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Pac Chong ML, Garriga Francis KJ, Yiwen E, Zhang XC. Single-shot local measurement of terahertz correlated second harmonic generation in laser air plasma filaments. Opt Lett 2024; 49:226-229. [PMID: 38194534 DOI: 10.1364/ol.510070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We present a single-shot detection method of terahertz correlated second harmonic generation in plasma-based sources by directly mixing an optical probe into femtosecond laser-induced plasma filaments in air. The single-shot second harmonic trace is obtained by measuring a second harmonic generation on a conventional CCD with a spatiotemporally distorted probe beam. The system shows a spectrometer resolution of 22 fs/pixel on the CCD and a true resolution on the order of the probe pulse duration. With considerable THz peak electric field strength, this formalism can open the door to single-shot THz detection without bandwidth limitations.
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2
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Fu SY, Garriga Francis KJ, Pac Chong ML, E Y, Zhang XC. Enhanced second harmonic generation in laser-induced air plasma. Opt Lett 2023; 48:3199-3202. [PMID: 37319061 DOI: 10.1364/ol.493826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a systematic investigation into the processes behind a near hundred-fold enhanced second harmonic wave generated from a laser-induced air plasma, by examining the temporal dynamics of the frequency conversion processes, and the polarization of the emitted second harmonic beam. Contrary to typical nonlinear optical processes, the enhanced second harmonic generation efficiency is only observed within a sub-picosecond time window and found to be nearly constant across fundamental pulse durations spanning from 0.1 ps to over 2 ps. We further demonstrate that with the adopted orthogonal pump-probe configuration, the polarization of the second harmonic field exhibits a complex dependence on the polarization of both input fundamental beams, contrasting with most of the previous experiments with a single-beam geometry.
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3
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Chen Z, E Y, Xiong J, Li W, Chen X, Li N, Long J, Tong C, He J, Li F, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gao R. Dysregulated glycolysis underpins high-fat-associated endometrial decidualization impairment during early pregnancy in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166659. [PMID: 36740105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy complications are more likely to occur in obese women because of defective decidualization. However, the specific mechanism of glycolysis in decidual modulation associated with obesity remains unknown. Therefore, we explored the role of glycolysis in the endometrium of obese pregnant mice during decidualization. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. All obesity related parameters were significantly higher in the HFD mice than control. Furthermore, the HFD mice had fewer implantation sites, a smaller decidual area growth, and decreased decidualization marker protein expression than control. The HFD mice also had significantly decreased lactate production and glycolytic enzyme expression. To confirm the functional role of glycolysis during the decidual period in obese pregnant mice, we extracted endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and treated them with oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) to mimic a high-fat environment. Decidualization and glycolysis were significantly restricted in the OA-and PA-treated groups. Moreover, we administered a glycolytic inhibitor, 2-DG, and an agonist, pioglitazone. 2-DG treatment considerably decreased the cells' glycolysis and decidualization. However, pioglitazone treatment improved glycolysis and alleviated defective decidualization. In conclusion, obesity-induced endometrial glycolysis modifications and key glycolytic enzyme downregulation during early pregnancy might cause abnormal decidualization, leading to an unsustainable pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiwen E
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weike Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Long
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junlin He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cuihua Zhang
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rufei Gao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Garriga Francis KJ, Pac Chong ML, Yiwen E, Zhang XC. Observation of strong terahertz field-induced second harmonic generation in plasma filaments. Opt Lett 2022; 47:6297-6300. [PMID: 37219231 DOI: 10.1364/ol.477508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of terahertz field-induced second harmonic (TFISH) generation produced by directly mixing an optical probe beam onto femtosecond plasma filaments. The produced TFISH signal is spatially separated from the laser-induced supercontinuum by impinging on the plasma at a noncollinear angle. The conversion efficiency of the fundamental probe beam to its second harmonic (SH) beam is greater than 0.02%, which represents a record in optical probe to TFISH conversion efficiency that is nearly five orders of magnitude larger than previous experiments. We also present the terahertz (THz) spectral buildup of the source along the plasma filament and retrieve coherent terahertz signal measurements. This method of analysis has the potential to provide local electric field strength measurements inside of the filament.
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Yin S, Zeng D, Chen Y, Huang W, Zhang C, Zhang W, E Y. Optically Controlled Terahertz Dynamic Beam Splitter with Adjustable Split Ratio. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12071169. [PMID: 35407287 PMCID: PMC9000664 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The beam splitter is an important functional device due to its ability to steer the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The split-ratio-variable splitter is of significance for optical, terahertz and microwave systems. Here, we are the first (to our knowledge) to propose an optically controlled dynamic beam splitter with adjustable split ratio in the terahertz region. Based on the metasurface containing two sets of reversed phase-gradient supercells, we split the terahertz wave into two symmetrical beams. Associated with the reconfigurable pump laser pattern programmed with the spatial light modulator, dynamic modulation of the split ratio varying from 1:1 to 15:1 is achieved. Meanwhile, the beam splitter works at a split angle of 36° for each beam. Additionally, we obtain an exponential relationship between the split ratio and the illumination proportion, which can be used as theoretical guidance for beam splitting with an arbitrary split ratio. Our novel beam splitter shows an outstanding level of performance in terms of the adjustable split ratio and stable split angles and can be used as an advanced method to develop active functional devices applied to terahertz systems and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dehui Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuting Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yiwen E
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA;
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Wang H, Chang J, Huang Y, Lei Z, Du W, Zhou Y, E Y, Xu X. Large In-Plane Anisotropic Terahertz Emission Induced by Asymmetric Polarization in Low-Symmetric PdSe 2. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:54543-54550. [PMID: 34734685 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Palladium diselenide (PdSe2) exhibits air stability, low symmetry, and high carrier mobility, resulting in unique in-plane anisotropy for polarized optoelectronic devices. However, the relationship of the symmetry and the terahertz (THz) radiation remains elusive yet significant for both the THz source in technology and nonlinear optical physics in science. Herein, we observed large in-plane anisotropic THz radiation from multilayer PdSe2 under femtosecond laser excitation. The THz emission demonstrates 2α dependence on the optical polarization angle from the resonant optical rectification combined with a background from the photocarrier acceleration under the surface depletion field. Interestingly, the in-plane THz emission along and perpendicular to the puckered direction demonstrates large anisotropy. Furthermore, the THz time-domain signals exhibit reversed polarities along the positive and negative puckered directions. This asymmetric polarization could relate to the bonding of Pd-Se, resulting in the unidirectional photon-induced current. Our results bridge the gap between the low-symmetry two-dimensional materials and the THz technology, which could promote the development of THz-polarized devices based on low-symmetry layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jiawei Chang
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Wanyi Du
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yiwen E
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinlong Xu
- Shaanxi Joint Lab of Graphene, State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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Jin Q, Yiwen E, Zhang XC. Terahertz aqueous photonics. Front Optoelectron 2021; 14:37-63. [PMID: 36637782 PMCID: PMC9743863 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and robust terahertz (THz) sources is of incessant interest in the THz community for their wide applications. With successive effort in past decades, numerous groups have achieved THz wave generation from solids, gases, and plasmas. However, liquid, especially liquid water has never been demonstrated as a THz source. One main reason leading the impediment is that water has strong absorption characteristics in the THz frequency regime.A thin water film under intense laser excitation was introduced as the THz source to mitigate the considerable loss of THz waves from the absorption. Laser-induced plasma formation associated with a ponderomotive force-induced dipole model was proposed to explain the generation process. For the one-color excitation scheme, the water film generates a higher THz electric field than the air does under the identical experimental condition. Unlike the case of air, THz wave generation from liquid water prefers a sub-picosecond (200-800 fs) laser pulse rather than a femtosecond pulse (~50 fs). This observation results from the plasma generation process in water.For the two-color excitation scheme, the THz electric field is enhanced by one-order of magnitude in comparison with the one-color case. Meanwhile, coherent control of the THz field is achieved by adjusting the relative phase between the fundamental pulse and the second-harmonic pulse.To eliminate the total internal reflection of THz waves at the water-air interface of a water film, a water line produced by a syringe needle was used to emit THz waves. As expected, more THz radiation can be coupled out and detected. THz wave generation from other liquids were also tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - E. Yiwen
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Xi-Cheng Zhang
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
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8
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Garriga Francis KJ, Lim Pac Chong M, E Y, Zhang XC. Terahertz nonlinear index extraction via full-phase analysis. Opt Lett 2020; 45:5628-5631. [PMID: 33057248 DOI: 10.1364/ol.399999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally show the spectrally averaged nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient for liquid water, water vapor, α-pinene, and Si using a full-phase analysis in the terahertz regime through a standard time-domain spectrometer. Our results confirm that the nonlinear index of refraction of the liquid samples in this regime exceeds the near-infrared optical nonlinear index by six orders of magnitude. In the case of liquid water and water vapor at atmospheric pressure, we find a nonlinear index of 7.8×10-10cm2/W and 6×10-11cm2/W, respectively, which are both much larger than expected.
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Dong X, Liu C, Huang Y, Hu F, E Y, Jin Y, Zhou Y, Xu X. Angular-dependent circular dichroism of Tai Chi chiral metamaterials in terahertz region. Appl Opt 2020; 59:3686-3691. [PMID: 32400491 DOI: 10.1364/ao.387150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chirality has received wide attention due to its promising applications in biopharmaceuticals, chemical detection, and polarized optoelectronic devices. Herein, metamaterials with layered Tai Chi patterns are proposed to get strong and tunable chirality. Based on the surface current distribution analysis, a coupling model considering both the magnetic and electric dipoles in the upper and bottom metallic structures is proposed to understand the circular dichroism. Accordingly, both an external chiral modulation by changing the incident angle and an internal chiral modulation by changing the twist angle are achieved. Incident-angle-dependent circular dichroism modulation exhibits a range of 0.44-0.62 and the twist-angle-dependent modulation range is ${-}{0.6 - 0.42}$-0.6-0.42, where the negative value means the polarity of the circular dichroism can also be tuned. This work deepens the understanding of angular-dependent chirality in metamaterials and expands the potential for terahertz polarization optoelectronic applications.
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Ponomareva EA, Tcypkin AN, Smirnov SV, Putilin SE, Yiwen E, Kozlov SA, Zhang XC. Double-pump technique - one step closer towards efficient liquid-based THz sources. Opt Express 2019; 27:32855-32862. [PMID: 31684490 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By irradiating a water jet with double pulses, we demonstrate 4-fold higher THz wave generation than for a single pump pulse. The dependence of the enhanced THz signal on the temporal delay between two collinear pulses reveals the optimal time for launching signal pulse is near 2-4 ps, which corresponds to the time needed to create the complete pre-ionization state when sufficient electron density is already induced, and there is no plasma reflection of the pump pulse radiation. The increase in THz waves generation efficiency corresponds to the case of water jet excitation by the pulses with an optimal duration for a certain jet thickness, which is determined by the spatial pulse size. Using a theoretical model of the interaction of a high-intensity sub-picosecond pulse with an isotropic medium, we held a numerical simulation, which well describes the experimental results when using 3 ps value of population relaxation time. Thus, in this work, double pump method allows not only to increase the energy of the generated THz waves, but also to determine the characteristic excited state lifetime of liquid water. The optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency in case of double pulse excitation of water column is of the order of 0.5⋅10 -3, which exceeds the typical values for THz waves generation during two-color filamentation in air and comparable with the achievable values due to the optical rectification in some crystals.
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Tcypkin AN, Ponomareva EA, Putilin SE, Smirnov SV, Shtumpf SA, Melnik MV, E Y, Kozlov SA, Zhang XC. Flat liquid jet as a highly efficient source of terahertz radiation. Opt Express 2019; 27:15485-15494. [PMID: 31163744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polar liquids are strong absorbers of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz range, therefore, historically such liquids have not been considered as good candidates for terahertz sources. However, flowing liquid medium has explicit advantages, such as a higher damage threshold compared to solid-state sources and more efficient ionization process compared to gases. Here we report systematic study of efficient generation of terahertz radiation in flat liquid jets under sub-picosecond single-color optical excitation. We demonstrate how medium parameters such as molecular density, ionization energy and linear absorption contribute to the terahertz emission from the flat liquid jets. Our simulation and experimental measurements reveal that the terahertz energy has quasi-quadratic dependence on the optical excitation pulse energy. Moreover, the optimal pump pulse duration, which depends on the thickness of the jet is theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed. The obtained optical-to-terahertz energy conversion efficiency is more than 0.05%. It is comparable to the commonly used optical rectification in most of electro-optical crystals and two-color air filamentation. These results, significantly advancing prior research, can be successfully applied to create a new alternative source of terahertz radiation.
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Zhao J, E Y, Williams K, Zhang XC, Boyd RW. Spatial sampling of terahertz fields with sub-wavelength accuracy via probe-beam encoding. Light Sci Appl 2019; 8:55. [PMID: 31231521 PMCID: PMC6559961 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, computational sampling methods have been implemented to spatially characterize terahertz (THz) fields. Previous methods usually rely on either specialized THz devices such as THz spatial light modulators or complicated systems requiring assistance from photon-excited free carriers with high-speed synchronization among multiple optical beams. Here, by spatially encoding an 800-nm near-infrared (NIR) probe beam through the use of an optical SLM, we demonstrate a simple sampling approach that can probe THz fields with a single-pixel camera. This design does not require any dedicated THz devices, semiconductors or nanofilms to modulate THz fields. Using computational algorithms, we successfully measure 128 × 128 field distributions with a 62-μm transverse spatial resolution, which is 15 times smaller than the central wavelength of the THz signal (940 μm). Benefitting from the non-invasive nature of THz radiation and sub-wavelength resolution of our system, this simple approach can be used in applications such as biomedical sensing, inspection of flaws in industrial products, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zhao
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Yiwen E
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Kaia Williams
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Xi-Cheng Zhang
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Robert W. Boyd
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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Zhou Y, E Y, Xu X, Li W, Wang H, Zhu L, Bai J, Ren Z, Wang L. Angular dependent anisotropic terahertz response of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays with spatial dispersion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38515. [PMID: 27966549 PMCID: PMC5155244 DOI: 10.1038/srep38515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial dispersion effect of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the terahertz (THz) region has significance for both theoretical and applied consideration due to the unique intrinsically anisotropic physical properties of CNTs. Herein, we report the angular dependent reflection of p-polarized THz wave from vertically aligned multi-walled CNT arrays in both experiment and theory. The spectra indicate that the reflection depends on the film thickness of vertically aligned CNTs, the incident angle, and the frequency. The calculation model is based on the spatial dispersion effect of aligned CNTs and performed with effective impedance method and the Maxwell-Garnett approximation. The results fit well with the experiment when the thickness of CNT film is thin, which reveals a coherent superposition mechanism of the CNT surface reflection and CNTs/Si interface reflection. For thick CNT films, the CNTs/Si interface response determines the reflection at small incident angles, while the CNTs surface effect dominates at large incident angles. This work investigates the spatial dispersion effect of vertically aligned CNT arrays in the THz region, and paves a way for potential anisotropic THz applications based on CNTs with oblique incidence requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhou
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yiwen E
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinlong Xu
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Weilong Li
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Lipeng Zhu
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jintao Bai
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhaoyu Ren
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Yang S, Xia X, Liu Z, Yiwen E, Wang Y, Tang C, Li W, Li J, Wang L, Gu C. Multispectral plasmon-induced transparency in hyperfine terahertz meta-molecules. J Phys Condens Matter 2016; 28:445002. [PMID: 27604845 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/44/445002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically demonstrated an approach to achieve multispectral plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) by utilizing meta-molecules that consist of hyperfine terahertz meta-atoms. The feature size of such hyperfine meta-atoms is 400 nm, which is one order smaller than that of normal terahertz metamaterials. The hyperfine meta-atoms with close eigenfrequencies and narrow resonant responses introduce different metastable energy levels, which makes the multispectral PIT possible. In the triple PIT system, the slow light effect is further confirmed as the effective group delay at three transmission windows can reach 7.3 ps, 7.4 ps and 4.5 ps, respectively. Precisely controllable manipulation of the PIT peaks in such hyperfine meta-molecules was also proven. The new hyperfine planar design is not only suitable for high-integration applications, but also exhibits significant slow light effect, which has great potential in advanced multichannel optical information processing. Moreover, it reveals the possibility to construct hyperfine N-level energy systems by artificial hyperfine plasmonic structures, which brings a significant prospect for applications on miniaturized plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ye T, Meng S, Zhang J, E Y, Yang Y, Liu W, Yin Y, Wang L. Mechanism and modulation of terahertz generation from a semimetal--graphite. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22798. [PMID: 26972818 PMCID: PMC4789595 DOI: 10.1038/srep22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-metals might offer a stronger interaction and a better confinement for terahertz wave than semiconductors, while preserve tunability. Particularly, graphene-based materials are envisioned as terahertz modulators, filters and ultra-broadband sources. However, the understanding of terahertz generation from those materials is still not clear, thus limits us recognizing the potential and improving device performances. Graphite, the mother material of graphene and a typical bulk semi-metal, is a good system to study semi-metals and graphene-based materials. Here we experimentally modulate and maximize the terahertz signal from graphite surface, thus reveal the mechanism - surface field driving photon induced carriers into transient current to radiate terahertz wave. We also discuss the differences between graphite and semiconductors; particularly graphite shows very weak temperature dependency from room temperature to 80 °C. Above knowledge will help us understand terahertz generations, achieve maximum output and electric modulation, in semi-metal or graphene based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
| | - Yiwen E
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
| | - Yuping Yang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081
| | - Wuming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
| | - Yan Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190.,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190.,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054
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Yan X, Zhu L, Zhou Y, E Y, Wang L, Xu X. Dielectric property of MoS(2) crystal in terahertz and visible regions. Appl Opt 2015; 54:6732-6736. [PMID: 26368087 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.006732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials such as MoS2 have attracted much attention in recent years due to their fascinating optoelectronic properties. The dielectric response of MoS2 crystal in both the terahertz (THz) and visible regions is studied in this work. Time-domain THz spectroscopy is employed for the THz property investigation. The real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant of MoS2 crystal are found to follow a Drude model, which is due to the intrinsic carrier absorption. In the visible region, ellipsometry is used to investigate the dielectric response. The general trend of the complex dielectric constant is found to be described with a Lorentz model, while two remarkable dielectric response peaks are observed to be located at 1.85 and 2.03 eV, which has been attributed to the splitting arising from the combined effect of interlayer coupling and spin-orbit coupling. This work can be the research foundation for future optoelectronic applications with MoS2.
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