. These bring new perspectives and important biological questions on how to improve and build an international community with biobank databases that can be used and shared all over the world. However, to create internationally accessible biobanks, several practical and legislative issues must be addressed to create a general ethical protocol used in all institutes, to allow for exchange of biological material internationally. In this position paper, the BMAS Biobanking Working Group describes similarities and differences of patient information (PIF) and consent forms from different institutes and addresses a possibility to create uniform documents for BMA biobanking purposes. Further, based on discussion among Working Group members, we report an overview of the current isolation protocols for human bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, formerly mesenchymal), highlighting the specific points crucial for effective isolation. Although we remain far from a unified BMAd isolation protocol and PIF, we have summarized all of these important aspects, which are needed to build a BMA biobank. In conclusion, we believe that harmonizing isolation protocols and PIF globally will help to build international collaborations and improve the quality and interpretation of BMA research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lucas
- Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab-MABLab ULR4490, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Benoit von der Weid
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camille Attané
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Friederike Behler-Janbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kaisa K. Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Hematology Service, Departments of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bram C. J. van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Bram C. J. van der Eerden,
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5
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Dillon S, Suchacki K, Hsu SN, Stephen LA, Wang R, Cawthorn WP, Stewart AJ, Nudelman F, Morton NM, Farquharson C. Ablation of Enpp6 Results in Transient Bone Hypomineralization. JBMR Plus 2020; 5:e10439. [PMID: 33615108 PMCID: PMC7872340 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is a fundamental process key to the development of the skeleton. The phosphatase orphan phosphatase 1 (PHOSPHO1), which likely functions within extracellular matrix vesicles, has emerged as a critical regulator of biomineralization. However, the biochemical pathways that generate intravesicular PHOSPHO1 substrates are currently unknown. We hypothesized that the enzyme ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6 (ENPP6) is an upstream source of the PHOSPHO1 substrate. To test this, we characterized skeletal phenotypes of mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of Enpp6 (Enpp6 -/- ). Micro-computed tomography of the trabecular compartment revealed transient hypomineralization in Enpp6 -/- tibias (p < 0.05) that normalized by 12 weeks of age. Whole-bone cortical analysis also revealed significantly hypomineralized proximal bone in 4- but not 12-week-old Enpp6 -/- mice (p < 0.05) compared with WT animals. Back-scattered SEM revealed a failure in 4-week-old trabecular bone of mineralization foci to propagate. Static histomorphometry revealed increased osteoid volume (p > 0.01) and osteoid surface (p < 0.05), which recovered by 12 weeks but was not accompanied by changes in osteoblast or osteoclast number. This study is the first to characterize the skeletal phenotype of Enpp6 -/- mice, revealing transient hypomineralization in young animals compared with WT controls. These data suggest that ENPP6 is important for bone mineralization and may function upstream of PHOSPHO1 as a novel means of generating its substrates inside matrix vesicles. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dillon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Karla Suchacki
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Shun-Neng Hsu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Louise A Stephen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | - Rongling Wang
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - William P Cawthorn
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine University of St Andrews St. Andrews UK
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
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6
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Suchacki KJ, Morton NM, Vary C, Huesa C, Yadav MC, Thomas BJ, Turban S, Bunger L, Ball D, Barrios-Llerena ME, Guntur AR, Khavandgar Z, Cawthorn WP, Ferron M, Karsenty G, Murshed M, Rosen CJ, MacRae VE, Millán JL, Farquharson C. PHOSPHO1 is a skeletal regulator of insulin resistance and obesity. BMC Biol 2020; 18:149. [PMID: 33092598 PMCID: PMC7584094 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classical functions of the skeleton encompass locomotion, protection and mineral homeostasis. However, cell-specific gene deletions in the mouse and human genetic studies have identified the skeleton as a key endocrine regulator of metabolism. The bone-specific phosphatase, Phosphatase, Orphan 1 (PHOSPHO1), which is indispensable for bone mineralisation, has been recently implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism in humans, but its role in systemic metabolism remains unclear. Here, we probe the mechanism underlying metabolic regulation by analysing Phospho1 mutant mice. RESULTS Phospho1-/- mice exhibited improved basal glucose homeostasis and resisted high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and diabetes. The metabolic protection in Phospho1-/- mice was manifested in the absence of altered levels of osteocalcin. Osteoblasts isolated from Phospho1-/- mice were enriched for genes associated with energy metabolism and diabetes; Phospho1 both directly and indirectly interacted with genes associated with glucose transport and insulin receptor signalling. Canonical thermogenesis via brown adipose tissue did not underlie the metabolic protection observed in adult Phospho1-/- mice. However, the decreased serum choline levels in Phospho1-/- mice were normalised by feeding a 2% choline rich diet resulting in a normalisation in insulin sensitivity and fat mass. CONCLUSION We show that mice lacking the bone mineralisation enzyme PHOSPHO1 exhibit improved basal glucose homeostasis and resist high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and diabetes. This study identifies PHOSPHO1 as a potential bone-derived therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Suchacki
- Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. .,Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Calvin Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Manisha C Yadav
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Benjamin J Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sophie Turban
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Lutz Bunger
- Scottish Rural College, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Derek Ball
- Medical Sciences and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Zohreh Khavandgar
- Department of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William P Cawthorn
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gérard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Department of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jose Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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7
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Morris EV, Suchacki KJ, Hocking J, Cartwright R, Sowman A, Gamez B, Lea R, Drake MT, Cawthorn WP, Edwards CM. Myeloma Cells Down-Regulate Adiponectin in Bone Marrow Adipocytes Via TNF-Alpha. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:942-955. [PMID: 31886918 PMCID: PMC9328417 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is caused by abnormal plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interact with resident cells of the bone microenvironment to drive disease progression and development of an osteolytic bone disease. Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) are emerging as having important endocrine functions that can support myeloma cell growth and survival. However, how BMAds respond to infiltrating tumor cells remains poorly understood. Using the C57BL/KaLwRij murine model of myeloma, bone marrow adiposity was found to be increased in early stage myeloma with BMAds localizing along the tumor-bone interface at later stages of disease. Myeloma cells were found to uptake BMAd-derived lipids in vitro and in vivo, although lipid uptake was not associated with the ability of BMAds to promote myeloma cell growth and survival. However, BMAd-derived factors were found to increase myeloma cell migration, viability, and the evasion of apoptosis. BMAds are a major source of adiponectin, which is known to be myeloma-suppressive. Myeloma cells were found to downregulate adiponectin specifically in a model of BMAds but not in white adipocytes. The ability of myeloma cells to downregulate adiponectin was dependent at least in part on TNF-α. Collectively our data support the link between increased bone marrow adiposity and myeloma progression. By demonstrating how TNF-α downregulates BMAd-derived adiponectin, we reveal a new mechanism by which myeloma cells alter the bone microenvironment to support disease progression. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Morris
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, Oxford, UK
| | - Karla J Suchacki
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph Hocking
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Cartwright
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Aneka Sowman
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Gamez
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan Lea
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew T Drake
- Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William P Cawthorn
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford BRC, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
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Bravenboer N, Bredella MA, Chauveau C, Corsi A, Douni E, Ferris WF, Riminucci M, Robey PG, Rojas-Sutterlin S, Rosen C, Schulz TJ, Cawthorn WP. Standardised Nomenclature, Abbreviations, and Units for the Study of Bone Marrow Adiposity: Report of the Nomenclature Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 10:923. [PMID: 32038486 PMCID: PMC6993042 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into bone marrow adiposity (BMA) has expanded greatly since the late 1990s, leading to development of new methods for the study of bone marrow adipocytes. Simultaneously, research fields interested in BMA have diversified substantially. This increasing interest is revealing fundamental new knowledge of BMA; however, it has also led to a highly variable nomenclature that makes it difficult to interpret and compare results from different studies. A consensus on BMA nomenclature has therefore become indispensable. This article addresses this critical need for standardised terminology and consistent reporting of parameters related to BMA research. The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) was formed in 2017 to consolidate the growing scientific community interested in BMA. To address the BMA nomenclature challenge, BMAS members from diverse fields established a working group (WG). Based on their broad expertise, the WG first reviewed the existing, unsystematic nomenclature and identified terms, and concepts requiring further discussion. They thereby identified and defined 8 broad concepts and methods central to BMA research. Notably, these had been described using 519 unique combinations of term, abbreviation and unit, many of which were overlapping or redundant. On this foundation a second consensus was reached, with each term classified as "to use" or "not to use." As a result, the WG reached a consensus to craft recommendations for 26 terms related to concepts and methods in BMA research. This was approved by the Scientific Board and Executive Board of BMAS and is the basis for the present recommendations for a formal BMA nomenclature. As an example, several terms or abbreviations have been used to represent "bone marrow adipocytes," including BMAds, BM-As, and BMAs. The WG decided that BMA should refer to "bone marrow adiposity"; that BM-A is too similar to BMA; and noted that "Ad" has previously been recommended to refer to adipocytes. Thus, it was recommended to use BMAds to represent bone marrow adipocytes. In conclusion, the standard nomenclature proposed in this article should be followed for all communications of results related to BMA. This will allow for better interactions both inside and outside of this emerging scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miriam A. Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Univ. Lille, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Douni
- Biological Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - William F. Ferris
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shanti Rojas-Sutterlin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clifford Rosen
- Maine Medical Research Center Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Tim J. Schulz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, Germany
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Craft CS, Robles H, Lorenz MR, Hilker ED, Magee KL, Andersen TL, Cawthorn WP, MacDougald OA, Harris CA, Scheller EL. Bone marrow adipose tissue does not express UCP1 during development or adrenergic-induced remodeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17427. [PMID: 31758074 PMCID: PMC6874537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes within the skeleton are collectively termed bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). BMAT contributes to peripheral and local metabolism, however, its capacity for cell-autonomous expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a biomarker of beige and brown adipogenesis, remains unclear. To overcome this, Ucp1-Cre was used to drive diphtheria toxin expression in cells expressing UCP1 (Ucp1Cre+/DTA+). Despite loss of brown adipose tissue, BMAT volume was not reduced in Ucp1Cre+/DTA+ mice. Comparably, in mTmG reporter mice (Ucp1Cre+/mTmG+), Ucp1-Cre expression was absent from BMAT in young (3-weeks) and mature (16-weeks) male and female mice. Further, β3-agonist stimulation failed to induce Ucp1-Cre expression in BMAT. This demonstrates that BMAT adipocytes are not UCP1-expressing beige/brown adipocytes. Thus, to identify novel and emerging roles for BMAT adipocytes in skeletal and whole-body homeostasis, we performed gene enrichment analysis of microarray data from adipose tissues of adult rabbits. Pathway analysis revealed genetic evidence for differences in BMAT including insulin resistance, decreased fatty acid metabolism, and enhanced contributions to local processes including bone mineral density through candidate genes such as osteopontin. In sum, this supports a paradigm by which BMAT adipocytes are a unique subpopulation that is specialized to support cells within the skeletal and hematopoietic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Craft
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hero Robles
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Madelyn R Lorenz
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric D Hilker
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristann L Magee
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital - Department of Clinical Research & Department Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - William P Cawthorn
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles A Harris
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ying Chau
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinbugh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - William P Cawthorn
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinbugh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Scheller EL, Khandaker S, Learman BS, Cawthorn WP, Anderson LM, Pham HA, Robles H, Wang Z, Li Z, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, Bree AJ, Craft CS, MacDougald OA. Bone marrow adipocytes resist lipolysis and remodeling in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. Bone 2019; 118:32-41. [PMID: 29360620 PMCID: PMC6062480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is preserved or increased in states of caloric restriction. Similarly, we found that BMAT in the tail vertebrae, but not the red marrow in the tibia, resists loss of neutral lipid with acute, 48-hour fasting in rats. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and its seemingly distinct regulation from peripheral white adipose tissue (WAT) remain unknown. To test the role of β-adrenergic stimulation, a major regulator of adipose tissue lipolysis, we examined the responses of BMAT to β-adrenergic agonists. Relative to inguinal WAT, BMAT had reduced phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) after treatment with pan-β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Phosphorylation of HSL in response to β3-adrenergic agonist CL316,243 was decreased by an additional ~90% (distal tibia BMAT) or could not be detected (tail vertebrae). Ex vivo, adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis in purified BMAT adipocytes was also substantially less than iWAT adipocytes and had site-specific properties. Specifically, regulated bone marrow adipocytes (rBMAs) from proximal tibia and femur underwent lipolysis in response to both CL316,243 and forskolin, while constitutive BMAs from the tail responded only to forskolin. This occurred independently of changes in gene expression of β-adrenergic receptors, which were similar between adipocytes from iWAT and BMAT, and could not be explained by defective coupling of β-adrenergic receptors to lipolytic machinery through caveolin 1. Specifically, we found that whereas caveolin 1 was necessary to mediate maximal stimulation of lipolysis in iWAT, overexpression of caveolin 1 was insufficient to rescue impaired BMAT signaling. Lastly, we tested the ability of BMAT to respond to 72-hour treatment with CL316,243 in vivo. This was sufficient to cause beiging of iWAT adipocytes and a decrease in iWAT adipocyte cell size. By contrast, adipocyte size in the tail BMAT and distal tibia remained unchanged. However, within the distal femur, we identified a subpopulation of BMAT adipocytes that underwent lipid droplet remodeling. This response was more pronounced in females than in males and resembled lipolysis-induced lipid partitioning rather than traditional beiging. In summary, BMAT has the capacity to respond to β-adrenergic stimuli, however, its responses are muted and BMAT generally resists lipid hydrolysis and remodeling relative to iWAT. This resistance is more pronounced in distal regions of the skeleton where the BMAT adipocytes are larger with little intervening hematopoiesis, suggesting that there may be a role for both cell-autonomous and microenvironmental determinants. Resistance to β-adrenergic stimuli further separates BMAT from known regulators of energy partitioning and contributes to our understanding of why BMAT is preserved in states of fasting and caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Shaima Khandaker
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Brian S Learman
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - William P Cawthorn
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Lindsay M Anderson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - H A Pham
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Hero Robles
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Sebastian D Parlee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Becky R Simon
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Adam J Bree
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Clarissa S Craft
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Sheng L, Ye L, Zhang D, Cawthorn WP, Xu B. New Insights Into the Long Non-coding RNA SRA: Physiological Functions and Mechanisms of Action. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:244. [PMID: 30238005 PMCID: PMC6135885 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are emerging as new genetic/epigenetic regulators that can impact almost all physiological functions. Here, we focus on the long non-coding steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA), including new insights into its effects on gene expression, the cell cycle, and differentiation; how these relate to physiology and disease; and the mechanisms underlying these effects. We discuss how SRA acts as an RNA coactivator in nuclear receptor signaling; its effects on steroidogenesis, adipogenesis, and myocyte differentiation; the impact on breast and prostate cancer tumorigenesis; and, finally, its ability to modulate hepatic steatosis through several signaling pathways. Genome-wide analysis reveals that SRA regulates hundreds of target genes in adipocytes and breast cancer cells and binds to thousands of genomic sites in human pluripotent stem cells. Recent studies indicate that SRA acts as a molecular scaffold and forms networks with numerous coregulators and chromatin-modifying regulators in both activating and repressive complexes. We discuss how modifications to SRA's unique stem-loop secondary structure are important for SRA function, and highlight the various SRA isoforms and mutations that have clinical implications. Finally, we discuss the future directions for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of SRA action and how this might lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - William P Cawthorn
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Xu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The last decade has seen a resurgence in the study of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) across diverse fields such as metabolism, haematopoiesis, skeletal biology and cancer. Herein, we review the most recent developments of BMAT research in both humans and rodents, including the distinct nature of BMAT; the autocrine, paracrine and endocrine interactions between BMAT and various tissues, both in physiological and pathological scenarios; how these interactions might impact energy metabolism; and the most recent technological advances to quantify BMAT. RECENT FINDINGS Though still dwarfed by research into white and brown adipose tissues, BMAT is now recognised as endocrine organ and is attracting increasing attention from biomedical researchers around the globe. SUMMARY We are beginning to learn the importance of BMAT both within and beyond the bone, allowing us to better appreciate the role of BMAT in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J. Suchacki
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
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Ge C, Zhao G, Li B, Li Y, Cawthorn WP, MacDougald OA, Franceschi RT. Genetic inhibition of PPARγ S112 phosphorylation reduces bone formation and stimulates marrow adipogenesis. Bone 2018; 107:1-9. [PMID: 29107124 PMCID: PMC5743762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of many skeletal diseases is the accumulation of marrow fat. A reciprocal relationship exists between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in bone marrow that is mediated by the relative activity of PPARγ and RUNX2 transcription factors. The ERK/MAPK pathway is an important inducer of MSC differentiation to osteoblasts and an inhibitor of adipogenesis that functions by phosphorylating RUNX2 and PPARγ. To begin to assess the importance of this regulation in vivo, we examined the consequences of blocking one arm of this pathway, PPARγ S112 phosphorylation, by evaluating the bone phenotype of PPARγ S112A mutant mice. This mutation prevents MAPK phosphorylation and inhibition of PPARγ transcriptional activity. Both male and female PPARγ S112A mice had decreased tibial and vertebral BV/TV and decreased trabecular bone relative to wild type littermates. These results were explained by a decrease in bone formation and osteoblast activity in the absence of changes in resorption. In contrast, marrow adipose tissue, adipocyte markers and serum adiponectin were all dramatically increased. Bone marrow stromal cells isolated from PPARγ S112A mice had elevated PPARγ and preferentially differentiated to adipocytes while total and phosphorylated RUNX2 and osteoblastogenesis were inhibited, indicating that the PPARγ S112A mutation affects bone in a cell autonomous manner. Changes in osteoblast/adipocyte lineage allocation in MSC cultures were also seen where CFU-OBs were reduced with a parallel increase in CFU-AD. This study emphasizes the importance of PPARγ phosphorylation in controlling bone mass and marrow adiposity and demonstrates how a regulatory mutation in PPARγ previously associated with peripheral fat metabolism can have broader effects on bone homeostasis that may in turn affect whole body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Ge
- Periodontics & Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Guisheng Zhao
- Periodontics & Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - BinBin Li
- Periodontics & Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Periodontics & Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William P Cawthorn
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Periodontics & Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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15
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Mcilroy GD, Suchacki K, Roelofs AJ, Yang W, Fu Y, Bai B, Wallace RJ, De Bari C, Cawthorn WP, Han W, Delibegović M, Rochford JJ. Adipose specific disruption of seipin causes early-onset generalised lipodystrophy and altered fuel utilisation without severe metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2018; 10:55-65. [PMID: 29459250 PMCID: PMC5985228 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mutations to the BSCL2 gene disrupt the protein seipin and cause the most severe form of congenital generalised lipodystrophy (CGL). Affected individuals exhibit a near complete loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) and suffer from metabolic disease. Seipin is critical for adipocyte development in culture and mice with germline disruption to Bscl2 recapitulate the effects of BSCL2 disruption in humans. Here we examined whether loss of Bscl2 specifically in developing adipocytes in vivo is sufficient to prevent adipose tissue development and cause all features observed with congenital BSCL2 disruption. Methods We generated and characterised a novel mouse model of Bscl2 deficiency in developing adipocytes (Ad-B2(−/−)) using the adipose-specific Adiponectin-Cre line. Results We demonstrate that Ad-B2(−/−) mice display early onset lipodystrophy, in common with congenital Bscl2 null mice and CGL2 patients. However, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and severe hepatic steatosis are not apparent. Food intake and energy expenditure are unchanged, but Ad-B2(−/−) mice exhibit significantly altered substrate utilisation. We also find differential effects of seipin loss between specific adipose depots revealing new insights regarding their varied characteristics. When fed a high-fat diet, Ad-B2(−/−) mice entirely fail to expand adipose mass but remain glucose tolerant. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that disruption of Bscl2 specifically in developing adipocytes is sufficient to cause the early-onset generalised lipodystrophy observed in patients with mutations in BSCL2. However, this significant reduction in adipose mass does not cause the overt metabolic dysfunction seen in Bscl2 knockout mice, even following a high-fat diet challenge. Seipin loss only in developing adipocytes drives severe early-onset lipodystrophy. This leads to significantly altered use of metabolic substrates. We uncover developmental differences between poorly characterised adipose depots. Despite severely reduced adipose mass mice do not show overt metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Suchacki
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anke J Roelofs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wulin Yang
- Cancer Hospital and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyun Fu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Bo Bai
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Robert J Wallace
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - William P Cawthorn
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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Suchacki KJ, Roberts F, Lovdel A, Farquharson C, Morton NM, MacRae VE, Cawthorn WP. Skeletal energy homeostasis: a paradigm of endocrine discovery. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:R67-R79. [PMID: 28455432 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the last decade, significant developments in cellular, molecular and mouse models have revealed major endocrine functions of the skeleton. More recent studies have evolved the interplay between bone-specific hormones, the skeleton, marrow adipose tissue, muscle and the brain. This review focuses on literature from the last decade, addressing the endocrine regulation of global energy metabolism via the skeleton. In addition, we will highlight several recent studies that further our knowledge of new endocrine functions of some organs; explore remaining unanswered questions; and, finally, we will discuss future directions for this more complex era of bone biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Suchacki
- The Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona Roberts
- The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian, UK
| | - Andrea Lovdel
- The Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian, UK
| | - Nik M Morton
- The Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian, UK
| | - William P Cawthorn
- The Queen's Medical Research InstituteThe University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Sulston RJ, Cawthorn WP. Bone marrow adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: close to the bone? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 28:21-38. [PMID: 27149203 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a major endocrine organ, secreting a diverse range of hormones, lipid species, cytokines and other factors to exert diverse local and systemic effects. These secreted products, known as 'adipokines', contribute extensively to WAT's impact on physiology and disease. Adipocytes also exist in the bone marrow (BM), but unlike WAT, study of this bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) has been relatively limited. We recently discovered that MAT contributes to circulating adiponectin, an adipokine that mediates cardiometabolic benefits. Moreover, we found that MAT expansion exerts systemic effects. Together, these observations identify MAT as an endocrine organ. Additional studies are revealing further secretory functions of MAT, including production of other adipokines, cytokines and lipids that exert local effects within bone. These observations suggest that, like WAT, MAT has secretory functions with diverse potential effects, both locally and systemically. A major limitation is that these findings are often based on in vitro approaches that may not faithfully recapitulate the characteristics and functions of BM adipocytes in vivo. This underscores the need to develop improved methods for in vivo analysis of MAT function, including more robust transgenic models for MAT targeting, and continued development of techniques for non-invasive analysis of MAT quantity and quality in humans. Although many aspects of MAT formation and function remain poorly understood, MAT is now attracting increasing research focus; hence, there is much promise for further advances in our understanding of MAT as an endocrine organ, and how MAT impacts human health and disease.
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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL. Editorial: Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue: Formation, Function, and Impact on Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:112. [PMID: 28611729 PMCID: PMC5447009 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William P. Cawthorn
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: William P. Cawthorn,
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Scheller EL, Burr AA, MacDougald OA, Cawthorn WP. Inside out: Bone marrow adipose tissue as a source of circulating adiponectin. Adipocyte 2016; 5:251-69. [PMID: 27617171 PMCID: PMC5014002 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1149269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin mediates beneficial cardiometabolic effects, and hypoadiponectinemia is a biomarker for increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Indeed, circulating adiponectin decreases in obesity and insulin-resistance, likely because of impaired production from white adipose tissue (WAT). Conversely, lean states such as caloric restriction (CR) are characterized by hyperadiponectinemia, even without increased adiponectin production from WAT. The reasons underlying this paradox have remained elusive, but our recent research suggests that CR-associated hyperadiponectinemia derives from an unexpected source: bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT). Herein, we elaborate on this surprising discovery, including further discussion of potential mechanisms influencing adiponectin production from MAT; additional evidence both for and against our conclusions; and observations suggesting that the relationship between MAT and adiponectin might extend beyond CR. While many questions remain, the burgeoning study of MAT promises to reveal further key insights into MAT biology, both as a source of adiponectin and beyond.
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Scheller EL, Cawthorn WP, Burr AA, Horowitz MC, MacDougald OA. Marrow Adipose Tissue: Trimming the Fat. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:392-403. [PMID: 27094502 PMCID: PMC4875855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique fat depot, located in the skeleton, that has the potential to contribute to both local and systemic metabolic processes. In this review we highlight several recent conceptual developments pertaining to the origin and function of MAT adipocytes; consider the relationship of MAT to beige, brown, and white adipose depots; explore MAT expansion and turnover in humans and rodents; and discuss future directions for MAT research in the context of endocrine function and metabolic disease. MAT has the potential to exert both local and systemic effects on metabolic homeostasis, skeletal remodeling, hematopoiesis, and the development of bone metastases. The diversity of these functions highlights the breadth of the potential impact of MAT on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - William P Cawthorn
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aaron A Burr
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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21
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Suchacki KJ, Cawthorn WP, Rosen CJ. Bone marrow adipose tissue: formation, function and regulation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 28:50-6. [PMID: 27022859 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires an uninterrupted supply of energy to maintain metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. To sustain energy balance, excess consumed calories are stored as glycogen, triglycerides and protein, allowing the body to continue to function in states of starvation and increased energy expenditure. Adipose tissue provides the largest natural store of excess calories as triglycerides and plays an important role as an endocrine organ in energy homeostasis and beyond. This short review is intended to detail the current knowledge of the formation and role of bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT), a largely ignored adipose depot, focussing on the role of MAT as an endocrine organ and highlighting the pharmacological agents that regulate MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Suchacki
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Ge C, Cawthorn WP, Li Y, Zhao G, Macdougald OA, Franceschi RT. Reciprocal Control of Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation by ERK/MAP Kinase Phosphorylation of Runx2 and PPARγ Transcription Factors. J Cell Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26206105 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In many skeletal diseases, including osteoporosis and disuse osteopenia, defective osteoblast differentiation is associated with increased marrow adipogenesis. The relative activity of two transcription factors, RUNX2 and PPARγ, controls whether a mesenchymal cell will differentiate into an osteoblast or adipocyte. Herein we show that the ERK/MAP kinase pathway, an important mediator of mechanical and hormonal signals in bone, stimulates osteoblastogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis via phosphorylation of RUNX2 and PPARγ. Induction of osteoblastogenesis in ST2 mesenchymal cells was associated with increased MAPK activity and RUNX2 phosphorylation. Under these conditions PPARγ phosphorylation also increased, but adipogenesis was inhibited. In contrast, during adipogenesis MAPK activity and phosphorylation of both transcription factors was reduced. RUNX2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity were directly stimulated by MAPK, a response requiring phosphorylation at S301 and S319. MAPK also inhibited PPARγ-dependent transcription via S112 phosphorylation. Stimulation of MAPK increased osteoblastogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis, while dominant-negative suppression of activity had the opposite effect. In rescue experiments using Runx2(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), wild type or, to a greater extent, phosphomimetic mutant RUNX2 (S301E,S319E) stimulated osteoblastogenesis while suppressing adipogenesis. In contrast, a phosphorylation-deficient RUNX2 mutant (S301A,S319A) had reduced activity. Conversely, wild type or, to a greater extent, phosphorylation-resistant S112A mutant PPARγ strongly stimulated adipogenesis and inhibited osteoblastogenesis in Pparg(-/-) MEFs, while S112E mutant PPARγ was less active. Competition between RUNX2 and PPARγ was also observed at the transcriptional level. Together, these studies highlight the importance of MAP kinase signaling and RUNX2/PPARγ phosphorylation in the control of osteoblast and adipocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William P Cawthorn
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Guisheng Zhao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ormond A Macdougald
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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23
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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Parlee SD, Pham HA, Learman BS, Redshaw CMH, Sulston RJ, Burr AA, Das AK, Simon BR, Mori H, Bree AJ, Schell B, Krishnan V, MacDougald OA. Expansion of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue During Caloric Restriction Is Associated With Increased Circulating Glucocorticoids and Not With Hypoleptinemia. Endocrinology 2016; 157:508-21. [PMID: 26696121 PMCID: PMC4733126 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) accounts for up to 70% of bone marrow volume in healthy adults and increases further in clinical conditions of altered skeletal or metabolic function. Perhaps most strikingly, and in stark contrast to white adipose tissue, MAT has been found to increase during caloric restriction (CR) in humans and many other species. Hypoleptinemia may drive MAT expansion during CR but this has not been demonstrated conclusively. Indeed, MAT formation and function are poorly understood; hence, the physiological and pathological roles of MAT remain elusive. We recently revealed that MAT contributes to hyperadiponectinemia and systemic adaptations to CR. To further these observations, we have now performed CR studies in rabbits to determine whether CR affects adiponectin production by MAT. Moderate or extensive CR decreased bone mass, white adipose tissue mass, and circulating leptin but, surprisingly, did not cause hyperadiponectinemia or MAT expansion. Although this unexpected finding limited our subsequent MAT characterization, it demonstrates that during CR, bone loss can occur independently of MAT expansion; increased MAT may be required for hyperadiponectinemia; and hypoleptinemia is not sufficient for MAT expansion. We further investigated this relationship in mice. In females, CR increased MAT without decreasing circulating leptin, suggesting that hypoleptinemia is also not necessary for MAT expansion. Finally, circulating glucocorticoids increased during CR in mice but not rabbits, suggesting that glucocorticoids might drive MAT expansion during CR. These observations provide insights into the causes and consequences of CR-associated MAT expansion, knowledge with potential relevance to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Sebastian D Parlee
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - H An Pham
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Brian S Learman
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Catherine M H Redshaw
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Richard J Sulston
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Aaron A Burr
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Arun K Das
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Becky R Simon
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Adam J Bree
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Benjamin Schell
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
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Sulston RJ, Learman BS, Zhang B, Scheller EL, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, Bree AJ, Wallace RJ, Krishnan V, MacDougald OA, Cawthorn WP. Increased Circulating Adiponectin in Response to Thiazolidinediones: Investigating the Role of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 27708617 PMCID: PMC5030308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) contributes to increased circulating adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing hormone, during caloric restriction (CR), but whether this occurs in other contexts remains unknown. The antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) also promote MAT expansion and hyperadiponectinemia, even without increasing adiponectin expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that MAT expansion contributes to TZD-associated hyperadiponectinemia, we investigated the effects of rosiglitazone, a prototypical TZD, in wild-type (WT) or Ocn-Wnt10b mice. The latter resist MAT expansion during CR, leading us to postulate that they would also resist this effect of rosiglitazone. DESIGN Male and female WT or Ocn-Wnt10b mice (C57BL/6J) were treated with or without rosiglitazone for 2, 4, or 8 weeks, up to 30 weeks of age. MAT content was assessed by osmium tetroxide staining and adipocyte marker expression. Circulating adiponectin was determined by ELISA. RESULTS In WT mice, rosiglitazone caused hyperadiponectinemia and MAT expansion. Compared to WT mice, Ocn-Wnt10b mice had significantly less MAT in distal tibiae and sometimes in proximal tibiae; however, interpretation was complicated by the leakage of osmium tetroxide from ruptures in some tibiae, highlighting an important technical consideration for osmium-based MAT analysis. Despite decreased MAT in Ocn-Wnt10b mice, circulating adiponectin was generally similar between WT and Ocn-Wnt10b mice; however, in females receiving rosiglitazone for 4 weeks, hyperadiponectinemia was significantly blunted in Ocn-Wnt10b compared to WT mice. Notably, this was also the only group in which tibial adiponectin expression was lower than in WT mice, suggesting a close association between MAT adiponectin production and circulating adiponectin. However, rosiglitazone significantly increased adiponectin protein expression in WAT, suggesting that WAT contributes to hyperadiponectinemia in this context. Finally, rosiglitazone upregulated uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but this protein was undetectable in tibiae, suggesting that MAT is unlikely to share thermogenic properties of BAT. CONCLUSION TZD-induced hyperadiponectinemia is closely associated with increased adiponectin production in MAT but is not prevented by the partial loss of MAT that occurs in Ocn-Wnt10b mice. Thus, more robust loss-of-MAT models are required for future studies to better establish MAT's elusive functions, both on an endocrine level and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Sulston
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian S. Learman
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bofeng Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sebastian D. Parlee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Becky R. Simon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam J. Bree
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- *Correspondence: William P. Cawthorn,
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25
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Scheller EL, Doucette CR, Learman BS, Cawthorn WP, Khandaker S, Schell B, Wu B, Ding SY, Bredella MA, Fazeli PK, Khoury B, Jepsen KJ, Pilch PF, Klibanski A, Rosen CJ, MacDougald OA. Region-specific variation in the properties of skeletal adipocytes reveals regulated and constitutive marrow adipose tissues. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7808. [PMID: 26245716 PMCID: PMC4530473 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) accumulates in diverse clinical conditions but remains poorly understood. Here we show region-specific variation in MAT adipocyte development, regulation, size, lipid composition, gene expression and genetic determinants. Early MAT formation in mice is conserved, whereas later development is strain dependent. Proximal, but not distal tibial, MAT is lost with 21-day cold exposure. Rat MAT adipocytes from distal sites have an increased proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and expression of Scd1/Scd2, Cebpa and Cebpb. Humans also have increased distal marrow fat unsaturation. We define proximal 'regulated' MAT (rMAT) as single adipocytes interspersed with active haematopoiesis, whereas distal 'constitutive' MAT (cMAT) has low haematopoiesis, contains larger adipocytes, develops earlier and remains preserved upon systemic challenges. Loss of rMAT occurs in mice with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4, whereas both rMAT and cMAT are preserved in mice with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 3. Consideration of these MAT subpopulations may be important for future studies linking MAT to bone biology, haematopoiesis and whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Casey R Doucette
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Brian S Learman
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - William P Cawthorn
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Shaima Khandaker
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Benjamin Schell
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Brent Wu
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Shi-Ying Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Pouneh K Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Basma Khoury
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Karl J Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Paul F Pilch
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Learman BS, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, Ning X, Bree AJ, Schell B, Broome DT, Soliman SS, DelProposto JL, Lumeng CN, Mitra A, Pandit SV, Gallagher KA, Miller JD, Krishnan V, Hui SK, Bredella MA, Fazeli PK, Klibanski A, Horowitz MC, Rosen CJ, MacDougald OA. Bone marrow adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that contributes to increased circulating adiponectin during caloric restriction. Cell Metab 2014; 20:368-375. [PMID: 24998914 PMCID: PMC4126847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin promotes metabolic and cardiovascular health. Circulating adiponectin increases in lean states such as caloric restriction (CR), but the reasons for this paradox remain unclear. Unlike white adipose tissue (WAT), bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) increases during CR, and both MAT and serum adiponectin increase in many other clinical conditions. Thus, we investigated whether MAT contributes to circulating adiponectin. We find that adiponectin secretion is greater from MAT than WAT. Notably, specific inhibition of MAT formation in mice results in decreased circulating adiponectin during CR despite unaltered adiponectin expression in WAT. Inhibiting MAT formation also alters skeletal muscle adaptation to CR, suggesting that MAT exerts systemic effects. Finally, we reveal that both MAT and serum adiponectin increase during cancer therapy in humans. These observations identify MAT as an endocrine organ that contributes significantly to increased serum adiponectin during CR and perhaps in other adverse states.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian S Learman
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sebastian D Parlee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Becky R Simon
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaomin Ning
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Adam J Bree
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Schell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David T Broome
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sandra S Soliman
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jenifer L DelProposto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aditi Mitra
- Center for Arrhythmia Research (Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sandeep V Pandit
- Center for Arrhythmia Research (Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katherine A Gallagher
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Susanta K Hui
- Masonic Cancer Center and Therapeutic Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Pouneh K Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Dugan CE, Cawthorn WP, MacDougald OA, Kennedy RT. Multiplexed microfluidic enzyme assays for simultaneous detection of lipolysis products from adipocytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4851-9. [PMID: 24880873 PMCID: PMC4103022 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has enabled new cell biology experiments. Incorporating chemical monitoring of cellular secretion into chips offers the potential to increase information content and utility of such systems. In this work, an integrated, multilayer polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip was developed to simultaneously measure fatty acids and glycerol secreted from cultured adipocytes on chip in near real time. Approximately 48,000 adipocytes were loaded into a cell chamber in a reversibly sealed chip. Cells were perfused at 0.75 μL/min. Cell perfusate was split and directed to separate, continuously operating fluorescent enzyme assay channel networks. The fluorescent assay products were detected simultaneously near the outlet of the chip. The fatty acid and glycerol assays had linear dynamic ranges of 150 and 110 μM and limit of detection (LOD) of 6 and 5 μM, respectively. Surface modifications including pretreatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate were utilized to prevent adsorption of fatty acids to the chip surface. Using the chip, basal fatty acid and glycerol concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 0.7 nmol × 10(6) cell(-1) min(-1) and from 0.23 to 0.85 nmol × 10(6) cell(-1) min(-1), respectively. Using valves built into the chip, the perfusion solution was switched to add 20 μM isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, which stimulates the release of glycerol and fatty acids in adipocytes. This manipulation resulted in a rapid and stable 1.5- to 6.0-fold increase of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol. The ratio of NEFA:glycerol released increased with adipocyte age. These experiments illustrate the potential for performing multiple real-time assays on cells in culture using microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Dugan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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28
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Simon BR, Learman BS, Parlee SD, Scheller EL, Mori H, Cawthorn WP, Ning X, Krishnan V, Ma YL, Tyrberg B, MacDougald OA. Sweet taste receptor deficient mice have decreased adiposity and increased bone mass. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86454. [PMID: 24466105 PMCID: PMC3899259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional expression of sweet taste receptors (T1R2 and T1R3) has been reported in numerous metabolic tissues, including the gut, pancreas, and, more recently, in adipose tissue. It has been suggested that sweet taste receptors in these non-gustatory tissues may play a role in systemic energy balance and metabolism. Smaller adipose depots have been reported in T1R3 knockout mice on a high carbohydrate diet, and sweet taste receptors have been reported to regulate adipogenesis in vitro. To assess the potential contribution of sweet taste receptors to adipose tissue biology, we investigated the adipose tissue phenotypes of T1R2 and T1R3 knockout mice. Here we provide data to demonstrate that when fed an obesogenic diet, both T1R2 and T1R3 knockout mice have reduced adiposity and smaller adipocytes. Although a mild glucose intolerance was observed with T1R3 deficiency, other metabolic variables analyzed were similar between genotypes. In addition, food intake, respiratory quotient, oxygen consumption, and physical activity were unchanged in T1R2 knockout mice. Although T1R2 deficiency did not affect adipocyte number in peripheral adipose depots, the number of bone marrow adipocytes is significantly reduced in these knockout animals. Finally, we present data demonstrating that T1R2 and T1R3 knockout mice have increased cortical bone mass and trabecular remodeling. This report identifies novel functions for sweet taste receptors in the regulation of adipose and bone biology, and suggests that in these contexts, T1R2 and T1R3 are either dependent on each other for activity or have common independent effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky R. Simon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Learman
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sebastian D. Parlee
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaomin Ning
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yanfei L. Ma
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Simon BR, Parlee SD, Learman BS, Mori H, Scheller EL, Cawthorn WP, Ning X, Gallagher K, Tyrberg B, Assadi-Porter FM, Evans CR, MacDougald OA. Artificial sweeteners stimulate adipogenesis and suppress lipolysis independently of sweet taste receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32475-32489. [PMID: 24068707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors mediate responses to a myriad of ligands, some of which regulate adipocyte differentiation and metabolism. The sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 are G protein-coupled receptors that function as carbohydrate sensors in taste buds, gut, and pancreas. Here we report that sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 are expressed throughout adipogenesis and in adipose tissues. Treatment of mouse and human precursor cells with artificial sweeteners, saccharin and acesulfame potassium, enhanced adipogenesis. Saccharin treatment of 3T3-L1 cells and primary mesenchymal stem cells rapidly stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and downstream targets with functions in adipogenesis such as cAMP-response element-binding protein and FOXO1; however, increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α was not observed until relatively late in differentiation. Saccharin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation at Thr-308 occurred within 5 min, was phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent, and occurred in the presence of high concentrations of insulin and dexamethasone; phosphorylation of Ser-473 occurred more gradually. Surprisingly, neither saccharin-stimulated adipogenesis nor Thr-308 phosphorylation was dependent on expression of T1R2 and/or T1R3, although Ser-473 phosphorylation was impaired in T1R2/T1R3 double knock-out precursors. In mature adipocytes, artificial sweetener treatment suppressed lipolysis even in the presence of forskolin, and lipolytic responses were correlated with phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase. Suppression of lipolysis by saccharin in adipocytes was also independent of T1R2 and T1R3. These results suggest that some artificial sweeteners have previously uncharacterized metabolic effects on adipocyte differentiation and metabolism and that effects of artificial sweeteners on adipose tissue biology may be largely independent of the classical sweet taste receptors, T1R2 and T1R3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - William P Cawthorn
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,; Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Xiaomin Ning
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | | | - Björn Tyrberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg Headquarters, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878,; Metabolic Signaling and Disease, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | | | | | - Ormond A MacDougald
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology; Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,; Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,.
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30
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Du B, Cawthorn WP, Su A, Doucette CR, Yao Y, Hemati N, Kampert S, McCoin C, Broome DT, Rosen CJ, Yang G, MacDougald OA. The transcription factor paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1) inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3036-47. [PMID: 23250756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.440370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of adipocytes from preadipocytes contributes to adipose tissue expansion in obesity. Impaired adipogenesis may underlie the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Mechanistically, a well defined transcriptional network coordinates adipocyte differentiation. The family of paired-related homeobox transcription factors, which includes Prrx1a, Prrx1b, and Prrx2, is implicated with regulation of mesenchymal cell fate, including myogenesis and skeletogenesis; however, whether these proteins impact adipogenesis remains to be addressed. In this study, we identify Prrx1a and Prrx1b as negative regulators of adipogenesis. We show that Prrx1a and Prrx1b are down-regulated during adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Stable knockdown of Prrx1a/b enhances adipogenesis, with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α and FABP4 and increased secretion of the adipokines adiponectin and chemerin. Although stable low-level expression of Prrx1a, Prrx1b, or Prrx2 does not affect 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, transient overexpression of Prrx1a or Prrx1b inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activity. Prrx1 knockdown decreases expression of Tgfb2 and Tgfb3, and inhibition of TGFβ signaling during adipogenesis mimics the effects of Prrx1 knockdown. These data support the hypothesis that endogenous Prrx1 restrains adipogenesis by regulating expression of TGFβ ligands and thereby activating TGFβ signaling. Finally, we find that expression of Prrx1a or Prrx1b in adipose tissue increases during obesity and strongly correlates with Tgfb3 expression in BL6 mice. These observations suggest that increased Prrx1 expression may promote TGFβ activity in adipose tissue and thereby contribute to aberrant adipocyte function during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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31
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Gburcik V, Cawthorn WP, Nedergaard J, Timmons JA, Cannon B. An essential role for Tbx15 in the differentiation of brown and "brite" but not white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1053-60. [PMID: 22912368 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00104.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Tbx15 is expressed predominantly in brown adipose tissue and in those white adipose depots that are capable of giving rise to brown-in-white ("brite"/"beige") adipocytes. Therefore, we have investigated a possible role here of Tbx15 in brown and brite adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Adipocyte precursors were isolated from interscapular and axilliary brown adipose tissues, inguinal white ("brite") adipose tissue, and epididymal white adipose tissue in 129/Sv mouse pups and differentiated in culture. Differentiation was enhanced by chronic treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone plus the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Using short interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed toward Tbx15 in these primary adipocyte cultures, we decreased Tbx15 expression >90%. This resulted in reduced expression levels of adipogenesis markers (PPARγ, aP2). Importantly, Tbx15 knockdown reduced the expression of brown phenotypic marker genes (PRDM16, PGC-1α, Cox8b/Cox4, UCP1) in brown adipocytes and even more markedly in inguinal white adipocytes. In contrast, Tbx15 knockdown had no effect on white adipocytes originating from a depot that is not brite competent in vivo (epididymal). Therefore, Tbx15 may be essential for the development of the adipogenic and thermogenic programs in adipocytes/adipomyocytes capable of developing brown adipocyte features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gburcik
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Mori H, Prestwich TC, Reid MA, Longo KA, Gerin I, Cawthorn WP, Susulic VS, Krishnan V, Greenfield A, Macdougald OA. Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 suppresses adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism through WNT inhibition. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2405-16. [PMID: 22728933 DOI: 10.1172/jci63604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preadipocytes secrete several WNT family proteins that act through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms to inhibit adipogenesis. The activity of WNT ligands is often decreased by secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs). Sfrp5 is strongly induced during adipocyte differentiation and increases in adipocytes during obesity, presumably to counteract WNT signaling. We tested the hypothesis that obesity-induced Sfrp5 expression promotes the development of new adipocytes by inhibiting endogenous suppressors of adipogenesis. As predicted, mice that lack functional SFRP5 were resistant to diet-induced obesity. However, counter to our hypothesis, we found that adipose tissue of SFRP5-deficient mice had similar numbers of adipocytes, but a reduction in large adipocytes. Transplantation of adipose tissue from SFRP5-deficient mice into leptin receptor-deficient mice indicated that the effects of SFRP5 deficiency are tissue-autonomous. Mitochondrial gene expression was increased in adipose tissue and cultured adipocytes from SFRP5-deficient mice. In adipocytes, lack of SFRP5 stimulated oxidative capacity through increased mitochondrial activity, which was mediated in part by PGC1α and mitochondrial transcription factor A. WNT3a also increased oxygen consumption and the expression of mitochondrial genes. Thus, our findings support a model of adipogenesis in which SFRP5 inhibits WNT signaling to suppress oxidative metabolism and stimulate adipocyte growth during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an explosion in research into adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs), facilitated by their ease of isolation from white adipose tissue (WAT) and fueled by their therapeutic potential. Recent developments have extended ASC multipotency to include endodermal and ectodermal cell types, as well as the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. This expanding multipotency has been paralleled by burgeoning translational applications, ranging from tissue engineering to anti-cancer therapy, that are currently subject to clinical trials. However, this promise is tempered by potential pitfalls, such as tumorigenicity, and is further undermined by lingering uncertainties regarding the precise identity of ASCs. Confronting these issues will be essential if we are to bypass the pitfalls and develop the promises of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
- Corresponding author Ormond A MacDougald University of Michigan Brehm Center, Room 6313 1000 Wall St Ann Arbor MI 48105 Tel: 734-647-4880 Fax: 734-232-8175
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34
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Cawthorn WP, Bree AJ, Yao Y, Du B, Hemati N, Martinez-Santibañez G, MacDougald OA. Wnt6, Wnt10a and Wnt10b inhibit adipogenesis and stimulate osteoblastogenesis through a β-catenin-dependent mechanism. Bone 2012; 50:477-89. [PMID: 21872687 PMCID: PMC3261372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wnt10b is an established regulator of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate that inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates osteoblastogenesis, thereby impacting bone mass in vivo. However, downstream mechanisms through which Wnt10b exerts these effects are poorly understood. Moreover, whether other endogenous Wnt ligands also modulate MSC fate remains to be fully addressed. In this study, we identify Wnt6 and Wnt10a as additional Wnt family members that, like Wnt10b, are downregulated during development of white adipocytes in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that Wnt6 and/or Wnt10a may also inhibit adipogenesis. To assess the relative activities of Wnt6, Wnt10a and Wnt10b to regulate mesenchymal cell fate, we used gain- and loss-of function approaches in bipotential ST2 cells and in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Enforced expression of Wnt10a stabilizes β-catenin, suppresses adipogenesis and stimulates osteoblastogenesis to a similar extent as Wnt10b, whereas stable expression of Wnt6 has a weaker effect on these processes than Wnt10a or Wnt10b. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous Wnt6 is associated with greater preadipocyte differentiation and impaired osteoblastogenesis than knockdown of Wnt10a or Wnt10b, suggesting that, among these Wnt ligands, Wnt6 is the most potent endogenous regulator of MSC fate. Finally, we show that knockdown of β-catenin completely prevents the inhibition of adipogenesis and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation by Wnt6, Wnt10a or Wnt10b. Potential mechanisms whereby Wnts regulate fate of MSCs downstream of β-catenin are also investigated. In conclusion, this study identifies Wnt10a and Wnt6 as additional regulators of MSC fate and demonstrates that mechanisms downstream of β-catenin are required for Wnt6, Wnt10a and Wnt10b to influence differentiation of mesenchymal precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Cawthorn
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Adam J. Bree
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Baowen Du
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nahid Hemati
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Brehm Center, 1000 Wall Street, Rm 6313, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Tel: (734) 647-4880. Fax: (734) 232-8175
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35
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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, MacDougald OA. Adipose tissue stem cells meet preadipocyte commitment: going back to the future. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:227-46. [PMID: 22140268 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r021089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is perhaps the most plastic organ in the body, capable of regeneration following surgical removal and massive expansion or contraction in response to altered energy balance. Research conducted for over 70 years has investigated adipose tissue plasticity on a cellular level, spurred on by the increasing burden that obesity and associated diseases are placing on public health globally. This work has identified committed preadipocytes in the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue and led to our current understanding that adipogenesis is important not only for WAT expansion, but also for maintenance of adipocyte numbers under normal metabolic states. At the turn of the millenium, studies investigating preadipocyte differentiation collided with developments in stem cell research, leading to the discovery of multipotent stem cells within WAT. Such adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are capable of differentiating into numerous cell types of both mesodermal and nonmesodermal origin, leading to their extensive investigation from a therapeutic and tissue engineering perspective. However, the insights gained through studying ASCs have also contributed to more-recent progress in attempts to better characterize committed preadipocytes in adipose tissue. Thus, ASC research has gone back to its roots, thereby expanding our knowledge of preadipocyte commitment and adipose tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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36
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Xu B, Gerin I, Miao H, Vu-Phan D, Johnson CN, Xu R, Chen XW, Cawthorn WP, MacDougald OA, Koenig RJ. Multiple roles for the non-coding RNA SRA in regulation of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14199. [PMID: 21152033 PMCID: PMC2996286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a master transcriptional regulator of adipogenesis. Hence, the identification of PPARγ coactivators should help reveal mechanisms controlling gene expression in adipose tissue development and physiology. We show that the non-coding RNA, Steroid receptor RNA Activator (SRA), associates with PPARγ and coactivates PPARγ-dependent reporter gene expression. Overexpression of SRA in ST2 mesenchymal precursor cells promotes their differentiation into adipocytes. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous SRA inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Microarray analysis reveals hundreds of SRA-responsive genes in adipocytes, including genes involved in the cell cycle, and insulin and TNFα signaling pathways. Some functions of SRA may involve mechanisms other than coactivation of PPARγ. SRA in adipocytes increases both glucose uptake and phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1 in response to insulin. SRA promotes S-phase entry during mitotic clonal expansion, decreases expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, and increases phosphorylation of Cdk1/Cdc2. SRA also inhibits the expression of adipocyte-related inflammatory genes and TNFα-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. In conclusion, SRA enhances adipogenesis and adipocyte function through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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Boyle KB, Hadaschik D, Virtue S, Cawthorn WP, Ridley SH, O'Rahilly S, Siddle K. The transcription factors Egr1 and Egr2 have opposing influences on adipocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:782-9. [PMID: 19229250 PMCID: PMC2670277 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger-containing transcription factors Egr1 (Krox24) and Egr2 (Krox20) have been implicated in the proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. Egr2 has earlier been shown to play a positive role in adipocyte differentiation, but the function of Egr1 in this context is unknown. We compared the roles of Egr1 and Egr2 in the differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Egr1 protein was rapidly induced after addition of differentiation cocktail, whereas Egr2 protein initially remained low before increasing on days 1 and 2, concomitant with the disappearance of Egr1. In marked contrast to the effects of Egr2, differentiation was inhibited by ectopic expression of Egr1 and potentiated by knockdown of Egr1. The pro-adipogenic effects of Egr1 knockdown were particularly notable when isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) was omitted from the differentiation medium. However, knockdown of Egr1 did not affect CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)beta protein expression or phosphorylation of CREB Ser133. Further, Egr1 did not directly affect the activity of promoters for the master adipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPalpha or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2, as assessed in luciferase reporter assays. These data indicate that Egr1 and Egr2 exert opposing influences on adipocyte differentiation and that the careful regulation of both is required for maintaining appropriate levels of adipogenesis. Further, the pro-differentiation effects of IBMX involve suppression of the inhibitory influence of Egr1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Hadaschik
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Simon H. Ridley
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth Siddle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Lagathu C, Christodoulides C, Virtue S, Cawthorn WP, Franzin C, Kimber WA, Nora ED, Campbell M, Medina-Gomez G, Cheyette BNR, Vidal-Puig AJ, Sethi JK. Dact1, a nutritionally regulated preadipocyte gene, controls adipogenesis by coordinating the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling network. Diabetes 2009; 58:609-19. [PMID: 19073771 PMCID: PMC2646059 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling inhibits adipogenesis, but its regulation, physiological relevance, and molecular effectors are poorly understood. Here, we identify the Wnt modulator Dapper1/Frodo1 (Dact1) as a new preadipocyte gene involved in the regulation of murine and human adipogenesis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Changes in Dact1 expression were investigated in three in vitro models of adipogenesis. In vitro gain- and loss-of-function studies were used to investigate the mechanism of Dact1 action during adipogenesis. The in vivo regulation of Dact1 and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling were investigated in murine models of altered nutritional status, of pharmacological stimulation of in vivo adipogenesis, and during the development of dietary and genetic obesity. RESULTS Dact1 is a preadipocyte gene that decreases during adipogenesis. However, Dact1 knockdown impairs adipogenesis through activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, and this is reversed by treatment with the secreted Wnt antagonist, secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (Sfrp1). In contrast, constitutive Dact1 overexpression promotes adipogenesis and confers resistance to Wnt ligand-induced antiadipogenesis through increased expression of endogenous Sfrps and reduced expression of Wnts. In vivo, in white adipose tissue, Dact1 and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling also exhibit coordinated expression profiles in response to altered nutritional status, in response to pharmacological stimulation of in vivo adipogenesis, and during the development of dietary and genetic obesity. CONCLUSIONS Dact1 regulates adipogenesis through coordinated effects on gene expression that selectively alter intracellular and paracrine/autocrine components of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. These novel insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling adipose tissue plasticity provide a functional network with therapeutic potential against diseases, such as obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lagathu
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance are commonly associated with catabolic or lipodystrophic conditions (such as cancer and sepsis) and with pathological states of nutritional overload (such as obesity-related type 2 diabetes). Two common features of these metabolic disorders are adipose tissue dysfunction and elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Herein, we review the multiple actions of this pro-inflammatory adipokine on adipose tissue biology. These include inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenesis, adipogenesis and thermogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis. TNF-alpha can also impact the endocrine functions of adipose tissue. Taken together, TNF-alpha contributes to metabolic dysregulation by impairing both adipose tissue function and its ability to store excess fuel. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these actions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, is a potent negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation. However, the mechanism of TNF-alpha-mediated antiadipogenesis remains incompletely understood. In this study, we first confirm that TNF-alpha inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by preventing the early induction of the adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha). This suppression coincides with enhanced expression of several reported mediators of antiadipogenesis that are also targets of the Wnt/beta-catenin/T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) pathway. Indeed, we found that TNF-alpha enhanced TCF4-dependent transcriptional activity during early antiadipogenesis, and promoted the stabilisation of beta-catenin throughout antiadipogenesis. We analysed the effect of TNF-alpha on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells in which beta-catenin/TCF signalling was impaired, either via stable knockdown of beta-catenin, or by overexpression of dominant-negative TCF4 (dnTCF4). The knockdown of beta-catenin enhanced the adipogenic potential of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and attenuated TNF-alpha-induced antiadipogenesis. However, beta-catenin knockdown also promoted TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in these cells. In contrast, overexpression of dnTCF4 prevented TNF-alpha-induced antiadipogenesis but showed no apparent effect on cell survival. Finally, we show that TNF-alpha-induced antiadipogenesis and stabilisation of beta-catenin requires a functional death domain of TNF-alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1). Taken together these data suggest that TNFR1-mediated death domain signals can inhibit adipogenesis via a beta-catenin/TCF4-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- WP Cawthorn
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Heyd
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Hegyi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - JK Sethi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author: JK Sethi, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 232, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QR, UK. Tel: + 44 1223 762633; Fax: + 44 1223 330598;
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