Dichroa febrifuga Lour.: A review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and progress in reducing toxicity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dichroa febrifuga Lour., a toxic but extensively used traditional Chinese medicine with a remarkable effect, is commonly called "Changshan" in China. It has been used to treat malaria and many other parasitic diseases.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The study aims to provide a current overview of the progress in the research on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and methods of toxicity reduction of D. febrifuga. Additionally, further research directions and development prospects for the plant were put forward.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The article uses "Dichroa febrifuga Lour." "D. febrifuga" as the keyword and all relevant information on D. febrifuga was collected from electronic searches (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar), doctoral and master's dissertations and classic books about Chinese herbs.

RESULTS

30 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and other kinds, were isolated and identified from D. febrifuga. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that these components have a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-malarial activities, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-tumor activities, anti-parasitic activities and anti-oomycete activities. Meanwhile, alkaloids, as the material basis of its efficacy, are also the source of its toxicity. It can cause multiple organ damage, including liver, kidney and heart, and cause adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. In the current study, the toxicity can be reduced by modifying the structure of the compound, processing and changing the dosage forms.

CONCLUSIONS

There are few studies on the chemical constituents of D. febrifuga, so the components and their structure characterization contained in it can become the focus of future research. In view of the toxicity of D. febrifuga, there are many methods to reduce it, but the safety and rationality of these methods need further study.

[Progress in methodological research on bridging the efficacy-effectiveness gap of clinical interventions(2): to improve the extrapolation of efficacy]

Objective: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) usually have strict implementation criteria. The included subjects' characteristics of the conditions for the intervention implementation are quite different from the actual clinical environment, resulting in discrepancies between the risk-benefit of interventions in actual clinical use and the risk-benefit shown in RCT. Therefore, some methods are needed to enhance the extrapolation of RCT results to evaluate the real effects of drugs in real people and clinical practice settings. Methods: Six databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP) were searched up to 31st December 2022 with detailed search strategies. A scoping review method was used to integrate and qualitatively describe the included literature inductively. Results: A total of 12 articles were included. Three methods in the included literature focused on: ①improving the design of traditional RCT to increase population representation; ②combining RCT Data with real-world data (RWD) for analysis;③calibrating RCT results according to real-world patient characteristics. Conclusions: Improving the design of RCT to enhance the population representation can improve the extrapolation of the results of RCT. Combining RCT data with RWD can give full play to the advantages of data from different sources; the results of the RCT were calibrated against real-world population characteristics so that the effects of interventions in real-world patient populations can be predicted.

[Progress in methodological research on bridging the efficacy-effectiveness gap of clinical interventions (1): to improve the validity of real-world evidence]

Objective: Differences between randomized controlled trial (RCT) results and real world study (RWS) results may not represent a true efficacy-effectiveness gap because efficacy-effectiveness gap estimates may be biased when RWS and RCT differ significantly in study design or when there is bias in RWS result estimation. Secondly, when there is an efficacy- effectiveness gap, it should not treat every patient the same way but assess the real-world factors influencing the intervention's effectiveness and identify the subgroup likely to achieve the desired effect. Methods: Six databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP) were searched up to 31st December 2022 with detailed search strategies. A scoping review method was used to integrate and qualitatively describe the included literature inductively. Results: Ten articles were included to discuss how to use the RCT research protocol as a template to develop the corresponding RWS research protocol. Moreover, based on correctly estimating the efficacy-effectiveness gap, evaluate the intervention effect in the patient subgroup to confirm the subgroup that can achieve the expected benefit-risk ratio to bridge the efficacy-effectiveness gap. Conclusion: Using real-world data to simulate key features of randomized controlled clinical trial study design can improve the authenticity and effectiveness of study results and bridge the efficacy-effectiveness gap.

[Comprehensive identification of metabolites and metabolic characteristics of luteolin and kaempferol in Simiao Yong'an Decoction in rats by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS/MS]

Simiao Yong'an Decoction is a classic prescription for treating gangrene. Modern medical evidence has proven that Si-miao Yong'an Decoction has therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis(AS), vascular occlusion angeitides, and hypertension, while its pharmacodynamic mechanism remains unclear. The evidence of network pharmacology, molecular docking, literature review, and our previous study suggests that luteolin and kaempferol are two major flavonoids in Simiao Yong'an Decoction and can inhibit macrophage inflammation and exert anti-AS effects. However, due to lack of the metabolism studies in vivo, little is known about the metabolic characteristics of luteolin and kaempferol. This study employed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS/MS) and relevant software to identify the metabolites and metabolic pathways of luteolin and kaempferol in rat plasma, urine, and feces, after oral administration of luteolin and kaempferol, respectively. After the administration of luteolin, 10, 11, and 3 metabolites of luteolin were detected in the plasma, urine, and feces, respectively. After the administration of kaempferol, 9, 3, and 1 metabolites of kaempferol were detected in the plasma, urine, and feces, respectively. The metabolic pathways mainly involved methylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation. This study enriches the knowledge about the pharmacological mechanism of luteolin and kaempferol and supplies a reference for revealing the metabolic process of other flavonoids in Simiao Yong'an Decoction, which is of great significance for elucidating the pharmacological effects and effective substances of this decoction in vivo.

A pathway analysis of the impact of childhood domestic violence on depression in middle-aged and elderly people from the perspective of life course

BACKGROUND

Negative life events in early life have a cumulative effect on health trajectory changes in middle and old age, and some scholars have used life course theory as a guide to empirically explore the effect of childhood adversity or adverse experiences on depression in the elderly, but few study focuses on violence within the family.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the influence mechanism of domestic violence experience on depression in later life in middle-aged and elderly people, and to provide academic support for the whole society to pay attention to good family function and intergenerational interaction, and to propose whole-life health promotion strategies.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

This paper selects the 2014 life course survey data and 2018 cross-sectional data of the China Health and Elderly Care Longitudinal Survey for analysis, and the research objects are middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 and above.

METHODS

Based on a retrospective survey of 3008 middle-aged and elderly people, this study analyzed the influence path of domestic violence on depression level in childhood by using multiple mediation models, and used the Bootstrap method to test the significance of indirect effects.

RESULTS

Based on controlling for gender, age, age square, household registration, marital status, community environment and education level, childhood domestic violence had a direct positive effect on depression level in the elderly (P < 0.001), and childhood domestic violence also had an indirect effect on the depression level of the elderly through childhood health status, income logarithm and IADL (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

As a life experience in early life, childhood domestic violence has a cumulative effect on depression in middle-aged and elderly people, is an important risk factor for depression, and has an important impact on mental health in later life.

[Assessment of the reproducibility of occlusal morphology for digital full crown designed by mandibular trajectory data]

PURPOSE

To metrically assess the reproducibility of mandibular trajectory data and mean frame parameter in guiding the design of occlusal morphology of prosthesis.

METHODS

Fifteen subjects with complete dentition were selected, including 6 females and 9 males, with an average age of 22-30 years old. The mandibular trajectory data and mean frame parameter were used to guide the design of occlusal morphology of the prosthesis in the CAD system, then the occlusal morphology was compared to the original natural teeth. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software package.

RESULTS

The general deviation of occlusal morphology between the prosthesis guided by mandibular trajectory data and mean frame parameter with the natural teeth was as follows: mean positive distance was (269.9±63.1) μm, (318.7±51.3) μm; mean negative distance was (-175.8±78.2) μm, (-253.7±65.6) μm; root mean square (RMS) was (267.1±84.9) μm and (304.1±82.2) μm. The vertical distance on mesial buccal cusp was (197.6±86.2) μm and (288.0±79.6) μm，distal buccal cusp was (176.3±85.3) μm and (297.7±63.2) μm, mesial lingual cusp was (171.6±62.4) μm and (246.4±62.8) μm, distal lingual cusp was (166.2±64.6) μm and (232.5±70.7) μm, central fossa was (104.9±42.2) μm and (219.1±69.1) μm. RMS, mean(-) and vertical differences of central fossa and distal buccal cusp were significantly different(P＜0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The occlusal morphology of the prosthesis designed under the guidance of mandibular trajectory data and mean frame parameter both have significant differences with natural occlusion, but the deviation guided by mandibular trajectory data is lower.

Metallic-semiconducting transition and spin polarized-unpolarized transition in a single molecule with a negative Poisson's ratio

Different from conventional materials, structures with a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) contract/expand laterally under a longitudinal compressive/tensile strain, usually exhibiting peculiar features. Through first-principles calculations, we investigate the electronic and transport properties of Pd₉B₁₆ molecules. Its Poisson's ratio is found to be negative under uniaxial strain along a specific direction. By contacting with Au nanowires, atomic Au chains and atomic C chain electrodes, two kinds of transitions for transmission states could be realized by the modulation of the strain and the contacting site, i.e., metallic-semiconducting transition and spin polarized-unpolarized transition. Further analysis shows that it is the suppression and shifting of density of states, caused by the strain or contacting electrodes, that trigger the transitions. Those findings combine NPR and spintronics at the single-molecule level, which may throw light on the development of nanoelectronic devices.

[Identification of chemical constituents in Simiao Yong'an Decoction based on UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS]

This study aims to identify the chemical constituents of Simiao Yong'an Decoction based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear quadrupole ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). The elution was performed through a UPLC BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of water(containing 0.1% formic acid)-acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min~(-1). LTQ-Orbitrap-MS with heat electrospray ion(HESI) source was employed to collect MS fragment information in the negative ion mode. A total of 72 compounds were identified based on reference substance comparison, fragmentation rules, accurate molecular weight, related reports and databases(MassBank and HMDB), including 30 iridoid glycosides, 9 organic acids, 15 flavonoids, 10 phenylpropanoids, 7 triterpenoids, and 1 saccharide. The method established in this study is comprehensive, rapid, and accurate, which can help summarize the fragmentation rules of constituents and provide reference for revealing the active constituents and pharmacodynamic mechanism of Simiao Yong'an Decoction.

Half-year follow-up of patients recovering from severe COVID-19: Analysis of symptoms and their risk factors

OBJECTIVES

To understand the sequelae of COVID-19.

METHODS

We followed up 1174 patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)who were recovered and discharged for 6 months.

RESULTS

There were 175 cases with clear IgG results 6 months after discharge, of which 82 (46.9%) were IgG (+) and 16 (9.1%) were IgG (dim+). Four hundred and forty-one participants (55.4%) had some kind of sequelae. The most common symptoms were fatigue (25.3%), sleep disorder (23.2%) and shortness of breath (20.4%). In those who had sequelae, 262 (59.4%) had more than one symptom. Critical cases were more likely to have cough (20.5% vs 11.6%, p = 0.023) and hypomnesis (15.1% vs 8.0%, p = 0.041) than severe cases. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that women are more likely to have multiple symptoms (p = 0.002), fatigue (p = 0.009) and sleep disorder (p = 0.008), whereas critical illness was found as independent risk factor for hypomnesis (p = 0.045).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated the duration of antibody and sequelae of COVID-19 and compared the differences amongst different populations.

[Clinical values of different vestibular function examinations to evaluate the curative effect of vestibular neuritis rehabilitation]

The clinical values of video head impulse test (vHIT), caloric test (CT) and sensory organization test (SOT) at different stages before and after rehabilitation of 30 patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) in Vertigo Center Ward of Air Force Special Medical Center from January 2019 to January 2020 were analyzed and compared. There were 19 males (63.3%) and 11 females (36.7%), respectively, aged 18-68 (44±14) years. After 1 week and 3 months of rehabilitation in VN patients, the results of the three examinations were detached, and the recovery rates among the three observed indicators of each examination were statistically different (P<0.001). After 1 week of rehabilitation, the total recovery rate of vHIT was 0, which was lower than that of CT (40.0%) and SOT (43.3%) (both P<0.001). After 3 months of rehabilitation, the total recovery rate of vHIT was 13.3%, which was also lower than CT (86.7%) and SOT (80.0%) (both P<0.001). The current study indicates that the results of observed indicators from vHIT, CT and SOT were detached at different stages of VN rehabilitation. Therefore, the clinical significance of different vestibular function examinations is different but complementary.

New insights into the phylogeny and taxonomy of Chinese Physospermopsis (Apiaceae)

Physospermopsis (Apiaceae) comprises about 10 species, but its taxonomy and phylogeny are disputed. The genus is mostly distributed in the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains at high elevation. Earlier molecular studies involving six species of Physospermopsis indicated that this genus is not monophyletic and is nested in the East Asia Clade. Therefore, the aims of this study were to re-assess the phylogenetic position of, and interspecific relationships within, Physospermopsis based on two chloroplast loci (rpl16, rps16) and one nuclear region, the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA (ITS). Eight species involving 13 populations of Physospermopsis were collected. These were sequenced and analyzed with the sequences of 31 other Apiaceae species obtained from the NCBI to determine phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML). Our study found that Physospermopsis is monophyletic, nested in Pleurospermeae of Apiaceae, sister to Pleurospermum. And we propose that the Physospermopsis clade should be replaced by the East Asia Clade. However, the interspecific relationships within Physospermopsis were not well resolved and the positioning of species was unclear. Diagnostic characteristics to distinguish Physospermopsis species in the field and laboratory are provided for future Physospermopsis phylogenetic studies.

Antidepressant Use in Depressed Women During Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 23 Cohort Studies

Objective

The associations between maternal use of antidepressant during pregnancy and preterm birth (PTB) has been the subject of much discussion and controversy. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of PTB, especially in depressed women.

Methods

A computerized search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase before June 30, 2019, supplemented with a manual search of the reference lists, to identify original research regarding PTB rates in women taking antidepressants during pregnancy. A random-effects model was used to calculate the summarized relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The potential for publication bias was examined through Begg' s and Egger' s tests.

Results

A total of 2,279 articles were reviewed, 23 of which were selected. The risk of PTB was increased in women with depression [1.58 (1.23−2.04)] and in the general pregnant female population [1.35 (1.11−1.63)] who used antidepressants during pregnancy. Similar results were observed in depressed women treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy [1.46 (1.32−1.61)]. There was no significantly increased risk of PTB observed with SSRI use in the general pregnant female population [1.25 (1.00−1.57)], and the heterogeneity of these studies was high.

Conclusions

The results of this meta-analysis indicate maternal antidepressant use is associated with a significantly increased risk of PTB in infants. Health care providers and pregnant women must weigh the risk-benefit potential of these drugs when making decisions about whether to treat with antidepressant during pregnancy.

The complete chloroplast genome of Hibiscus Taiwanensis (Malvaceae)

Hibiscus taiwanensis S. Y. Hu is an ornamental plant of Hibiscus, native to Taiwan. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of H. taiwanensis. The chloroplast genome of H. taiwanensis was 161,056 bp in length, containing a couple of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,300 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,538 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,918 bp. The complete chloroplast genome annotation revealed a total of 131 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 7 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. The entire GC content was 36.9%. Phylogenetic tree analyses indicated that H. taiwanensis was closely clustered with H. rosa-sinensis and H. syriacus.

[The clinical effects of methylprednisolone combined with vestibular rehabilitation and methylprednisolone in the treatment of vestibular neuritis]

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of vestibular rehabilitation on vestibular neuritis. Method:Fifty patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) were randomly divided into study group (n=26) and control group (n=24). The patient in study group received methylprednisolone treatment and peripheral vestibular rehabilitation therapy, while that in the control group received methylprednisolone only. Spontaneous nystagmus (SN), caloric test (CP), directional preponderance (DP),vestibular muscle evoked potential (VEMP) were comparative for study group and control group at admission, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment. Result:①There was no significant difference in the balance between the two groups. ②After 1 month treatment, the directional preponderance of DP decreased (P<0.01) in the study group（21.09±16.90）% compared with the control group（41.11±24.03）%, VEMP extraction rate increased (P<0.05) in the study group compared with the control group, dynamic balance score of the study group (70.77±16.15) increased (P<0.05) compared with the control group (53.83±26.76). ③After 3 months, canal paresis CP of the study group (33.26±20.01)% decreased (P<0.05) compared with the control group (50.07±25.42)%, DP of the study group (8.63±5.65)% decreased (P<0.01) compared with the control group (17.98±8.84)%, and the comprehensive dynamic balance score of the study group (81.58±3.67) increased (P<0.01) compared with the control group (62.50±29.24). Conclusion:Peripheral vestibular rehabilitation can accelerate vestibular compensation and is an effective treatment for vestibular neurons.

Super-resolution imaging for infrared micro-scanning optical system

The image super-resolution (SR) reconstruction technology based on the micro-scanning system is one of the best methods for realizing high-resolution infrared imaging. Thus, in this work, we first present a frequency domain phase-based projection onto convex sets SR reconstruction algorithm. This method takes advantage of the texture details and contrast-independent feature of the phase information in the frequency domain and can be used to realize image denoising and SR reconstruction for the infrared image simultaneously. We also propose the use of an image quality assessment metric based on the frequency domain phase spectrum. Second, we design and realize an infrared micro-scanning optical system to obtain sub-pixel low-resolution images for SR reconstruction. The infrared micro-scanning optical system we constructed can realize controllable sub-pixel micro-scanning of an arbitrary step size. Furthermore, we can realize sub-pixel low-resolution image collection by moving two light and compact pieces instead of moving the entire lens, sensor array, or sample-as in the traditional method. Thus, the precision of the sub-pixel movements can be greatly improved. Using our proposed algorithm and infrared micro-scanning optical system, we realize infrared SR imaging in both simulations and experiments.

[Analysis of clinical features of secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]

Objective:To analyze the clinical features of secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and provide evidence for its precise diagnosis and treatment. Method:There were 942 patients with vertigo related to BPPV, including 204 patients with primary BPPV, 592 patients with vestibular migraine (VM), 83 patients with Meniere's disease (MD), 48 patients with vestibular neuronitis (VN), and 15 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) accompanied by vertigo.There were 127 patients with BPPV secondary to vertigo in MD, VN, VM, and SSNHL. All patients received otolith repositioning treatment by hand or instrument based on detailed medical history. Secondary BPPV patients are treated according to the principle of diagnosis and treatment of primary BPPV. The incidence of secondary BPPV in each related disease was counted, and the difference between primary and secondary BPPV in gender, age, affected semicircular canal, number of reductions, and vertigo control rate was compared. Result:①The incidence of MD, VN, sudden vertigo, and VM secondary BPPV were 36.1% (30/83), 35.4%(17/48), 33.3% (5/15), and 12.7% (75/592). ②In patients with BPPV secondary to MD, the proportion of multi-semicircular canals involved was higher than that of primary BPPV, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the distribution of semicircular canals involved among the remaining diseases. ③The vertigo control rate of BPPV secondary to MD and VM was lower than that of primary BPPV, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ④The repositioning time of BPPV secondary to VM (2.88±2.32) and MD (2.53±1.14) was higher than that of primary BPPV (2.37±1.77). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the repositioning time between other secondary BPPV and primary BPPV. Conclusion:Common causes of secondary BPPV include MD, VN, SSNHL, and VM. Same as primary BPPV, the secondary BPPV was more common in women and the posterior semicircular canal was most affected. BPPV secondary to MD is more susceptible to multi-semicircular canals involvement than primary BPPV. Detailed medical history combined with targeted examination is conducive to the accurate diagnosis of BPPV. Secondary BPPV can also be treated by manipulation or instrument, however, the effect is worse than primary BPPV. Secondary BPPV should be treated according to the treatment principle of primary disease besides otolith repositioning.

[The relationship between core members' individual social capital and performance among HIV/AIDS related community-based organization]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between core members' social capital and performance among HIV/AIDS-related community-based organizations (CBO). Methods: From July to December in 2015, a total of 327 core members from 212 HIV/AIDS-related CBO in 8 provinces were recruited based on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS (e.g., Yunnan, Hunan, and Sichuan are in high epidemic level; Anhui, Hubei, Shandong, and Jilin are in middle epidemic level; and Gansu is in low epidemic level) by multistage stratified cluster sampling and convenient sampling method. A questionnaire was administered in this study, including general demographic information, core members' social capital, individual performance and organizational performance. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between core members' social capital and performance among CBO. Results: Among the 327 individuals, the proportion of male was 201(61.47%). The proportion of core members from grassroots CBO was 66.97% (219/327). Core members from non-grassroots organizations were more likely to publish articles, the OR (95%CI) was 2.58 (1.30-5.14); Social network had a positive impact on the AIDS experts, the OR (95%CI) was 2.41(1.47-3.95); Core members from registered CBO were more likely to secure funding for the organization, the OR (95%CI) was 3.42 (1.65-7.10); Social network and the core members from high endemic areas were significantly correlated with the number of HIV/AIDS patients, the OR (95%CI) were 2.79 (1.27-6.14) and 1.99 (1.21-3.27). Conclusions: We should use the core members' social network to establish relationship and communication with organizations and institutions, ultimately accelerating the growth of HIV/AIDS prevention and care.

[Analysis of repositioning nystagmus in patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]

Objective:To conclude the four types of nystagmus in the final position during canalith repositioning procedure (CRP) for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PC-BPPV), and predict the outcome of CRP therapy. Method:Nystagmus were recorded by an infrared charge-coupled devicecamera when underwent CRP therapy, which observed in the final position and concluded into four types. Result:Two hundred and twenty-three patients were included in our research and the results as follow. ①The nystagmus replicates the initial nystagmus during the Hallpike maneuver, which suggests therapeutic outcome,128 cases in total (57.4%). ②The direction of vertical component is composite while the rotary component is the same, also deeming a successful trial, 35 cases (15.7%). ③The direction of both vertical component and rotary component isreverse to the initial, which indicates a poor response, 36 cases (16.1%). ④Twenty-four cases (10.8%) showed no certain nystagmus but exhibit horizontal nystagmus in roll-test, denoting that the otolith moves to the lateral semicircular. At this appointment, the horizontal nystagmus can resolute after several times of barbecue maneuver. There is a significant difference of the one-time success rate (χ²=46.198, P<0.01) and the mean treatment times (t=10.048, P<0.01) between cupulolithiasis and canalolithiasis PC-BPPV. Conclusion:Different nystagmus in the final position of CRP maneuver is important in predicting the repositioning outcome. The one-time success rate of canalolithiasis is better than cupulolithiasis.

[Research progresses in vestibular rehabilitation]

Vestibular rehabilitation is one of the treatments of vertigo, which major based on vestibular exercise. Unlike general exercise, it is a highly specialized designed method without medication or traumatic. Vestibular rehabilitation includes peripheral rehabilitation,central rehabilitation, alternative rehabilitation, visual conflict rehabilitation and fall prevention rehabilitation. The cross-coupling mechanism of vestibular reflex is the basis of vestibular compensation. The characteristics of visual reflex and the proprioception mediated cervical reflex are the foundation of alternative rehabilitation, and cognitive mechanism is the basis of all kinds of vestibular rehabilitation. Data about the safety and efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation are provided during the past several decades. Various tests and measures are used for examination and determine their ability to participate in their environment, as well as various treatments are described. Factors that affect recovery are noticed to prognosticate recovery. This review focuses on the rehabilitation mechanism, clinical application, related inspection and evaluation, and influence factor of vestibular rehabilitation.

[The diagnosis, treatment and aviation medicine identification of vestibular neuronitis]

estibular neuronitis is one of the leading causes of peripheral vertigo. Inflammation confined to the vestibular system, and the cochlear, central nervous system and hearing are normal. The disease may be associated with viral infections, but the virus serological positive rate is not high. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential and head impulse test can be used for sub-type diagnosis, and improve the detection rate of inferior vestibular neuronitis.Corticosteroids therapy is still controversial, and had not been included in VN conventional treatment. Vestibular rehabilitation is helpful in building central compensatory earlier for VN patients, and if the compensate for VN completely was the final basis of aviation medicine evaluation. This review focuses on the clinical manifestation, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis，corticosteroids and rehabilitation therapy, and aviation medicine identification of VN.

[Research advancement in related genes of Ménière's disease]

Starting from rational bases for a genetic approach to Ménière's disease (MD), we explored the numerous reports published in literature and summarized the recent advances in understanding of the genetic fundaments of the disease. The research advances related to the genetic fundaments of MD were reviewed. The incidence of MD presents as familial clustering and hasdifference in geographical and racial, no certain gene associated with MD was found. At present, studies concentrate on those genes, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA), DFNA9, chromosome 12, macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF), KCNE, and heat shock protein (HSP). However, there have much arguments in diagnose, classify and pathophysiology of MD, resulting in different conclusion and prospect. The characteristics of MD strongly suggest a certain role for genetic factors in the development of MD, no convincing evidence for an association with any gene exists. To make a more strict quality control and continue explore the genetic factors of MD, will be meaningful in the future.

[Investigation into the relationship between mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene, tRNA gene and cytochrome oxidase Ⅱ gene variations and the risk of noise-induced hearing loss]

Objective: To explore the relationship between mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene variation, tRNA gene variation and cytochrome oxidase Ⅱ gene point mutations and the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Methods: A nested case-control study was performed that followed a cohort of 7 445 noise-exposed workers in a steel factory in Henan province, China, from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2015. Subjects whose average hearing threshold was more than 40 dB(A) in high frequency were defined as the case group, and subjects whose average hearing threshold was less than 35 dB(A) in high frequency and less than 25 dB (A) in speech frequency were defined as the control group. Subjects was recruited into the case group (n=286) and the control group (n=286) according to gender, age, job category and time of exposure to noise, and a 1∶1 case-control study was carried out. We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene, the mitochondrial tRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Ⅱ gene using SNPscan high-throughput genotyping technology from the recruited subjects. The relationship between polymorphic sites and NIHL, adjusted for covariates, was analyzed using conditional logistic regression analysis, as were the subgroup data. Results: The average age of the recruited subjects was (40.3±8.1) years and the length of service exposure to noise was (18.6±8.9) years. The range of noise exposed levels and cumulative noise exposure (CNE) was 80.1- 93.4 dB (A) and 86.8- 107.9 dB (A) · year, respectively. For workers exposed to noise at a CNE level<98 dB (A) · year, smokers showed an increased risk of NIHL of 1.88 (1.16-3.05) compared with non-smokers; for workers exposed to noise at a CNE level ≥98 dB(A) · year, smokers showed an increased risk of NIHL of 2.53 (1.49- 4.30) compared with non-smokers. For workers exposed to noise at a CNE level<98 dB (A) · year, the results of univariate analysis and multifactor analysis, adjusted by smoking and CNE, suggested that the risk of NIHL in workers exposed to noise carrying the GG genotype (G827A) was lower than that of NIHL workers exposed to noise carrying the AA genotype (G827A) [OR (95% CI) were 0.18 (0.04- 0.82) and 0.19 (0.04- 0.88), respectively]. Conclusion: Smoking increased the risk of NIHL in the present study. For workers subjected to a CNE<98 dB(A)·year, the mitochondrial genetic variant G827A was found to be significantly associated with the risk of NIHL.

[The impact of different doses of atorvastatin on plasma endothelin and platelet function in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the effects of different doses of atorvastatin on plasma endothelin and platelet function in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Methods: A total of 120 patients with acute STEMI treated with emergency PCI were enrolled and randomly divided into 20 mg of atorvastatin treatment group (standard group, n=60), and 40 mg of atorvastatin treatment group (intensive group, n=60). The blood C reactive protein (CRP), blood lipid profiles, plasma endothelin (ET) were measured before atorvastatin treatment and after 7 days of treatment, respectively. The platelet fibrin clot strength induced by ADP (MAADP) was determined by thrombelastography(TEG). Results: Seven days after of atorvastatin treatment, the level of plasma ET in intensive group was significantly lower than that in standard group [(0.49±0.21)pmol/L vs (0.63±0.58)pmol/L, P<0.05]. Moreover, the MAADP in intensive group was significantly decreased compared with the standard group [(38.4±17.4) mm vs (45.7±14.5) mm, P<0.05]. There was a positive correlation between the ET level and MAADP in intensive group after treatment (r=0.378, P<0.05). However, no significantly differences could be viewed in the CRP and LDL-C levels between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: In patients with acute STEMI, early administration of 40 mg atorvastatin after emergency PCI could significantly reduce the vascular endothelial injury, improve endothelial function, and reduce the residual platelet activity.

[Inhibitory effect of RNA interference targeting GFI-1 on the proliferation of atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia NT1 cells]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the inhibitory effects of RNA interference targeting GFI-1 on growth and proliferation of atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia (aCML) NT1 cells.

METHODS

NT1 cells were transfected with PBS and liposome complex (vehicle group), scrambled siRNA and liposome complex (negative control, NC group), and GFI-1 siRNA and liposome complex (GFI-1 siRNA group), respectively. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to examine the expression levels of GFI-1 mRNA and protein, respectively. The proliferation abilities of NT1 cells of the three groups were evaluated by MTT assay. The cell cycle in cells of the three groups was analyzed by flow cytometry. Moreover, nude mouse xenograft model was used to detect the tumor formation ability in the three group cells.

RESULTS

Quantitative real-time PCR data showed that the expression level of GFI-1 mRNA in GFI-1 siRNA group was significantly lower than those of NC group and vehicle group [(0.367±0.017) vs. (0.918±0.006) and (1.010±0.005), respectively, (P<0.05)]. Western blot results showed that the GFI-1 protein expression level in the GFI-1 siRNA group was also significantly reduced, compared with those of the NC group and vehicle group (P<0.05 for both). From MTT assay data, the absorbance value of NT1 cells in the GFI-1 siRNA group (0.667±0.059) was significantly lower than those of the NC group (1.096±0.049) and vehicle group (1.193±0.064, P=0.023). Flow cytometry data showed that sub-G1 and G0/G1 phase proportions of the GFI-1 siRNA group were significantly higher than those of the NC and vehicle groups [sub-G1: (8.2±2.5)% vs. (1.9±1.3)% and (2.0±3.6)%, respectively, (P<0.05); G0/G1: (66.7±3.8)% vs. (53.3±4.5)% and (48.6±3.2)%, respectively, (P<0.05)]. Furthermore, the tumor weight in the GFI-1 siRNA group [(0.37±0.02) g] was significantly lower than those in the NC group [(0.83±0.06) g] and vehicle group [(0.92±0.04) g] (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

RNA interference targeting GFI-1 inhibits the growth and proliferation of NT1 cells, which may provide a new therapeutic target for atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia.

[Association between grainyhead-like 2 gene polymorphisms and noise-induced hearing loss]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate association between genetic polymorphism in the grainyhead-like 2 gene (GRHL2) and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in the Chinese population.

METHODS

A matched case-control association study was employed, In which, 3 790 workers exposed to continuous and steady-state occupational noise in a steel factory participated. The questionnaires were adopted to collect individual features and audiometry tests performed. In the sstudy, 286 subjects were diagnosed as cases, Which were each designated on the basis of the matched criterion, and 286 paired samples were selected finally. Noise intensity was measured according to the standards given in 'Measurement of Noise in the Workplace'(Occupational Health Standard of the People's Republic of China, GBZ/T189.8-2007). Cumulative noise exposure (CNE) was calculated, according to monitoring data on A-weighed sound pressure level and employment time. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood samples using 2 mL DNA extraction Kit following the manufacturer's protocol. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GRHL2 were genotyped by multiplex SNP genotyping kit. The continuous variables and categorical variables were analyzed by t-test and chi-square test respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to test the association between genetic frequency and disease status, with adjustments for the possible confounding variables. The haplotypes were established and their frequencies in the two groups were assessed by haploview and phase softwares.

RESULTS

All the five SNPs (rs3735713, rs3824090, rs3735714, rs3735715 and rs611419) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P>0.05). The subjects carrying rs3735715 GG genotype had a higher NIHL risk than those carrying the GA genotype under the co-dominant model (OR=0.644, 95% CI: 0.442-0.939, P=0.022) after adjustment for height, blood pressure, drinking status and smoking status. After being stratified by CNE, in the CNE ≥ 98 dB (A) group, rs3735715 polymorphism was associated with the NIHL under the co-dominant model (OR=0.509, 95% CI: 0.281-0.923, P=0.026) after adjustment for height, blood pressure, drinking status and smoking status as well. However, no statistical significant difference was found in variant genotypes of the other SNPs between the case and control subjects. Four-locus (rs3735713, rs3824090, rs3735714 and rs3735715) haplotypes were constructed, and no risk or protective haplotypes was identified.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that GRHL2 polymorphisms may be associated with development of NIHL.

[Comparison of simple canalith repositioning treatment and medication therapeutic alliance in the management of canalithiasis associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of the horizontal semicircular canal]

Objective:To compare the therapeutic efficacy and the recurrence rate between the simple repositioning method and the reposition manoeuvre plus medication in the treatment of horizontal semicircular canal otolith benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HSC-BPPV). Method:Sixty-two patients diagnosed with otolith HSC-BPPV by roll maneuver test were randomly divided into canalith repositioning group (32 patients) and reposition plus drug treatment group (30 patients). Patients in the canalith repositioning group were treated only with Barbecue reposition maneuver; patients in the reposition plus drug treatment group were treated firstly with Barbecue reposition maneuver and then were given Alprostadil, Cinepazide and Betahistine drug treatment. Both groups were evaluated after 7 days and 28 days treatment, and the recurrence rate was analyzed after 3 months. Result:After 7 days of the treatment , the recovery rate of the two groups was 62.5% and 73.3%, respectively. There's no significant difference between the two groups. However, the total effective power of the reposition plus drug treatment group was 96.7%, which was significantly higher than that of the canalith repositioning group (75.0%) (χ²=5.858, P<0.05). There were 8 patients in the canalith repositioning group showed changes of BBPV types after treatment, while only 1 patient in the reposition plus drug treatment group showed lesion changes. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=4.061, P<0.05). After 28 days of the treatment, the recovery rate and the total effective power of the two groups was 100%, respectively. There is no statistical difference in the total effective rate between the two groups. After 3 months follow-up, 2 patients in the canalith repositioning group (6.25%) and in the reposition plus drug treatment group (6.67%) showed BBPV recurrence, and no significant difference in the recurrence rate was found between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion:The repositioning maneuver is the preferred method for treating HSC BPPV. Canalith reposition maneuver plus medication has no obvious effect on the recovery rate and the recurrence rate, it only increases the effective rate and reduces the changes of the BBPV types.

Generation of overdense and high-energy electron-positron-pair plasmas by irradiation of a thin foil with two ultraintense lasers

A scheme for enhanced quantum electrodynamics (QED) production of electron-positron-pair plasmas is proposed that uses two ultraintense lasers irradiating a thin solid foil from opposite sides. In the scheme, under a proper matching condition, in addition to the skin-depth emission of γ-ray photons and Breit-Wheeler creation of pairs on each side of the foil, a large number of high-energy electrons and photons from one side can propagate through it and interact with the laser on the other side, leading to much enhanced γ-ray emission and pair production. More importantly, the created pairs can be collected later and confined to the center by opposite laser radiation pressures when the foil becomes transparent, resulting in the formation of unprecedentedly overdense and high-energy pair plasmas. Two-dimensional QED particle-in-cell simulations show that electron-positron-pair plasmas with overcritical density 10(22) cm(-3) and a high energy of 100s of MeV are obtained with 10 PW lasers at intensities 10(23) W/cm(2), which are of key significance for laboratory astrophysics studies.

A sensitive method for qualitative screening of bile salt hydrolase-active lactobacilli based on thin-layer chromatography

A sensitive protocol based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was developed to screen qualitatively bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active lactobacilli. The sodium salts of glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid were used as substrates, and bacterial BSH activity was confirmed by detecting cholic acid as a product of the bile conjugates using a TLC assay with direct visual observation. Forty-five lactobacilli isolated from human fecal samples were tested for BSH activity by the TLC assay, a conventional plate assay, and a quantitative colorimetric assay. With the TLC and quantitative colorimetric assays, the same 24 BSH-positive strains were detected. No false-positive or false-negative results were detected by the TLC assay. However, only 20 BSH-positive strains were detected with the conventional plate assay. Compared with the conventional plate assay, the TLC assay is more sensitive for the detection of BSH activity of lactobacilli and, thus, more suitable for screening of BSH-active lactobacilli of human origin.

The CSN1S1 N and F alleles identified by PCR-SSCP and their associations with milk yield and composition in Chinese dairy goats

A method was depicted to identify null allele CSN1S1 N and low allele CSN1S1 F of the CSN1S1 gene of goat using PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism). First, primer A was designed to amplify the exon 9 of CSN1S1 gene which produced three genotypes AA, AB, and BB. Among these three genotypes, only AA and AB individuals had a cytosine deletion at exon 9 after DNA sequencing, which cannot be used to identify the N and F alleles. Therefore, primer B was used to amplify intron 14 of CSN1S1 of described AA and AB individuals. Genotypes FF, FN and NN were detected within AA individuals and genotypes FO and NO were detected in the above AB individuals. The frequencies of F and N alleles in 708 samples from Xinong Saanen (XS) and Guanzhong (GZ) dairy goat breeds were 0.1139, 0.0927, and 0.2376, 0.1193, respectively. In 268 XS samples, the individuals with NN genotype contained a significant lower protein content than that of other genotypes (P<0.01). Individuals of FF genotype had significant higher milk yield than that of NO genotype in the first milk lactation of 202 XS individuals (P<0.05). Therefore, the variability at CSN1S1 locus contains enough genetic diversity to be potentially useful in improving the quality and production of milk in Chinese dairy goat breeds.

[Distribution regarding tendency on personality disorder among college students in Shijiazhuang city]

OBJECTIVE

To survey the prevalence of tendency on tendency of personality disorder among college students.

METHODS

By means of stratified cluster sampling, 498 students from 6 colleges in Shijiazhuang city and 204 students from 3 colleges in Beijing were studied through 'personality diagnostic questionnaire-revised UPDI'.

RESULTS

The incidence rates on dependent personality (2.81%), histrionic personality (2.41%) and borderline personality (2.21%) were higher than obsessive-compulsive personality (0.40%) and schizoid personality (0.60%). The prevalence of personality disorder tendency was related to sex, major and years in college, blood type as well as their origins (from urban or rural). The overall incidence of personality disorder was 28.31% while the incidence rates of personality deviation and serious personality disorder tendency were 17.07% and 11.24% respectively. The incidence in males was higher than that in females. There appeared differences in dissociative personality, avoidant personality, paranoid personality, obsessive-compulsive personality, histrionic personality and narcissistic personality on people with different blood types. The scores of the city students were higher than that of the students from the rural areas regarding paranoid personality, dependent personality and narcissistic personality. Differences were also noticed between freshmen and students from other levels in the incidence rates on the tendency of avoidant personality disorder.

CONCLUSION

There were different incidence rates on the tendency of personality disorder among college students that related to sex, level in college and the origins where they were from (urban or rural).

Photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium and degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate in aqueous TiO2 suspensions under ultraviolet light irradiation

Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of chromium(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III) and degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in aqueous TiO2, suspension under ultraviolet light irradiation was investigated. The batch experiments were carried out in a photoreactor equipped with 350 nm lamps. The system containing Cr(VI) and DBP showed the synergistic photocatalytic decontamination as DBP facilitated Cr(VI) reduction, whereas Cr(VI) accelerated DBP degradation. This study demonstrated for the first time that two important environmental pollutants Cr(VI) and DBP could be eliminated simultaneously using UV/TiO2 process. The intermediate products of DBP degradation were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the reaction mechanism was proposed.

Insight into hepatocellular carcinogenesis at transcriptome level by comparing gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma with those of corresponding noncancerous liver

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. In this work, we report on a comprehensive characterization of gene expression profiles of hepatitis B virus-positive HCC through the generation of a large set of 5'-read expressed sequence tag (EST) clusters (11,065 in total) from HCC and noncancerous liver samples, which then were applied to a cDNA microarray system containing 12,393 genes/ESTs and to comparison with a public database. The commercial cDNA microarray, which contains 1,176 known genes related to oncogenesis, was used also for profiling gene expression. Integrated data from the above approaches identified 2,253 genes/ESTs as candidates with differential expression. A number of genes related to oncogenesis and hepatic function/differentiation were selected for further semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis in 29 paired HCC/noncancerous liver samples. Many genes involved in cell cycle regulation such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and cell cycle negative regulators were deregulated in most patients with HCC. Aberrant expression of the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway and enzymes for DNA replication also could contribute to the pathogenesis of HCC. The alteration of transcription levels was noted in a large number of genes implicated in metabolism, whereas a profile change of others might represent a status of dedifferentiation of the malignant hepatocytes, both considered as potential markers of diagnostic value. Notably, the altered transcriptome profiles in HCC could be correlated to a number of chromosome regions with amplification or loss of heterozygosity, providing one of the underlying causes of the transcription anomaly of HCC.

Effects of Matrine on proliferation and differentiation in K-562 cells

We investigated the effects of Matrine on proliferation by trypan blue exclusion and differentiation by benzidine staining positive cells in K-562 cells, assayed the telomerase activity using PCR-ELISA assay, analyzed cell cycle by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of the DNA content, and also determined the gene expression level of c-myc, N-ras and p53 by northern blot and dot blot analysis. The results showed that with the addition of 0.1 mg/ml Matrine, cell growth was inhibited significantly by 4 days, benizidine-positive cells rose from 1% to 2% in control cells to 15% in treated cells on day 5; treatment of K-562 cells with 0.1 mg/ml Matrine for 5 days resulted in a marked inhibition in telomerase activity, in a manner that correlated with the extent of differentiation; after exposure to Matrine for 72 h, 64.6% cells were arrested in the G1-phase of the cell cycle, the fraction of cells in S-phase had decreased from 56.9% in control cells to 24.4% in differentiated cells, and the levels of N-ras and p53 mRNA were remarkably increased for 24 and 48 h, respectively, c-myc mRNA expression level declined for 24 h and was inhibited significantly for 48 h. Our study confirmed that Matrine plays a significant effect on the inhibition of proliferation cells and inducing differentiation in K-562 cells.

Determination of iodide in seawater and urine by size exclusion chromatography with iodine-starch complex

A novel method for the determination of iodide by size exclusion chromatography was established. The method was simple and highly sensitive with good precision. Iodide was converted to iodine, then sequestered with starch, and separated from the matrix using a Shim-pack DIOL-150 (250 x 7.9 mm) size exclusion column with methanol-0.01 mol l(-1) aqueous phosphoric acid (10:90, v/v) as mobile phase at 1.2 ml min(-1) and UV detection at 224 nm. The calibration graph was linear from 1.0 ng ml(-1) to 100.0 ng ml(-1) for iodide with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992 (n=6). The detection limit was 0.2 ng ml(-1). The method was successfully applied to the determination of iodide in seawater and urine. The recovery was from 92% to 103% and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 1.5% to 3.7%.

A highly sensitive spectrophotometric method with solid-phase extraction for the determination of methylmercury in human hair

Methylmercury is the most toxic among the mercury species. In order to provide a quick method to screen samples for methylmercury, a highly sensitive spectrophotometric method was established. The method was based on formation of the red complex of methylmercury with thio-Michler's ketone, which can be extracted with n-butanol. The organic layer was determined at a maximum absorption wavelength of 564 nm. The Lambert-Beer law was obeyed for methylmercury from 1.00 x 10(-7) mol/L to 2.00 x 10(-5) mol/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The detection limit was 3 x 10(-8) mol/L. The method was used to determine methylmercury in human hair. The recovery was from 94% to 102%, and the relative standard deviation was 2.5%. The results agreed with those obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

Cloning and functional analysis of cDNAs with open reading frames for 300 previously undefined genes expressed in CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

Three hundred cDNAs containing putatively entire open reading frames (ORFs) for previously undefined genes were obtained from CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), based on EST cataloging, clone sequencing, in silico cloning, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA sizes ranged from 360 to 3496 bp and their ORFs coded for peptides of 58-752 amino acids. Public database search indicated that 225 cDNAs exhibited sequence similarities to genes identified across a variety of species. Homology analysis led to the recognition of 50 basic structural motifs/domains among these cDNAs. Genomic exon-intron organization could be established in 243 genes by integration of cDNA data with genome sequence information. Interestingly, a new gene named as HSPC070 on 3p was found to share a sequence of 105bp in 3' UTR with RAF gene in reversed transcription orientation. Chromosomal localizations were obtained using electronic mapping for 192 genes and with radiation hybrid (RH) for 38 genes. Macroarray technique was applied to screen the gene expression patterns in five hematopoietic cell lines (NB4, HL60, U937, K562, and Jurkat) and a number of genes with differential expression were found. The resource work has provided a wide range of information useful not only for expression genomics and annotation of genomic DNA sequence, but also for further research on the function of genes involved in hematopoietic development and differentiation.

[Effects on vestibular function by irradiation in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate effects on vestibular function by irradiation in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

METHOD

Twenty patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were routinely irradiated with dose of 70 Gy (3 cases > 70 Gy).

RESULT

Nine cases (45%) were abnormal in vestibular function test after radical irradiation in 20 cases (spontaneous nystagmus n = 3; unlateral canal paresis n = 4; bilateral canal paresis n = 2; bilateral vestibular function absent n = 2). The other 11 cases(55%) were normal in vestibular function test.

CONCLUSION

Vestibular function may be damaged after radical irradiation in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. During professional identification, this factor must be respected and vestibular function, cochlear function and tubal function must be separately evaluated.

Fluorimetric determination of methylmercury as an ion-association complex with rhodamine B in the presence of iodide

A fluorimetric method for the determination of methylmercury was established. The method was based on the formation of an ionic pair between iodide-methylmercury-rhodamine B in hydrochloric acid, which can be extracted with benzene. The fluorescence emission was measured at lambda(ex)/lambda(em) 575/590 nm, and the experimental variables and possible interference were studied. The linear calibration range was 4 x 10(-8) mol/L to approximately 5 x 10(-7) mol/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The detection limit was 1 x 10(-8) mol/L. The method was used to determine methylmercury in human hair. The recovery was in the range of 91% to 105% and the relative standard deviation was 2.8%. The results agreed with those obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

[Characteristics and effect of allergic rhinitis in aircrew on flight]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the characteristics of allergic rhinitis in aircrew and its effect on flight.

METHOD

Case studies of allergic rhinitis were made in 32 aircrew.

RESULT

There were 20 cases of perennial allergic rhinitis and 12 cases of seasonal allergic rhinitis in 32 aircrew. Twenty-six cases are still in a qualified position to continue their flying job and the other six cases were permanently grounded.

CONCLUSION

Allergic rhinitis in aircrew may affect the flying in aviation or space flight and the flying in aviation or space may induce or aggravate allergic rhinitis.

[Sensorineural deafness and aerospace flight]

OBJECTIVE

To probe the relations between sensorineural deafness and flying in aviation or space.

METHOD

Case studies of sensorineural deafness were made in 36 pilots.

RESULT

Unilateral deafness (n=15) and bilateral deafness (n=21) were found in 36 pilots, with mild deafness (n=9), moderate deafness (n=37) and severe deafness (n=11) in 57 ears. 19 cases were permanently grounded and 17 cases were still in a qualified position to continue their flying job.

CONCLUSION

Sensorineural deafness may hazard the flying in aviation or space, meanwhile the flying in aviation or space may lead to or aggravate sensorineural deafness.

[Determination of chiral purity of synthetic amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography]

A series of synthetic beta-heterocyclic and beta-naphthyl alanine and aromatic substituted phenylalanine were separated by reversed-phase HPLC as diastereomeric derivatives obtained after derivatization with (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-L-valinamide (FDNP-Val-NH2). The separation was performed with gradient elution. The mobile phase A was acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and mobile phase B was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. According to the hydrophobicity of the side chain of the amino acids, 6 different linear gradient programs were selected and all gradients completed in 20 minutes. Good resolution was obtained for neutral amino acids. All L-L diastereomer of neutral amino acids (the first letter refers to the configuration of amino acid) were eluted faster than the D-L diastereomer with retention times less than 16 minutes. In the same gradient eluting system, the hydrophobic parameter (pi value) and the position of the substituent in benzene ring of phenylalanine also influence the retention time of diastereomers. Usually the retention time of the phenylalanine with a large pi value was longer than that with a small one. Among the three phenylalanines containing the same substituent, compounds with the substituent in 2-postion gave the shortest retention time. In the case of basic amino acids, the D-L diastereomers eluted prior to the L-L diastereomers and showed rather poor resolution. The chiral purity (ee) of the optical active amino acids (synthetic DL-amino acids after resolution by different enzymes) were calculated with the equation as follows: ee = [[A(L- or D-) - A(D- or L-)]/[A(L-) + A(D-)]] x 100% (L- or D-), A: peak area; L-, D-: amino acid diastereomer.

[The characteristics of Meniere's disease in aircrew]

OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of Meniere's disease in aircrew and its possible influence on space flight.

METHOD

Case studies of Meniere's disease were carried out in 22 pilots.

RESULT

There were vertigo (n=22), tinnitus (n=21), abnormal hearing (n=19) and abnormal vestibular function (n=11) in 22 pilots.

CONCLUSION

Meniere's disease may hazard the flying in aviation or space and flying may further damage the inner ears of patients with Meniere's disease.

Benzo[a]pyrene and nicotine alter prostaglandin E2 receptor and its functions in hamster buccal mucosa

This study investigated the in vivo effect of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and nicotine (NC) on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor and its cellular responses in hamster buccal mucosa. Adult male Syrian hamsters were treated by apical swabbing the pouch with mineral oil (control), or 1 mM BP + NC, twice/day, 3 times/week, for 8 weeks. The BP + NC treatment significantly decreased the specific binding of PGE2 to buccal mucosal membranes (12.8 +/- 0.14 vs 8.7 +/- 1.13 fmol/mg protein; control vs. BP + NC; mean +/- S.D., n=6, P < 0.05). Scatchard analysis revealed that the reduction of receptor binding might be due to an alteration of the receptor binding properties, such as increase of the dissociation constant (Kd, 1.08 vs. 4.20 nM; control vs. BP + NC) and elimination of the low-affinity binding site. The addition of 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (DMPGE2) into the control buccal tissue caused a 36% decrease of the overall protein synthesis. In contrast, DMPGE2 enhanced the [35S]methionine incorporation into several major proteins (i.e., 150, 120, 90, 75, 55, 38 and 26 kDa) in the BP + NC group. DMPGE2 showed no effect on DNA synthesis in both groups. Our data demonstrated that BP + NC in vivo altered PGE2 receptor properties and cellular functions in hamster buccal pouch.

Hemiparkinsonism in monkeys following unilateral common carotid artery infusion of MPTP. A study of behavior, biochemistry and histology

After local surgical exposure, we administrated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) directly into the right common carotid artery of 5 rhesus monkeys. All the monkeys manifested akinesia, rigidity and postural tremor of the contralateral limbs, and spontaneous circling toward the MPTP treated side. These disturbances began to appear 3-4 days after injection, peaking at one month, and continued until the day of sacrifice. After treatment with madopar and apomorphine, marked improvements of the motor impairments appeared and a striking reversal of the direction of rotation away from the MPTP-treated side occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The ipsilateral neurotoxicity was confirmed biochemically by 99% reduction in the caudate-putamen dopamine levels and histologically by selective cell loss in the substantia nigra of the MPTP-treated side. It is concluded that this primate model of hemiparkinsonism is easy to reproduce and life is maintained with good health otherwise. So it may be more feasible for behavioral and pharmacological studies of Parkinson's disease.

Effect of yunfujing on the vestibular system

Yunfujing is a traditional chinese drug which in earlier studies has been shown to reduce vestibular signs in man on a rotatory chair with coriolis accelerate stimulation. Recently 131 patients were studied including all kinds of peripheral vestibular disturbances. Eighty-nine cases were treated with yunfujing and 42 controls were given armillaria mellea vabi which has the same effect as diphenidol. We found that yunfujing has the same effect as armillaria mellea vabi or diphenidol: the symptoms were reduced in a few days.