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Tegegne BA, Yihunie W, Aschale Y, Belew H, Getachew M. Validation of Blood Glucose and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Solvent Fractions of the Crinum Abyssinicum Shoot Tips in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Glob Adv Integr Med Health 2024; 13:27536130231225464. [PMID: 38226326 PMCID: PMC10788077 DOI: 10.1177/27536130231225464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus prevalence has reached epidemic levels despite the existence of contemporary treatments. People thus started looking at the possible therapeutic value of natural therapies. Crushed shoot tips of Crinum abyssinicum (Amaryllidaceae) are mixed with water in Ethiopia to treat diabetes, yet this practice is not well supported by science. Objective In this experiment, mice models were used to verify the blood sugar and lipid-lowering benefits of solvent fractions of C. abyssinicum shoot tips. Materials and Methods In a single-dose treated Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model, mice were randomly grouped into eleven categories which include diabetic negative control, diabetic positive control, and 9 diabetic treatment groups. In repeated daily doses treated STZ-induced model, Mice were divided into 6 groups which included normal and diabetic negative control (TW80), diabetic positive control (5 mg/kg glibenclamide), and three diabetic treatment groups 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Finally, blood glucose, lipid level, and body weight were examined. Results In the single-dose treated diabetic model, there was a significant blood glucose reduction at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of aqueous fraction and glibenclamide starting from the sixth-hour post-administration unlike ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction compared to baseline and negative control. In repeated daily dose-treated diabetic mice, all three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of aqueous fraction) resulted in a substantial reduction (P < .001) in blood glucose compared to baseline and negative control on the seventh day and 14th day. Besides the AQF shows improvement in lipid levels and body weight parameters. Conclusion The results of the study demonstrated that C. abyssinicum shoot tip fractions have the greatest potential to lower blood sugar and lipid levels, supporting conventional claims for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Belew
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Getachew
- Department of Pharmacy, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Getachew A, Yewhalaw D, De Cristofaro A, Sciarretta A, Atenafu G. Systematic review of sporozoite infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ethiopia, 2001-2021. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:437. [PMID: 38008761 PMCID: PMC10680292 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are important vectors of Plasmodium parasites, causative agents of malaria. The aim of this review was to synthesize the overall and species-specific proportion of Anopheles species infected with sporozoites and their geographical distribution in the last 2 decades (2001-2021). METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted using databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, African Journals OnLine) and manual Google search between January 1 and February 15, 2022. Original articles describing work conducted in Ethiopia, published in English and reporting infection status, were included in the review. All the required data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form, imported to SPSS-24, and analyzed accordingly. The quality of each original study was assessed using a quality assessment tool adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. This study was registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; registration no. CRD42022299078). RESULTS A search for published articles produced a total of 3086 articles, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Data on mosquito surveillance revealed that a total of 129,410 anophelines comprising 25 species were captured, of which 48,365 comprising 21 species were tested for sporozoites. Anopheles arabiensis was the dominant species followed by An. pharoensis and An. coustani complex. The overall proportion infected with sporozoites over 21 years was 0.87%. Individual proportions included Anopheles arabiensis (1.09), An. pharoensis (0.79), An. coustani complex (0.13), An. funestus (2.71), An. demeilloni (0.31), An. stephensi (0.70), and An. cinereus (0.73). Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites accounted 79.2% of Plasmodium species. Mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum was only reported from one An. arabiensis sample. CONCLUSIONS Anopheles arebiensis was the dominant malaria vector over the years, with the highest sporozoite infection proportion of 2.85% and an average of 0.90% over the years. Other species contributing to malaria transmission in the area were An. pharoensis, An. coustani complex, An. funestus, An. stephensi, and An. coustani. The emergence of new vector species, in particular An. stephensi, is particularly concerning and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Aklilu Getachew
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Andrea Sciarretta
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Getnet Atenafu
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Yihunie W, Nibret G, Aschale Y. Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:77-98. [PMID: 37554660 PMCID: PMC10405914 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s418314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was found as the intermediary that transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis in 1961. The emergency use authorization of the two covid-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, is a significant achievement in the history of vaccine development. Because they are generated in a cell-free environment using the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, mRNA vaccines are risk-free. Moreover, chemical modifications to the mRNA molecule, such as cap structures and changed nucleosides, have proved critical in overcoming immunogenicity concerns, achieving sustained stability, and achieving effective, accurate protein production in vivo. Several vaccine delivery strategies (including protamine, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, nanoemulsions, and cell-based administration) were also optimized to load and transport RNA into the cytosol. LNPs, which are composed of a cationic or a pH-dependent ionizable lipid layer, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are the most advanced systems for delivering mRNA vaccines. Moreover, modifications of the four components that make up the LNPs showed to increase vaccine effectiveness and reduce side effects. Furthermore, the introduction of biodegradable lipids improved LNP biocompatibility. Furthermore, mRNA-based therapies are expected to be effective treatments for a variety of refractory conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic genetic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to provide the scientific community with up-to-date information on mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Nibret
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Abere A, Aschale Y, Tegegne B, Eshetu T, Derso A. A 10-Year Trend Analysis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections at Grarigy Health Center, Northwest Ethiopia: Implication for Epidemic Preparedness. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3183-3190. [PMID: 37249960 PMCID: PMC10224691 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s413078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are one of the most significant health issues around the world. Their burden is significant in Ethiopia with an estimated five million cases reported annually. This study aimed to evaluate the 10-year trend of IPIs at the Grarigy Health Center in northwest Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective analysis was done at Grarigy Health Center to determine the 10-year (2011-2020) trend of IPIs by reviewing stool examination reports from a laboratory logbook. The data was collected by laboratory personnel using data extraction sheets. Then, entered into EpiData, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS-20 software. The chi-square test was used to test for significant differences between variables. Results A total of 9541 stool samples were examined over a 10-year period, of which, 5599 (58.7%) were from male participants and 3942 (41.3%) were from female participants. Participants in the study had an average age of 26.11 years. Infection with intestinal parasites was seen in 58.8% of people (n = 5612) (CI: 57.8-59.8). A significant fluctuating pattern of IPIs was observed from 2011 to 2020 (P < 0.05). The highest peak of IPIs was recorded in 2020 (61.9%; 767 cases) and the lowest peak was observed in 2011 (49%; 99 cases). A total of 10 different genera of intestinal parasites were reported, of which, A. lumbricoides was the predominant (23.5%) followed by E. histolytica/dispar (16.6%). The highest cases of all intestinal parasites were reported between the ages of 5 and 14 years except H. nana (highest case reported in < 5 years). Conclusion Prevalence of IPIs is substantial at the Grarigy Health Centre. A fluctuating trend was noticed in the past 10 years. A surveillance system should be in place to bring the burden of IPI down to a level where it has no public health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aberham Abere
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tegegne Eshetu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Derso
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Yihunie W, Kebede B, Tegegne BA, Getachew M, Abebe D, Aschale Y, Belew H, Bahiru B. Systematic Review of Safety of RTS,S with AS01 and AS02 Adjuvant Systems Using Data from Randomized Controlled Trials in Infants, Children, and Adults. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:21-32. [PMID: 36941908 PMCID: PMC10024506 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emergence of antimalarial drugs and insecticides resistance alarms scientists to develop a safe and effective malaria vaccine. A pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine called RTS,S has made great strides. Aim The review was aimed to assess the safety of the candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S with AS01 and AS02 adjuvants using data from Phase I-III randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Methods This systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA 2020. Regardless of time of publication year, all articles related with safety of RTS,S, RCTs published in the English language were included in the study. The last search of databases, and registry was conducted on 30 May, 2022. Pubmed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, and Clinical trials.gov were thoroughly searched for accessible RCTs on the safety of RTS,S malaria vaccine. The studies were screened in three steps: duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text review. The included studies' bias risk was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs. This systematic review is registered at Prospero (registration number: CRD42021285888). The qualitative descriptive findings from the included published studies were reported stratified by clinical trial phases. Findings A total of thirty-five eligible safety studies were identified. Injection site pain and swelling, febrile convulsion, fever, headache, meningitis, fatigue, gastroenteritis, myalgia, pneumonia, reactogenicity, and anemia were the most commonly reported adverse events. Despite few clinical trials reported serious adverse events, none of them were related to vaccination. Conclusion Most of the adverse events observed from RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 malaria vaccines were reported in the control group and shared by other vaccines. Hence, the authors concluded that both RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 malaria vaccines are safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Kebede
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bantayehu Addis Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Getachew
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Dehnnet Abebe
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Belew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Bahiru
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and health sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Tegegne BA, Yihunie W. Medicinal Plants Used for the Management of Hepatitis Over the Past 15 Years in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review. Hepat Med 2023; 15:11-19. [PMID: 36923368 PMCID: PMC10010132 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s402975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of human and animal ailments using botanical sources has obtained significant attention in Ethiopia. The compounds available in plants comprise a plentiful source of bioactive ingredients able to treat many complications. The review aimed to present an updated list of plants used for managing hepatitis over the past 15 years in Ethiopia. Methods Systematic, comprehensive search was undertaken from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus) between September 01 and October 15, 2022, using standard search terms. Original researches carried out in Ethiopia, written and published in English between January 01/2007 and December 31/2021, and reported hepatitis as a disease treated by medicinal plants were included in the review. Plants beyond the list of Ethiopian and Eritrean floral were excluded. Data were extracted from texts and tables of original papers on a Microsoft Excel. Quality was assessed by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results A total of 317 papers were obtained from the database search. After removing duplicates and screening, 15 articles fit the inclusion criteria and selected for final review. Of the 24 plants identified, 35.7% were herbs. Leaf and root (35.7% each) were the predominant plant parts used for remedy preparation. Combined use of leaf and root comprised 10.7%. The families Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae comprise the highest number of plant species. About 89.3% of remedies were administered orally. Conclusion The majority of plants belong to herbs and the frequently used plant parts are leaf and roots. Evidence generated from the present review indicated that lots of plants have been used to manage hepatitis. Moreover, the findings could serve as preliminary information to formulate new drugs acting against hepatitis. Therefore, it is desirable for scholars to recognize, document, and keep plants and the associated knowledge appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Getnet T, Alemayehu T, Demeke T, Toru M, Aschale Y. Assessment of prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasite infections among school children at Amber Primary School, Northwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221128134. [PMID: 36212233 PMCID: PMC9536104 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221128134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections among school children at Amber Primary School, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Amber Primary School from December 2019 to January 2020. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and clinical characteristics. Direct wet mount technique was applied for detection and identification of intestinal parasites. RESULT A total of 384 participants were included in this study of which 50.3% were males and 65.4% were in the age group 9-12 years. The prevalence of at least one intestinal parasite was 26.8% (n = 103), of which 13.6% (n = 14) were mixed infections. Hymenolepis nana was the most prevalent intestinal parasite (5.2%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (4.9%) and hookworm (4.7%). Male children (adjusted odds ratio = 0.624; 95% confidence interval: 0.392-0.993) and those whose mother completed elementary school (adjusted odds ratio = 2.171; 95% confidence interval: 1.012-4.658) were significantly associated with intestinal parasite infections (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Intestinal parasitic infections remained an important health problem among school children in the study area. Appropriate intervention measures should be taken to reduce the burden and related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Yibeltal Aschale, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Kebele 06, Debre Markos, Amhara 1000, Ethiopia.
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Abebaw A, Aschale Y, Kebede T, Hailu A. The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:167. [PMID: 35659661 PMCID: PMC9166605 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization 2021 malaria report, it is considered to be endemic in 85 countries and territories. Malaria elimination programmes have also faced many challenges, such as widespread asymptomatic carriers in endemic regions, and they should be considered in malaria-control programmes in endemic areas for successful transmission interruption. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections, and associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia from May to Jun 2018. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among selected kebeles in Debre Elias district, Amhara region, North-western Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling technique was carried out to select representative households. A total of 440 randomly selected households were included, of which one individual per household was sampled for laboratory examination. Malaria prevalence was determined by light microscopy of stained blood films and using CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/Pv) Combo rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Data entry and analysis were carried out using Epi data 3.1 and SPSS version 23 software, respectively. The association between dependent and independent variables was explored by using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Statistically significant association was declared at P-value of < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 440 (333 asymptomatic and 107 symptomatic) individuals were included in this study. The overall prevalence of malaria was 5% with the majority (59.1%) of infections caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Among asymptomatic participants, 4.8% (n = 16, 95% CI = 2.6-7.3) and 4.2% (n = 14, 95% CI = 2.1-6.5) were diagnosed and confirmed by RDT and light microscopy respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of malaria among 107 symptomatic individuals was 7.5% (n = 8, 95% CI = 2.8-12.6) by either RDT or light microscopy. Utilization of insecticide-treated net (ITN), availability of ITN, house with eave, previous history of malaria infection, and family history of malaria infection were significantly associated with malaria infection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria was moderate. Screening of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria in the community is very important to scale up intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Kebede
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Akalu TY, Aynalem YA, Shiferaw WS, Merkeb Alamneh Y, Getnet A, Abebaw A, Atnaf A, Abate A, Tilahun M, Kassie B, Aschale Y. National burden of intestinal parasitic infections and its determinants among people living with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221082447. [PMID: 35284074 PMCID: PMC8908390 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221082447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is designed to assess the pooled prevalence and determine risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among people living with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Methods: International databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsycINFO, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Publication bias was determined using the funnel plot and Egger’s regression tests. Heterogeneity between the studies included in this review was checked by I2 statistic. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled effect size. Sub-group, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Overall, meta-analysis was done using Stata version 14 statistical software. Results: Twenty-seven studies with 8946 individuals were included, the estimated pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among people living with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy was 40.24% (95% confidence interval = 33.8–46.6). Based on sub-group analysis, the highest prevalence was observed in the Tigray region 45.7% (95% confidence interval = 7.9–83.5), followed by Oromia region 42.2% (95% confidence interval = 28.8–55.6). Availability of latrine (odds ratio = 26.6, 95% confidence interval = 2.8–15.8), presence of animals at home (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.2–5.8), and source of drinking water (odds ratio = 3.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.3–7.5) were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the prevalence of intestinal parasites among people living with HIV/AIDS was high in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Asmamaw Getnet
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Aytenew Atnaf
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Abate
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Tilahun
- School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Kassie
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Abebaw A, Atnaf A, Mengist A, Kassie B, Yihunie W. Hookworm re-infection rate and efficacy of single-dose albendazole among pregnant women in Debre Elias District, Northwest Ethiopia: A single-arm trial. Trop Doct 2022; 52:322-324. [DOI: 10.1177/00494755221080593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm is one of the soil-transmitted nematodes causing anaemia and low birth weight in pregnant women. This study aimed to assess albendazole efficacy and re-infection rate among pregnant women. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to September 2021 in Debre Elias District. Albendazole (400mg) was administered to assess efficacy and hookworm re-infection rate. Though the cure rate of single-dose albendazole was 81.7%, with an overall egg reduction rate of 92.5%, the re-infection rate of hookworm 18–24 weeks post-treatment was substantial at 21.4%. More effective intervention measures are thus needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Aytenew Atnaf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abeba Mengist
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Kassie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Wubetu M, Abebaw A, Yirga T, Minwuyelet A, Toru M. A Systematic Review on Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Viral and Fungal Infections in Ethiopia. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:807-815. [PMID: 34429665 PMCID: PMC8378932 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s316007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional medicine is still playing an important role in meeting the basic health care requirement of the peoples in different parts of Ethiopia. There is no published review that clearly indicates documented medicinal plants available in different parts of the country used for treating viral and fungal infections. Currently, viral epidemics with high mortality and morbidity like SARS COV-2 are emerging. Screening of promising drug from plant source is vital to control such viral and fungal infections. In addition, indicating the most commonly used parts of the plant and their route of administration will help for further drug formulation studies. This review aimed to present an indication of the ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of fungal and viral infections. METHODS The databases (Google Scholar, pub med, hinari, and research gate) were searched for published articles on the ethnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat viral and fungal infection in Ethiopia without restriction in the methodology and year of publication. Viral infections, fungal infections, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity, ethnobotany, Ethiopia, and medicinal plants were the key search terms. Studies that did not have complete ethnobotanical data and did not address viral and fungal infection as a disease treated traditionally by the practitioners were excluded. RESULTS A total of 249 articles were produced by database search. After amendment for exclusion criteria and duplicates, 15 articles were found appropriate for the review. The majority of the studies were qualitative and others were mixed type in nature. All of the medicinal plants traditionally used to treat viral and fungal infections in Ethiopia were not scientifically confirmed. Out of the 95 identified plants, 40.8% were herbs and from the plant parts used and 43.9% and 21.1% were leaves and roots, respectively. The majority, (48.8%), of the plant remedies were given orally. Rabies and Tinea capitis constitute the highest percentage of viral and fungal infections treated by traditional medicinal plants followed by hepatitis and Tinea corporis, respectively. CONCLUSION Various plants have been used to treat viral and fungal infections. Information obtained from this review serves as a guide to discover novel antiviral and antifungal agents from plants. Therefore, it is advisable for field researchers to properly identify, document, conserve and conduct efficacy and safety studies on such medicinal plants in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Wubetu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Yirga
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Milkiyas Toru
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Bitew A, Mengist A, Belew H, Aschale Y, Reta A. The Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance Pattern, and Associated Factors of Bacterial Vaginosis Among Women of the Reproductive Age Group from Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2685-2696. [PMID: 34285521 PMCID: PMC8286113 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s305329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial vaginosis is an infection of the vagina, which results due to change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and determinants of bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age group from Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among women during the reproductive period at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital from September 1, 2019 to October 2020. About 413 vaginal swab samples were collected and examined using the Nugent scoring system and culture. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25. The odds ratio (OR) was used as a measure of the strength of association and reported with 95% confidence intervals. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify possible associated factors with bacteria causing bacterial vaginosis. Results The overall prevalence of bacteria causing bacterial vaginosis was 39.5%. The predominant bacteria were S. aureus (25.4%), G. vaginalis (22.7%), S. agalactiae (14.1%), and E. coli (13.5%). S. aureus was resistant to erythromycin (69.8%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (53.5%); despite this, it was susceptible to ciprofloxacillin (93%), gentamycin (93%), and cefoxitin (90.7%). On the other hand, E. coli was resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (91.3%) and ceftriaxone (63.6%), but was susceptible to ciprofloxacillin (95.5%) and gentamycin (93%). Conclusion The high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with the pH level of the vagina (≥4.5), participant age ≤20, pregnancy, and history of HIV infection. Therefore, early identification of factors leading to bacterial overgrowth on the vagina is very important to protect maternal and child morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebaw Bitew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abeba Mengist
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Belew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Reta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Worku L, Addisu A, Alemu M, Alemu A. Comparison of direct wet mount, Kato-Katz and formol ether sedimentation technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infection in Debre Elias Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop Doct 2020; 51:170-174. [PMID: 33308052 DOI: 10.1177/0049475520975936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a neglected parasitic disease. Direct wet mount is the usual method for the diagnosis of hookworm in Ethiopia, but its sensitivity is unsatisfactory. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted from January to February 2018 among 192 study participants in Debre Elias district. Stool samples were processed by three methods: the prevalence of hookworm was 77.6%, 68.2% and 49.0% by Kato-Katz, formol ether sedimentation technique and direct wet mount, respectively. Direct wet mount had relatively low sensitivity (61.4%) compared to formol ether sedimentation technique (85.6%) and Kato-Katz (97.4%). The latter two compared well with the gold standard method with kappa values of κ = 0.94, κ = 0.71 and κ = 0.39, respectively, and are therefore recommended over against the direct wet mount technique in detecting hookworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Lecturer, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Ligabaw Worku
- Lecturer, Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Addisu
- Lecturer, Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekuannint Alemu
- Public health Officer, Department of public health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Alemu
- Medical Parasitologist, Injibara General Hospital, Injibara, Amhara region, Ethiopia
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Minwuyelet A, Eshetu T, Milikit D, Aschale Y. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infection in Gondar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3969-3975. [PMID: 33177847 PMCID: PMC7649210 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s278932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major public health problems worldwide. In Ethiopia, an increase in malaria incidence may be attributed to the presence of community-wide asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. This study aims to assess asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and associated factors in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar Zuria district from May to June 2019. Angacha and Hamsafeg villages were randomly selected from Tachtseda and Hamsafeg kebeles, respectively. Fifty-three (53) households were selected using systematic random sampling to recruit a total of 251 study participants. Sociodemographic data were collected using structured questionnaires. Thin and thick blood films were prepared and examined for evidence of parasites. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The association between dependent (asymptomatic Plasmodium infection) and independent (sex, age group, family size and previous history of malaria) variables was explored using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Statistically significant association was declared at a P-value of <0.05. Results A total of 251 individuals were tested, of whom 53.4% were females and 33.5% were above the age of 30 years. The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection was 12%. The highest prevalence of malaria was observed in females (6.4%) and among the age group 15–29 years (4.4%). The majority (70%) of study participants had <500 parasites/μL of blood. A high parasitemia level (ie ≥1000 parasites/μL of blood) was observed in the age group 15–29 years. Age group, bed net usage and previous history of malaria were significantly associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection (P<0.05). Conclusion Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection remains an important public health problem in the study area. Further studies using more sensitive diagnostic methods are required to scale up the eradication and control program of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoke Minwuyelet
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tegegne Eshetu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnaneh Milikit
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Ayehu A, Worku L, Addisu A, Zeleke AJ, Bayih AG, Lemma W. Anopheles gambiae s.l (Diptera: Culicidae) seasonal abundance, abdominal status and parity rates in Metema-Armachiho lowland, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:333. [PMID: 32393183 PMCID: PMC7216343 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a life threating vector borne disease caused by different Plasmodium parasites. Metema and Armachiho are two of the top five malaria endemic areas among the districts of Amhara region in Ethiopia. Transmission pattern is seasonal and migrant laborers who visit these areas for employment in mechanized agriculture are highly affected. The aim of this study was to investigate seasonal abundance, abdominal status and parity rate of An.gambiae s.l in Metema-Armachiho lowlands, Northwest Ethiopia. METHOD A 1 year longitudinal entomological study was conducted in Metema-Armachiho lowlands from June 2016-May 2017. Mosquitoes were collected using CDC-light traps in indoor and outdoor sites for four consecutive days in each month. A total of eight standard battery operated CDC-light traps were used to collect mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes were classed as unfed, fed or gravid under a dissecting microscope. The ovaries of all unfed An.gambiae s.l mosquitoes were examined for evidence of parity. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Chi-square test was applied to show significant difference between variables. P-value< 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS Of the total 1253 mosquitoes collected, 713 (552 female, 161 male) were culex and 540 (501 female, 39 male) were An.gambiae s.l. About 50.9% were collected in June-August 2016, 21.7% in September-November 2016, 12.0% in December 2016-February 2017 and 15.4% in March to May 2017. Of the total, 57.2 and 42.8% of the An.gambiae s.l were collected from indoor and outdoor sites respectively. Of the total females collected, 76.8% were unfed; of which 69.4% were parous. Significantly higher number of female An.gambiae s.l were collected in indoor and there was significant difference in abdominal status of An.gambiae s.l mosquitoes collected in different season (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Highest number of An.gambiae s.l was observed from June-August followed by September-November. The parity rate of An.gambiae s.l was high and there was significant difference in abdominal status of An.gambiae s.l collected in different season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Animen Ayehu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ligabaw Worku
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Addisu
- Director General,Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Director General,Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wossenseged Lemma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Ayehu A, Worku L, Tesfa H, Birhanie M, Lemma W. Malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection and associated factors among migrant laborers in West Armachiho district, North West Ethiopia: community based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:239. [PMID: 30849958 PMCID: PMC6408818 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria and leishmaniasis are the two largest parasitic killers in the world. Due togeographical overlap of these diseases, malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infections occur in large populations and exist in different areas even if they have been poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to determine malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection and their associated factors among migrant laborers. Methods Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October–December 2016 on migrant laborers who are residents of rural agricultural camp in West Armachiho district and involved in sesame and sorghum harvesting. Standardized questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and risk factors. Capillary blood was collected for giemsa stained blood film examination to detect and identify Plasmodium parasites. Recombinant kinensin (rk39) antigen test was performed to detect anti-leishmania donovani antibody. Data was coded, entered, checked for completeness and analyzed using SPSS version-20 statistical software. Chi-square test was applied to show a significant association between variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results A total of 178 migrant laborers were included in this study. Of these, 74.2% belong to the age group 15–29; 61.2% come from lowland areas and 51.6% visit the area more than four times. Seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis was 9.6% (17/178); and 22.4% (40/178) of tested migrant laborers were found malaria infected. The overall prevalence of malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection was 2.8%. Of the total migrant laborer, 47.8% used bed nets, of them 1.2% were malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infected; 72.5% used outdoor sites as usual sleeping site, among them 3.1% were malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infected; 60.1% were migrants, of which 2.8% were malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infected. All variables were not significantly associated with malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection (P > 0.05). Conclusions Prevalence of malaria-visceral leishmaniasis co-infection was low and it is not significantly associated with residence, number of visits, bed net utilization and outdoor sleeping habit even if both diseases are prevalent in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O.Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Animen Ayehu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ligabaw Worku
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtie Tesfa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Birhanie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wossenseged Lemma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mengist A, Aschale Y, Reta A. Bacterial and Parasitic Assessment from Fingernails in Debre Markos, Northwest Ethiopia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2018; 2018:6532014. [PMID: 30498537 PMCID: PMC6220742 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6532014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food handlers with untrimmed finger nails could contribute or serve as a vehicle for the transmission of food poisoning pathogens. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food handlers and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolated bacteria in Debre Markos University, Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This laboratory-based cross-sectional study involved 220 food handlers working in food service establishments in Debre Markos University between 1st January 2015 to 31th June 2016. Subjects' finger nail specimens of both hands were examined microscopically for intestinal parasites. For bacterial isolation, samples were cultured and bacterial species were identified following standard laboratory procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for all bacterial isolates by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS Of the total 220 subjects examined, 29.5% showed positive culture for different bacterial species from their fingernail contents. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the predominant bacteria species (12.3%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (5%), E. coli (2.7%), Klebsiella species (2.7%), Enterococcus species (1.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.8%), Proteus species (1.4%), Citrobacter species (1.4%), and Serratia species (0.9%). None of the food handlers showed positive culture for Shigella and salmonella and parasites in respect of their finger nail specimens. Isolation of bacteria in finger nail has significant association with finger nail status (P=0.044) and inverse relation with service years (P=0.048). All Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolates were uniformly susceptible to vancomycin. Only one (9.1%) of Staphylococcus aureus isolates was resistant for methicillin. CONCLUSION To prevent the food poisoning pathogens, implementation and adherence to infection are the key practices, specially food handlers with long finger nail harbor food debris, microbial contaminations, and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeba Mengist
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Reta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Talie A, Yekoye A, Alemu M, Temesgen B, Aschale Y. Magnitude and associated factors of postpartum morbidity in public health institutions of Debre Markos town, North West Ethiopia. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2018; 4:19. [PMID: 30305915 PMCID: PMC6169015 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-018-0086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum maternal morbidity is maternal illness that occurs after one hour of expulsion of placenta up to six weeks of childbirth. Though the true burden of this problem is not well known estimates of WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA showed that 1.4 million women experience acute obstetric morbidity annually. Knowledge of magnitude and predicting factors postpartum morbidity is central to understand the extent of the problem and will help as a cornerstone in designing and implementing better preventive strategies. Objectives To assess the magnitude and factors associated with postpartum morbidity in public health institutions in Debre Markos town. Method Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted in Debre Markos town public health institutions by reviewing delivery charts, delivery records and reporting log books. Total deliveries in each health institution in the previous year were identified and number of records to be included from each institution was determined by probability proportion to size. Systematic sampling technique was employed to select 308 charts for review. Data was collected by trained midwifes using structured checklist; entered by epi info and analyzed using SPSS 20. To present findings descriptive statistics using frequencies, charts and figures were used accordingly. Finally binary and multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify predicting factors. Results The magnitude of postpartum morbidity was found to be 101(32.8%). Divorced/widowed women [AOR = 10.920, 95% CI: (2.168, 54.998)], women who didn’t have ANC follow up [AOR = 3.710, 95% CI: (1.749, 7.870)], abnormal labour [AOR =3.496, 95% CI: (1.69, 7.22)], women delivered by doctor [AOR =0.111, 95% CI: (0.027, 0.454)] and women who were not attended postpartum visit [AOR =0.088, 95% CI: (0.040, 0.194)] were the factors associated with postpartum maternal morbidity. Conclusion Maternal morbidity in Debre Markos health institution was found to be major maternal health issue. Being divorced/widowed, absence of ANC visit, intrapartum abnormalities, delivery attended by skilled professionals and no post-partum visit were important predictors of maternal postpartum morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmare Talie
- 1Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abere Yekoye
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, MekelleUniversity, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Megbaru Alemu
- 3Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Belsity Temesgen
- 1Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- 4Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Aschale Y, Mengist A, Bitew A, Kassie B, Talie A. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among asymptomatic migrant laborers in West Armachiho District, Northwest Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med 2018; 9:95-101. [PMID: 30050360 PMCID: PMC6047623 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s165260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries and becomes a challenge to a highly endemic area of Africa including Ethiopia. The West Armachiho district is a malaria-endemic lowland area where communities are experiencing hyperendemic malaria transmission. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria and the associated risk factors among asymptomatic migrant laborers in the West Armachiho district, Northwest Ethiopia. Materials and methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2016 on 385 migrant laborers selected by proportionate two-stage sampling method in Agricultural camps of the West Armachiho district. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and risk factors. Capillary blood was collected for Giemsa-stained blood film examination to detect and identify Plasmodium parasites. Data were coded, entered, checked for completeness, and analyzed using SPSS version-20 statistical software. Multivariate logistic regression was used to asses significantly associated risk factors. A P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of malaria was found to be 18.4% (n=71). Education level, home area or origin of migrant laborers, number of visits, outdoor sleeping, and bed net utilization were associated with the risk of malaria (P<0.05). Conclusion Malaria was high in this study area and associated with outdoor sleeping, number of visits, home area, and bed net utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia,
| | - Abeba Mengist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Bitew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Kassie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
| | - Asmare Talie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
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