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Srithanasuwan A, Schukken YH, Pangprasit N, Chuammitri P, Suriyasathaporn W. Different cellular and molecular responses of Bovine milk phagocytes to persistent and transient strains of Streptococcus uberis causing mastitis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295547. [PMID: 38206970 PMCID: PMC10783761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is frequently isolated from milk collected from dairy cows with mastitis. According to the host's immunity, bacterial virulence, and their interaction, infection with some strains can induce persistent subclinical inflammation, while infection with others induces severe inflammation and transient mastitis. This study compared the inflammatory response of milk-isolated white blood cells (mWBCs) to persistent and transient S. uberis strains. Quarter milk samples were collected aseptically for bacterial culture from all lactating cows once a week over a 10-week period. A transient and noncapsular strain with a 1-week intramammary infection duration was selected from this herd, while a persistent and capsular S. uberis strain with an intramammary infection longer than 2 months from our previous study was selected based on an identical pulse field gel electrophoresis pattern during the IMI episode. Cellular and molecular responses of mWBCs were tested, and the data were analyzed using repeated analysis of variance. The results showed a higher response in migration, reactive oxygen species generation, and bacterial killing when cells were stimulated with transient S. uberis. In contrast, the persistent strain led to increased neutrophil extracellular trap release. This study also highlighted several important molecular aspects of mWBCs. Gene expression analyses by real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant elevation in the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-6) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α) with the transient strain. Additionally, Streptococcus uberis capsule formation might contribute to the capability of these strains to induce different immune responses. Altogether, these results focus on the immune function of activated mWBCs which demonstrate that a transient strain can elicit a stronger local immune response and, subsequently, lead to rapid recovery from mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyaphat Srithanasuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noppason Pangprasit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute-Cambodian Campus, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Fadillah A, van den Borne BHP, Poetri ON, Hogeveen H, Umberger W, Hetherington J, Schukken YH. Smallholder milk-quality awareness in Indonesian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7965-7973. [PMID: 37641270 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In most low- and middle-income countries, milk is produced by smallholders, thereby contributing to the livelihood of their households. With the increasing importance of milk production in these countries, it is essential that milk quality is of a high level to ensure a safe product for consumers. It is, however, unclear whether smallholder dairy farmers are aware of the quality of their milk. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to gain insight on Indonesian smallholder dairy farmer awareness of milk quality parameters and to identify factors associated with the total plate count (TPC) and somatic cell count (SCC). A stratified sampling method was used to select smallholder farms in 4 districts in West Java, Indonesia, that were interviewed between August and September 2017. Factors putatively associated with awareness of TPC were investigated with multinomial regression models, whereas a Firth-type logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with SCC awareness. Of the total 600 farmers surveyed, 264 (44%), 109 (18%), 170 (28%), 111 (19%), and 23 (4%) farmers were aware of TPC, total solid, fat content, milk density, and SCC, respectively, but did not know its value. Those that were conceptually aware of these quality parameters were generally unaware of their value. Furthermore, this study revealed that the following variables were significantly associated with dairy farmers' awareness of TPC: cooperative to which the farmer belonged, distance to neighboring dairy farmer, technology adoption index, TPC as the most important quality factor for the buyer, milk production information from cooperatives, and cow health information from veterinarians. Similarly, cooperative, dairy business experience, and milk quality test adoption were significantly associated with dairy farmers' awareness of SCC. Cooperative was the only variable that was significant in both final statistical models. This indicates that cooperatives play an important role in increasing farmer awareness of milk quality parameters in these smallholder dairies. This may be valid for other regions in the world also where milk production is dominated by smallholder dairy farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Fadillah
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 EW Wageningen, the Netherlands; School of Business, IPB University, Jl. Raya Pajajaran, SB-IPB Building, Bogor 16151, Indonesia.
| | - Bart H P van den Borne
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 EW Wageningen, the Netherlands; Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Okti Nadia Poetri
- Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 EW Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Umberger
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, School of Economics and Public Policy, Nexus 10 Building, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jack Hetherington
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, School of Economics and Public Policy, Nexus 10 Building, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418EZ Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
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Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. Effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis occurrence in the first 100 days of lactation 1 on future mastitis occurrence in Holstein dairy cows: An observational study. JDS Commun 2023; 4:288-292. [PMID: 37521059 PMCID: PMC10382823 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to estimate effects of clinical mastitis (CM) cases caused by different pathogens (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and CM cases with no growth) occurring in the first 100 d in lactation 1, of a dairy cow on the future rate of occurrence of different types of CM during a cow's full lifetime. The outcomes were occurrence of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and CM cases with no growth, after the first 100 d of lactation 1, until a cow's removal through death or sale in that or a subsequent lactation. Data, including information on CM cases, milk production, and event dates (including death or sale dates), were collected from 14,440 cows in 5 New York State Holstein herds from January 2004 until February 2014. Generalized linear mixed models with a Poisson distribution and log link function were fit for each pathogen. The individual cow was the unit of analysis. Escherichia coli was a predictor of future occurrence of E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and CM cases with no growth. Early-occurring Klebsiella spp. was a predictor of future cases of Klebsiella spp. Cases with no growth were predictors of future occurrence of Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and cases with no growth. Thus, E. coli and cases with no growth occurring early in lactation 1 appear to be consistent risk factors for future cases of CM, whether cases with the same pathogen or a different pathogen. In this study, farm effects on later pathogen occurrence differed somewhat, so treatment protocol and culling strategy may play a role in the findings. Nevertheless, the findings may help farmers in managing young cows with CM in early productive life, especially those with E. coli or cases with no growth, in that they may be more susceptible to future CM cases in their later productive life, thus meriting closer attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Hertl
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Royal GD, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Loren W. Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Francis L. Welcome
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Yrjö T. Gröhn
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. Association of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis in the first 100 days of first lactation with productive lifetime: An observational study comparing competing risks models for death and sale with the Cox model. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105879. [PMID: 36841041 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to study the association between clinical mastitis (CM) (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., cases with other treated or other not treated organisms, CM without growth) occurring in a dairy cow's first 100 days (d) of her first lactation and her total productive lifetime, ending in death or sale (for slaughter). Data were collected from 24,831 cows in 5 New York Holstein herds from 2004 to 2014. Two analytical approaches were compared. First, removals (death, sale) were treated as competing events in separate survival analyses, in proportional subdistribution hazards models. In one, death was coded as the event of interest and sale as the competing event; in another, sale was the event of interest and death the competing event. Second, traditional survival analysis (Cox proportional hazards) was conducted. In all models, the time variable was number of days from date of first calving until event (death or sale) date; if the cow was alive at study end, she was censored. Models were stratified by herd. Ten percent of cows died; 48.4 % were sold. In the competing risks analysis, E. coli and CM without growth were associated with death; the former with an increased hazard rate of death, the latter with a lower one. Streptococcus spp., Staph. aureus, Klebsiella spp., cases with other treated or untreated organisms, and CM without growth were associated with higher hazard rates of sale. The Cox proportional hazards model's hazard rates were higher than those in the competing risks model in which death was the event of interest, and resembled those in the model in which sale was the event of interest. Four additional Cox models, omitting dead or sold cows, or censoring each, were also fitted; hazard ratios were similar to the above models. Proportional subdistribution hazards models were appropriate due to competing risks (death, sale); they produce less-biased estimates. A study limitation is that while proportional subdistribution hazards models were appropriate, they have the illogical feature of keeping subjects at risk for the event of interest even after experiencing the competing event. This is, however, necessary in estimating cumulative incidence functions. Another limitation concerns pathogen variability among study farms, implying that CM decisions are farm-specific. Misclassification of 'dead' vs. 'sold' cows was also possible. Nevertheless, the findings may help in optimizing management of cows contracting specific types of CM early in productive lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Hertl
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Royal GD, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Loren W Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Francis L Welcome
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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Barca J, Schukken YH, Meikle A, Chilibroste P, Bouman M, Hogeveen H. Pegbovigrastim treatment resulted in an economic benefit in a large randomized clinical trial in grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1233-1245. [PMID: 36460504 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial on 4 commercial grazing dairy farms investigated whether pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment affected partial net return as calculated from milk revenues and costs for feed, medical treatments [clinical mastitis, uterine disease, and other diseases (i.e., any medical treatment that was not intended for clinical mastitis or uterine disease)], inseminations, and culling during a full lactation in grazing dairy cows. We also explored the effect of potential interactions of PEG treatment with parity, prepartum body condition score, and prepartum nonesterified fatty acids concentration on partial net return, milk revenues, and the costs mentioned above. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 following trial arms: a first PEG dose 9.4 ± 0.3 (mean ± standard error) days before the calving date and a second dose within 24 hours after calving (PEG: primiparous = 342; multiparous = 697) compared with untreated controls (control: primiparous = 391; multiparous = 723). The effect of PEG treatment on the outcomes of interest expressed per year was tested using general linear mixed models. Results are presented as least squares means ± standard error. Overall, PEG treatment increased the partial net return, resulting in an economic benefit per cow per year of $210 ± 100. The cost of treatment of clinical mastitis was lower for PEG treated cows compared with control cows ($9 ± 3). The largest nonsignificant difference was seen for the cost of culling; additionally, PEG treatment numerically reduced the cost of culling by $145 ± 77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, 12100, Montevideo, Uruguay; Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, 12100, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12100, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Animal Production and Pasture, Agronomy Faculty, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, 60000, Uruguay
| | - Mette Bouman
- Veterinary Practitioner, Colonia, 70400, Uruguay
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics group, Wageningen University & Research, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Weber MF, Aalberts M, Dijkstra T, Schukken YH. Predicting Positive ELISA Results in Dairy Herds with a Preferred Status in a Paratuberculosis Control Program. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030384. [PMID: 35158707 PMCID: PMC8833702 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy herds participating in the Dutch milk quality assurance program for paratuberculosis are assigned a herd status on the basis of herd examinations by ELISA of individual serum or milk samples, followed by an optional confirmatory fecal PCR. Test-negative herds are assigned Status A; the surveillance of these herds consists of biennial herd examinations. Farmers falsely believing that their Status A herds are Map-free may inadvertently refrain from preventive measures. Therefore, we aimed to develop a predictive model to alert Status A farmers at increased risk of future positive ELISA results. Using data of 8566 dairy herds with Status A in January 2016, two logistic regression models were built, with the probabilities of ≥1 or ≥2 positive samples from January 2017–June 2019 as dependent variables, and province, soil type, herd size, proportion of cattle born elsewhere, time since previous positive ELISA results, and the 95th percentile of the S/P ratios in 2015–2016, as explanatory variables. As internal validation, both models were applied to predict positive ELISA results from January 2019–June 2021, in 8026 herds with Status A in January 2019. The model predicting ≥1 positive sample had an area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.77). At a cut-off predicted probability πc = 0.40, 25% of Status A herds would be alerted with positive and negative predictive values of 0.52 and 0.83, respectively. The model predicting ≥2 positive samples had lower positive, but higher negative, predictive values. This study indicates that discrimination of Status A herds with high and low risks of future positive ELISA results is feasible. This might stimulate farmers with the highest risks to take additional measures to control any undetected Map infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F. Weber
- Royal GD, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (T.D.); (Y.H.S.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Marian Aalberts
- Royal GD, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (T.D.); (Y.H.S.)
| | - Thomas Dijkstra
- Royal GD, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (T.D.); (Y.H.S.)
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Royal GD, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (T.D.); (Y.H.S.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Barca J, Meikle A, Bouman M, Schukken YH. Effect of pegbovigrastim on fertility and culling in grazing dairy cows and its association with prepartum nonesterified fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:710-725. [PMID: 34763910 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial on 4 commercial grazing dairy farms investigated whether treatment with pegbovigrastim (PEG) affected fertility and culling as measured during the full lactation. We also explored the effect of potential interactions of PEG treatment with parity, prepartum body condition score, prepartum nonesterified fatty acid concentration (pre-NEFA), and early-lactation clinical disease on these outcomes. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 trial arms: a first PEG dose approximately 7 d before the expected calving date and a second dose within 24 h after calving (PEG: primiparous = 342; multiparous = 697) compared with untreated controls (control: primiparous = 391; multiparous = 723). Cox's proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze rate of first insemination, rate of pregnancy [within 150 and 305 d in milk (DIM)], and hazard of culling. Additional analyses were performed on data that were stratified by parity group and pre-NEFA class (low ≤0.3; high >0.3 mM). In high pre-NEFA cows, PEG treatment increased the rate of first insemination [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15]. Early-lactation clinical mastitis (CM) and uterine disease (UD: retained placenta, metritis, or both) were associated with a reduced rate of pregnancy within 150 DIM (HR = 0.49 and 0.78, respectively). Pegbovigrastim treatment in high pre-NEFA cows with CM and UD increased the rate of pregnancy within 150 DIM (HR = 1.75 and 1.46, respectively). In high pre-NEFA cows, PEG treatment resulted in a lower hazard of culling (HR = 0.79). No treatment effect was detected in low pre-NEFA cows. This study shows that the effect of PEG treatment on fertility and culling interacts with pre-NEFA. In high pre-NEFA cows, PEG treatment increased the rate of first insemination, counteracted the negative association of early-lactation CM and UD with the rate of pregnancy, and decreased the hazard of culling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands.
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Mette Bouman
- Veterinary Practitioner, Colonia, 70400, Uruguay
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
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Barca J, Meikle A, Bouman M, Gnemmi G, Ruiz R, Schukken YH. Effect of pegbovigrastim on clinical mastitis and uterine disease during a full lactation in grazing dairy cows. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252418. [PMID: 34043727 PMCID: PMC8158865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this randomized controlled trial on four commercial grazing dairy farms, we investigated whether pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment affects clinical mastitis (CM) and uterine disease (i.e. retained placenta (RP), metritis and endometritis) occurrence during a full lactation. The association of prepartum body condition score and prepartum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration with disease occurrence was also evaluated. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: first PEG dose approximately 7 d before the expected calving date and a second dose within 24 h after calving (PEG) compared to untreated controls (Control). In total, 2,153 animals were included in the study: 733 primiparous cows (Control = 391, PEG = 342) and 1420 multiparous cows (Control = 723, PEG = 697). Treatment effects were evaluated with generalized linear mixed models and Cox's proportional hazard models. Treatment with PEG reduced the occurrence of a first case of CM during the first 30 days in milk (DIM) by 24.6% and reduced the hazard of a first case and the rate of total cases of CM during the full lactation. All PEG treatment effects were independent of parity. Prepartum body condition score interacted with PEG treatment: in over-conditioned cows, PEG reduced the occurrence of a first case of CM during the first 30 DIM by 49.5%. The hazard analysis of a first case of CM during the full lactation suggested that the preventive effect of PEG disappeared with increasing DIM. Treatment with PEG did not affect the occurrence of RP or metritis. Pegbovigrastim treated cows with metritis subsequently showed a reduced occurrence of endometritis compared to control cows with metritis. Pegbovigrastim reduces the occurrence of CM particularly in cows at risk of elevated lipid mobilization, and PEG ameliorates the uterine healing process in cows that experienced metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Giovanni Gnemmi
- Bovinevet Internacional Bovine Ultrasound Services & Herd Management, Huesca, Spain
- Department of Animal Reproduction Veterinary Faculty, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Nigsch A, Robbe-Austerman S, Stuber TP, Pavinski Bitar PD, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Who infects whom?-Reconstructing infection chains of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in an endemically infected dairy herd by use of genomic data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246983. [PMID: 33983941 PMCID: PMC8118464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence of circulation of multiple strains within herds and mixed infections of cows marks the beginning of a rethink of our knowledge on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) epidemiology. Strain typing opens new ways to investigate MAP transmission. This work presents a method for reconstructing infection chains in a setting of endemic Johne’s disease on a well-managed dairy farm. By linking genomic data with demographic field data, strain-specific differences in spreading patterns could be quantified for a densely sampled dairy herd. Mixed infections of dairy cows with MAP are common, and some strains spread more successfully. Infected cows remain susceptible for co-infections with other MAP genotypes. The model suggested that cows acquired infection from 1–4 other cows and spread infection to 0–17 individuals. Reconstructed infection chains supported the hypothesis that high shedding animals that started to shed at an early age and showed a progressive infection pattern represented a greater risk for spreading MAP. Transmission of more than one genotype between animals was recorded. In this farm with a good MAP control management program, adult-to-adult contact was proposed as the most important transmission route to explain the reconstructed networks. For each isolate, at least one more likely ancestor could be inferred. Our study results help to capture underlying transmission processes and to understand the challenges of tracing MAP spread within a herd. Only the combination of precise longitudinal field data and bacterial strain type information made it possible to trace infection in such detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Nigsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- USDA APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tod P. Stuber
- USDA APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paulina D. Pavinski Bitar
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yrjö T. Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Royal GD, Deventer, The Netherlands
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Barca J, Schukken YH, Meikle A. Increase in white blood cell counts by pegbovigrastim in primiparous and multiparous grazing dairy cows and the interaction with prepartum body condition score and non-esterified fatty acids concentration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245149. [PMID: 33411851 PMCID: PMC7790418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if parity affected the effect of pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment on white blood cell (WBC) counts in grazing dairy cows. Additionally, the association of prepartum body condition score (BCS) and non-esterified fatty acid (Pre-NEFA) concentration with WBC counts was investigated. The effect of early-lactation disease was included in the statistical analysis. A randomized controlled trial on four commercial grazing dairy farms was performed. Holstein primiparous (Control = 87, PEG = 89) and multiparous (Control = 181, PEG = 184) cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: first PEG dose 8 ± 5 (mean ± SD) days before the expected calving date and a second dose within 24 h after calving (PEG) compared to untreated controls (Control). Treatment effects were evaluated with mixed linear regression models. Treatment with PEG increased WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts at 6 ± 1 (mean ± SD) days in milk. Parity, BCS and their interactions with treatment were not associated with WBC counts. In control cows, Pre-NEFA concentration was associated with reduced WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and tended to be associated with reduced monocyte counts. Pegbovigrastim treatment reversed the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with neutrophil and monocyte counts and tended to reverse the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with WBC counts. In the PEG treated group, cows diagnosed with retained placenta or metritis showed lower neutrophil counts when compared to PEG treated cows without these clinical diseases. These data confirm that PEG treatment increases WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in grazing dairy cows and that this effect is independent of parity. Pegbovigrastim treatment reversed the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with neutrophil and monocyte counts, and tended to reverse the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with WBC counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Ceres KM, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT. Characterizing infectious disease progression through discrete states using hidden Markov models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242683. [PMID: 33216809 PMCID: PMC7678993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease management relies on accurate characterization of disease progression so that transmission can be prevented. Slowly progressing infectious diseases can be difficult to characterize because of a latency period between the time an individual is infected and when they show clinical signs of disease. The introduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the cause of Johne’s disease, onto a dairy farm could be undetected by farmers for years before any animal shows clinical signs of disease. In this time period infected animals may shed thousands of colony forming units. Parameterizing trajectories through disease states from infection to clinical disease can help farmers to develop control programs based on targeting individual disease state, potentially reducing both transmission and production losses due to disease. We suspect that there are two distinct progression pathways; one where animals progress to a high-shedding disease state, and another where animals maintain a low-level of shedding without clinical disease. We fit continuous-time hidden Markov models to multi-year longitudinal fecal sampling data from three US dairy farms, and estimated model parameters using a modified Baum-Welch expectation maximization algorithm. Using posterior decoding, we observed two distinct shedding patterns: cows that had observations associated with a high-shedding disease state, and cows that did not. This model framework can be employed prospectively to determine which cows are likely to progress to clinical disease and may be applied to characterize disease progression of other slowly progressing infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Ceres
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yrjö T. Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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12
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Valckenier D, Piepers S, Schukken YH, De Visscher A, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Longitudinal study on the effects of intramammary infection with non-aureus staphylococci on udder health and milk production in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:899-914. [PMID: 33189263 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate the effect of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) causing subclinical intramammary infections (IMI) on quarter milk somatic cell count (qSCC) and quarter milk yield (qMY). In total, 324 quarters of 82 Holstein Friesian heifers were followed from calving to 130 d in milk (DIM) and were sampled 10 times each at 14-d intervals. The IMI status of each quarter was determined based on bacterial culture results at the current and previous or next sampling day, or both. The qSCC was determined on each sampling day and the average qMY on sampling day was available through stored daily milk weight data in the management program of the automatic milking system. A transient IMI (tIMI) was defined as a case where a specific pathogen was isolated from a quarter on only one sampling day and not on the previous or next sampling day. When the same bacterial strain, as defined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA-PCR, was isolated from the same quarter on multiple sampling days, it was defined as a persistent IMI (pIMI) status on those sampling days; a pIMI episode was defined as the combination of multiple consecutive pIMI statuses with the same bacterial strain on different sampling days. During this study, 142 subclinical IMI with NAS occurred in 116 different quarters from 64 animals, yielding in total 304 NAS isolates belonging to 17 different species. The prevalence of NAS was highest in the first 4 DIM. Overall, the predominant species was Staphylococcus chromogenes (52% of the isolates), followed by S. epidermidis (9.2%), S. xylosus (8.2%), and S. equorum (5.9%). Staphylococcus chromogenes was the only species for which an effect on qSCC and qMY could be analyzed separately; the other NAS species were considered as a group because of their low prevalence. Eighteen out of 40 IMI (45%) caused by S. chromogenes persisted over at least 2 sampling days, whereas only 10 of 102 (9.8%) IMI caused by other NAS species persisted for at least 2 sampling days. The average duration of pIMI episodes was 110.4 d for S. chromogenes and 70 d for the other NAS species. Remarkably, 17 of the 18 pIMI episodes with S. chromogenes started within the first 18 DIM. The qSCC was highest in quarters having a pIMI with a major pathogen, followed by quarters having a pIMI with S. chromogenes, and a pIMI with other NAS. Transient IMI with other NAS or with a major pathogen caused a small but significantly higher qSCC, whereas the qSCC in quarters having a tIMI with S. chromogenes was not statistically different compared with noninfected quarters. No significant differences in qMY were observed between quarters having a pIMI or tIMI with S. chromogenes or with the other NAS species compared with noninfected quarters, despite the higher qSCC. Quarters having a pIMI with major pathogens showed significantly lower daily milk production. Surprisingly, quarters that cured from an IMI with S. chromogenes had a significantly lower qMY than noninfected quarters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Valckenier
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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13
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De Prado-Taranilla AI, Holstege MMC, Bertocchi L, Appiani A, Becvar O, Davidek J, Bay D, Jimenez LM, Roger N, Krömker V, Paduch JH, Piepers S, Wuytack A, Veenkamp A, van Werven T, Dalez B, Le Page P, Schukken YH, Velthuis AGJ. Incidence of milk leakage after dry-off in European dairy herds, related risk factors, and its role in new intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9224-9237. [PMID: 32713691 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of milk leakage (ML) after dry-off (DO) and related risk factors was studied in 1,175 dairy cows from 41 commercial herds in 8 European countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Milk leakage was assessed twice for 30 s each during 3 visits at 20 to 24 h, 30 to 34 h, and 48 to 52 h after DO. Information related to dry-cow management and udder health was collected at herd and cow level, including individual somatic cell count (ISCC) from test-day controls and occurrence of clinical mastitis cases from DO until 30 d in lactation. Mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were used to identify possible risk factors for ML and to study the association between ML and new intramammary infections. Intramammary infections were defined as clinical mastitis cases during the dry period and in the first 30 d in lactation or a rise in ISCC from before to after the dry period (threshold: 200,000 cells/mL) or both. Milk leakage was observed in 24.5% of the cows between 20 and 52 h after DO, where the herd incidence varied between 0.0 and 77.8%. The reduction in number of milkings in the weeks before DO had statistically significant effect on the ML incidence. When the milking frequency was reduced from 3 times/d to 2 or maintained at twice a day, cows had 11 (95% CI = 3.43-35.46) or 9 (95% CI = 1.85-48.22) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows where the milking frequency was reduced from twice to once a day. Also, the milk production 24 h before DO was associated with ML incidence. Hence, cows with a milk production between 13 and 21 L or above 21 L had 2.3 (95% CI = 1.48-3.53) and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.79-5.3) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows with a milk production below 13 L. A higher ML incidence was present in the group of cows with an average ISCC in the last 3 mo before DO ≥200,000 cells/mL (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.13-2.41) compared with cows with an average ISCC <100,000 cells/mL. Quarters with ML tended to have 2.0 times higher odds of developing clinical mastitis compared with quarters not leaking milk. Cows with ML tended to have 1.5 times higher odds of intramammary infections (i.e., an increase of ISCC or clinical mastitis) compared with cows without ML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M M C Holstege
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - L Bertocchi
- Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Bruno Ubertini, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - A Appiani
- Embryo Vet Studio Veterinario, Cascina Bosco 6, 25028 Verdanuova (Brescia) Italy
| | - O Becvar
- FarmVet spol.s. r.o., Rojšín 5, 38203 Brloh, Czech Republic
| | - J Davidek
- FarmVet spol.s. r.o., Rojšín 5, 38203 Brloh, Czech Republic
| | - D Bay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L M Jimenez
- Servet Talavera S.L., Plaza San Andrés, 15, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
| | - N Roger
- Servet Talavera S.L., Plaza San Andrés, 15, 45600 Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain
| | - V Krömker
- Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Heisterbergallee 10A, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - J H Paduch
- Faculty II, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Heisterbergallee 10A, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Veenkamp
- Van Reen Cattle Veterinarian et Dierenartsenpraktijk, Flevoland, Gildenveld 76, 3892 DJ Zeewolde, the Netherlands
| | - T van Werven
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - B Dalez
- Réseau Cristal, SELAS EVA, Argentonnay 79150, France
| | - P Le Page
- Clinique Vétérinaire LesVet, 3 Place du Champ de Bataille, 29260 Lesneven, France
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - A G J Velthuis
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
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14
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Notcovich S, Williamson NB, Flint S, Yapura J, Schukken YH, Heuer C. Effect of bismuth subnitrate on in vitro growth of major mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7249-7259. [PMID: 32475664 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mode of action of bismuth subnitrate in teat sealant formulations as a preventative for intramammary infections during the dry period is unknown. Although previous studies proposed an action mechanism-creating a physical barrier in the teat canal to prevent bacterial invasion-it has not been proven experimentally. We hypothesized that bismuth subnitrate has an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, in addition to its barrier effect. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of bismuth subnitrate on bacterial growth of major mastitis-causing agents. A strain of Streptococcus uberis (SR115), 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA3971/59 and SA1), and a strain of Escherichia coli (P17.14291) were tested in vitro for their ability to grow in the presence or absence of bismuth subnitrate. Disk diffusion testing, impedance measurement, and evaluation of bacterial growth in shaking conditions were the methods used to test this hypothesis. A reduction of growth in the presence of bismuth subnitrate occurred for all the strains tested. However, we observed strain and species variations in the extent of growth inhibition. These results suggest that an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth by bismuth subnitrate could partially explain the efficacy of bismuth-based formulations for preventing intramammary infections over the dry period. Further research is required to test the effect of teat sealant formulations on bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Notcovich
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - N B Williamson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - S Flint
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - J Yapura
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 6700 AH; GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands, 7400 AA
| | - C Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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15
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Leelahapongsathon K, Schukken YH, Srithanasuwan A, Suriyasathaporn W. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis intramammary infections: Persistent and transient patterns of infection in a dairy herd. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3565-3576. [PMID: 32037160 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal observational study was carried out to explore transmission dynamics and duration of infection of Streptococcus uberis. Quarter milk samples were collected aseptically for bacterial culture from all lactating cows once a month over a 10-mo period. Molecular typing of S. uberis mastitis was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Molecular typing was used to determine episodes of S. uberis intramammary infection (IMI). Comparisons of spontaneous cure among PFGE types were performed using Fisher's exact chi-squared tests. Differences of duration among PFGE types and between periods of lactation were tested with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox's proportional hazard model. Among a total of 851 quarter samples, 145 milk samples were detected with S. uberis presence. Based on results of PFGE, 66 episodes of S. uberis IMI were determined. From the 8 main PFGE types (A-H), PFGE type D, E, F1, F2, G, and H had only one episode indicating no evidence for transmission, subsequently defined as environmental S. uberis strains. In contrast, PFGE types A1, A2, B, C1, and C2 had at least 2 infection episodes caused by the same strain in different quarters or cows, indicating that these strains would be able to transmit to other quarters or cows. These strains were defined as contagious strains. The majority of IMI were attributable to PFGE type A1 (55%), B (17%), and A2 (11%). Spontaneous cures were observed in 35 IMI episodes. Of these 35 IMI cures, 91.4% were in IMI with duration of infection of 1 mo, n = 25, and 2 mo, n = 6. The remaining 8.6% was in IMI with duration of infection >2 mo, n = 4. Based on results from Cox's proportional hazard model, environmental S. uberis episodes were likely to have spontaneous cure with shorter duration compared with contagious S. uberis with PFGE type B (hazard ratio = 8.4). Quarters infected with S. uberis strain PFGE type A in early lactation were more likely to persist compared with those infected in late lactation (hazard ratio = 7.57). In conclusion, the majority of S. uberis IMI in this herd were transient and showed spontaneous cure. In addition to environmental S. uberis IMI, at least 3 types of contagious IMI S. uberis can be defined as (1) short duration of IMI and likely to have spontaneous cure, (2) long duration and unlikely to have spontaneous cure, and (3) wide range of duration of IMI either transient or persistent where spontaneous cure may occur depending on host defense capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leelahapongsathon
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, 73140 Thailand
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO 9101, 6700 HB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Srithanasuwan
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand
| | - W Suriyasathaporn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100 Thailand.
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16
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Rani S, Beaver A, Schukken YH, Pradhan AK. Modeling the effects of infection status and hygiene practices on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis contamination in bulk tank milk. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Dalen G, Rachah A, Nørstebø H, Schukken YH, Reksen O. Dynamics of somatic cell count patterns as a proxy for transmission of mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11349-11358. [PMID: 31563313 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Management of udder health is particularly focused on preventing new infections. Data from the DeLaval Online Cell Counter (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden) may be used in forecasting to improve decision support for improved udder health management. It provides online cell counts (OCC) as a proxy for somatic cell counts from every milking at the cow level. However, these values are typically too insensitive and nonspecific to indicate subclinical intramammary infection (IMI). Our aim was to describe and evaluate use of dynamic transmission models to forecast subclinical IMI episodes using milk cultures or changes in OCC patterns over time. The latter was expressed by an elevated mastitis risk variable. Data were obtained from the dairy herd of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Oslo, Norway). In total, 173 cows were sampled monthly for bacteriological milk culture during a 17-mo study period and 5,330 quarter milk samples were cultured. Mastitis pathogens identified were assigned to 1 of 2 groups, Pat 1 or Pat 2. Pathogens from which a high cell count would be expected during a subclinical IMI episode were assigned to the Pat 1 group. Pathogens not in the Pat 1 group were assigned to the Pat 2 group. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were the most common Pat 1 pathogens. Corynebacterium bovis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most common Pat 2 pathogens. The OCC were successfully recorded from 82,182 of 96,542 milkings. The current study included 324 subclinical IMI episodes. None of the mastitis pathogens demonstrated a basic reproduction number (R0) >1. Patterns of OCC change related to an episode of Pat 1 subclinical IMI at specificity levels of 80, 90, and 95% at sensitivity levels of 69, 59, and 48% respectively, demonstrated an R0 >1. An existing infection was significant for transmission for several Pat 2 pathogens, but only for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis among Pat 1 pathogens. Dynamic transmission models showed that patterns of OCC change related to an episode of Pat 1 subclinical IMI were significantly related to the same pattern occurring in susceptible cows at specificity levels of 80, 90, and 99% at sensitivity levels of 69, 48, and 8%, respectively. We conclude that changes in herd prevalence of subclinical IMI can be predicted using dynamic transmission models based on patterns of OCC change. Choice of specificity level depends on management goals and tolerance for false-positive alerts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dalen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; TINE SA, PO Box 58, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Amira Rachah
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Nørstebø
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; TINE SA, PO Box 58, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Olav Reksen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Hop GE, de Prado-Taranilla AI, Isaka N, Ocak M, Bertet J, Supré K, Velthuis A, Schukken YH, Deflandre A. Efficacy of cabergoline in a double-blind randomized clinical trial on milk leakage reduction at drying-off and new intramammary infections across the dry period and postcalving. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11670-11680. [PMID: 31521356 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The abrupt cessation of milking at dry-off may induce milk leakage, which may increase the risk of new intramammary infections (IMI). This study assessed the efficacy of 1 i.m. injection of 5.6 mg of cabergoline (Velactis, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France) at drying-off on milk leakage after dry-off and new IMI across the dry period and postcalving compared with a placebo (negative control) and an intramammary antibiotic treatment (positive control) under field conditions. The study was a double-blind, randomized, 3-arm, multicenter, clinical trial performed under Good Clinical Practice conditions. Data from 900 dairy cows of various breeds from 63 farms in France, Germany, and Hungary were analyzed. Only quarters with no bacterial growth at drying-off and a cow somatic cell count ≤200,000 cells/mL were included. Quarters infected with major or minor pathogens or cows with high somatic cell count at time of inclusion were excluded. Cows that qualified for the study were visited 7 times in total before and after drying-off and after calving. Presence (yes/no) of milk leakage was recorded on the day after dry-off. A new infected quarter (new IMI) was defined as one with a major pathogen present in any one of the 2 postcalving samples. Two mixed logistic regression models were fitted to the data to evaluate the efficacy of cabergoline in the reduction of milk leakage and new IMI. One i.m. injection of cabergoline at drying-off significantly reduced the incidence of milk leakage the day after dry-off compared with both placebo and antibiotic treatment. Cabergoline-treated cows significantly reduced the risk of new IMI by major pathogens across the dry period and postcalving by 21% when compared with placebo cows (20.5 vs. 26.0%, respectively). However, when milk leakage was added to the model, the significance of cabergoline was reduced. We interpreted this to show that milk leakage is an intervening variable between treatment with cabergoline and lower risk of new IMI. The antibiotic treatment significantly decreased the odds of new IMI compared with both cabergoline and placebo. However, because several countries are currently disallowing the preventive use of antibiotics at dry-off in noninfected quarters, the dry-off facilitator cabergoline may therefore be of particular value to reduce the risk of new IMI across the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hop
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | | | - N Isaka
- CEVA Santé Animale, Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - M Ocak
- MD Research, An der Isar, 82049 Pullach im Isartal, Germany
| | - J Bertet
- CEVA Santé Animale, Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - K Supré
- Milk Control Centre Flanders, Hagenbroeksesteenweg, B-2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - A Velthuis
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - A Deflandre
- CEVA Santé Animale, Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
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Santman-Berends IMGA, Schukken YH, van Schaik G. Quantifying calf mortality on dairy farms: Challenges and solutions. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6404-6417. [PMID: 31056325 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, the mortality rate of ear-tagged calves <1 yr is one of the indicators that is continuously monitored in census data and is defined as the number of deceased calves relative to the number of calf-days-at-risk. In 2017, yearly calf mortality rates were published in the lay press and resulted in discussions about the calculation of this parameter among stakeholders because the same parameter appeared to be calculated in many different ways by different organizations. These diverse definitions of calf mortality answered different aims such as early detection of deviations, monitoring trends, or providing insight into herd-specific results, but were difficult to understand by stakeholders. The aim of this study was to evaluate several definitions of calf mortality for scientific validity, usefulness for policymakers, and comprehensibility by farmers. Based on expert consultations, 10 definitions for calf mortality were evaluated that assessed different age categories, time periods, and denominators. Differences in definitions appeared to have a large effect on the magnitude of mortality. For example, with the original mortality parameter, the mortality rate was 16.5% per year. When the first year of life was subdivided into 3 age categories, the mortality rate was 3.3, 4.5, and 3.1% for postnatal calves (≤14 d), preweaned calves (15-55 d), and weaned calves (56 d-1 yr), respectively. Although it was logical that these mortality rates were lower than the original, the sum of the 3 separate mortality rates was also lower than the original mortality rate. The reason was that the number of calves present in a herd and the risk of mortality are not randomly distributed over a calf's first year of life and the conditional nature of mortality rates when calculated for different age categories. Ultimately, 4 parameters to monitor calf mortality in Dutch dairy herds were chosen based on scientific value, usefulness for monitoring of trends, and comprehensibility by farmers: perinatal calf mortality risk (i.e., mortality before, during, or shortly after the moment of birth up to the moment of ear-tagging), postnatal calf mortality risk (≤14 d), preweaned calf mortality rate (15-55 d), and weaned calf mortality rate (56 d-1 yr). Slight differences in definitions of parameters can have a major effect on results, and many factors have to be taken into account when defining an important health indicator such as mortality. Our evaluation resulted in a more thorough understanding of the definitions of the selected parameters and agreement by the stakeholders to use these key indicators to monitor calf mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. 9101, 6700 HB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G van Schaik
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Dalen G, Rachah A, Nørstebø H, Schukken YH, Reksen O. The detection of intramammary infections using online somatic cell counts. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5419-5429. [PMID: 30954252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate identification of cows with intramammary infections is essential for optimal udder health management. Various sensor systems have been developed to provide udder health information that can be used as a decision support tool for the farmer. Among these sensors, the DeLaval Online Cell Counter (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden) provides somatic cell counts from every milking at cow level. Our aim was to describe and evaluate diagnostic sensor properties of these online cell counts (OCC) for detecting an intramammary infection, defined as an episode of subclinical mastitis or a new case of clinical mastitis. The predictive abilities of a single OCC value, rolling averages of OCC values, and an elevated mastitis risk (EMR) variable were compared for their accuracy in identifying cows with episodes of subclinical mastitis or new cases of clinical mastitis. Detection of subclinical mastitis episodes by OCC was performed in 2 separate groups of different mastitis pathogens, Pat 1 and Pat 2, categorized by their known ability to increase somatic cell count. The data for this study were obtained in a field trial conducted in the dairy herd of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Altogether, 173 cows were sampled at least once during a 17-mo study period. The total number of quarter milk cultures was 5,330. The most common Pat 1 pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. The most common Pat 2 pathogens were Corynebacterium bovis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The OCC were successfully recorded from 82,182 of 96,542 milkings during the study period. For episodes of subclinical mastitis the rolling 7-d average OCC and the EMR approach performed better than a single OCC value for detection of Pat 1 subclinical mastitis episodes. The EMR approach outperformed the OCC approaches for detection of Pat 2 subclinical mastitis episodes. For the 2 pathogen groups, the sensitivity of detection of subclinical mastitis episodes was 69% (Pat 1) and 31% (Pat 2), respectively, at a predefined specificity of 80% (EMR). All 3 approaches were equally good at detecting new cases of clinical mastitis, with an optimum sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 90% (single OCC value).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dalen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; TINE SA, PO Box 58, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Amira Rachah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Nørstebø
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; TINE SA, PO Box 58, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Olav Reksen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Dalen G, Rachah A, Nørstebø H, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT, Barlow JW, Reksen O. Transmission dynamics of intramammary infections caused by Corynebacterium species. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:472-479. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Shook GE, Kirk RLB, Welcome FL, Schukken YH, Ruegg PL. Relationship between intramammary infection prevalence and somatic cell score in commercial dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9691-9701. [PMID: 28987587 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined consistency of the relationship between intramammary infection (IMI) and somatic cell score (SCS) across several classes of cow, herd, and sampling time variables. Microbial cultures of composite milk samples were performed by New York Quality Milk Production Services from 1992 to 2004. SCS was from the most recent Dairy Herd Improvement test before IMI sampling. Records were analyzed from 79,308 cows in 1,124 commercial dairy herds representing a broad range of production systems. Three binary dependent variables were presence or absence of contagious IMI, environmental IMI, and all IMI. Independent variables in the initial models were SCS, SCS2, lactation number, days in milk, sample day milk yield, use of coliform mastitis vaccine, participant type (required by regulation or voluntary), production system (type of housing, milking system, and herd size), season of sampling, year of sampling, and herd; also the initial models included interactions of SCS and SCS2 with other independent variables, except herd and milk yield. Interaction terms characterize differences in the IMI-SCS relationship across classes of the independent variables. Models were derived using the Glimmix macro in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with a logistic link function and employing backward elimination. The final model for each dependent variable included all significant independent variables and interactions. Simplified models omitted SCS2 and all interactions with SCS. Interactions of SCS with days in milk, use of coliform mastitis vaccine, participant type, season, and year were not significant in any of the models. Interaction of SCS with production system was significant for the all IMI model, whereas interaction of SCS with lactation number was significant for the environmental and all IMI models. Each 1-point increase in SCS (or doubling of somatic cell count) was associated with a 2.3, 5.5, and 9.1% increase in prevalence of contagious, environmental, and all IMI, respectively. Empirical receiver operator characteristic curves and areas under the curve were derived for final and simplified models. The areas under the curve for simplified and final models within each type of IMI differed by 0.009 or less. We concluded that the relationship of IMI with SCS was generally stable over time and consistent across seasons, production systems, and cow factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Shook
- Dairy Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| | - R L Bamber Kirk
- Dairy Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - F L Welcome
- Quality Milk Production Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P L Ruegg
- Dairy Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Al-Mamun MA, Smith RL, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT. Use of an Individual-based Model to Control Transmission Pathways of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in Cattle Herds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11845. [PMID: 28928423 PMCID: PMC5605505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteric disease in cattle caused by Mycobacterium avian subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Eradicating JD is a difficult task due to the long incubation period of MAP, inefficient diagnostic tests, and delayed clinical signs. Effective control strategies can help farmers to reduce prevalence, but those most acceptable to farmers combine specific information about lactation performance and testing results, which existing models do not provide. This paper presents an individual-based model of MAP infection dynamics and assesses the relative performance of the applied alternative control strategies. The base dairy herd model included the daily life events of a dairy cow and reflects several current dairy management processes. We then integrated MAP infection dynamics into the model. The model adopted four different test-based control strategies based on risk-based culling decisions and three hygiene scenarios. The model tracked the source of each infection and quantified the efficacy of each control strategy in reducing the risks of different transmission routes. The results suggest that risk-based culling can reduce prevalence compared with no control, but cannot eliminate the infection. Overall, this work provides not only a valuable tool to investigate MAP transmission dynamics but also offers adaptability to model similar infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Al-Mamun
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America.
| | - R L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, 61802, United States of America
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America.,GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7411 EZ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States of America
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Masiello SN, Kent D, Martin NH, Schukken YH, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Longitudinal assessment of dairy farm management practices associated with the presence of psychrotolerant Bacillales spores in bulk tank milk on 10 New York State dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8783-8795. [PMID: 28865849 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of certain spore-forming bacteria in the order Bacillales (e.g., Bacillus spp., Paenibacillus spp.) to survive pasteurization in spore form and grow at refrigeration temperatures results in product spoilage and limits the shelf life of high temperature, short time (HTST)-pasteurized fluid milk. To facilitate development of strategies to minimize contamination of raw milk with psychrotolerant Bacillales spores, we conducted a longitudinal study of 10 New York State dairy farms, which included yearlong monthly assessments of the frequency and levels of bulk tank raw milk psychrotolerant spore contamination, along with administration of questionnaires to identify farm management practices associated with psychrotolerant spore presence over time. Milk samples were first spore pasteurized (80°C for 12 min) and then analyzed for sporeformer counts on the initial day of spore pasteurization (SP), and after refrigerated storage (6°C) for 7, 14, and 21 d after SP. Overall, 41% of samples showed sporeformer counts of >20,000 cfu/mL at d 21, with Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp. being predominant causes of high sporeformer counts. Statistical analyses identified 3 management factors (more frequent cleaning of the bulk tank area, the use of a skid steer to scrape the housing area, and segregating problem cows during milking) that were all associated with lower probabilities of d-21 Bacillales spore detection in SP-treated bulk tank raw milk. Our data emphasize that appropriate on-farm measures to improve overall cleanliness and cow hygiene will reduce the probability of psychrotolerant Bacillales spore contamination of bulk tank raw milk, allowing for consistent production of raw milk with reduced psychrotolerant spore counts, which will facilitate production of HTST-pasteurized milk with extended refrigerated shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Masiello
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D Kent
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - N H Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y H Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - K J Boor
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Rossi G, Grohn YT, Schukken YH, Smith RL. The effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on clinical mastitis occurrence in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7446-7454. [PMID: 28711261 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endemic diseases can be counted among the most serious sources of losses for livestock production. In dairy farms in particular, one of the most common diseases is Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP causes direct costs because it affects milk production, but it has also been suspected to increase the risk of clinical mastitis (CM) among infected animals. This might contribute to further costs for farmers. We asked whether MAP infection represents a risk factor for CM and, in particular, whether CM occurrences were more common in MAP-infected animals. Our results, obtained by survival analysis, suggest that MAP-infected cows had an increased probability of experiencing CM during lactation. These results highlight the need to account for the interplay of infectious diseases and other health conditions in economic and epidemiological modeling. In this case, accounting for MAP-infected cows having an increased CM occurrence might have nonnegligible effects on the estimated benefit of MAP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana 61802.
| | - Y T Grohn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850; GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana 61802
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Ganda EK, Gaeta N, Sipka A, Pomeroy B, Oikonomou G, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. Normal milk microbiome is reestablished following experimental infection with Escherichia coli independent of intramammary antibiotic treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin in bovines. Microbiome 2017; 5:74. [PMID: 28701174 PMCID: PMC5506599 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of antimicrobials in food animals and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance are global concerns. Ceftiofur is the only third-generation cephalosporin labeled for veterinary use in the USA, and it is the drug of choice in the majority of dairy farms for the treatment of mastitis. Here, we use next-generation sequencing to describe longitudinal changes that occur in the milk microbiome before, during, and after infection and treatment with ceftiofur. Twelve animals were intramammary challenged with Escherichia coli in one quarter and randomly allocated to receive intramammary treatment with ceftiofur (5d) or untreated controls. Serial samples were collected from -72 to 216 h relative to challenge from the challenged quarter, an ipsilateral quarter assigned to the same treatment group, and from a third quarter that did not undergo intervention. RESULTS Infection with E. coli dramatically impacted microbial diversity. Ceftiofur significantly decreased LogCFUs but had no significant effect on the milk microbiome, rate of pathogen clearance, or somatic cell count. At the end of the study, the microbial profile of infected quarters was indistinguishable from pre-challenge samples in both treated and untreated animals. Intramammary infusion with ceftiofur did not alter the healthy milk (i.e., milk devoid of clots or serous appearance and collected from a mammary gland that shows no clinical signs of mastitis) microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the mammary gland harbors a resilient microbiome, capable of reestablishing itself after experimental infection with E. coli independent of antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Gaeta
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anja Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brianna Pomeroy
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Georgios Oikonomou
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Al-Mamun MA, Smith RL, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT. Modeling of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dynamics in a dairy herd: An individual based approach. J Theor Biol 2016; 408:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Beaver A, Ruegg PL, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Comparative risk assessment for new cow-level Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections between 3 dairy production types: Organic, conventional, and conventional-grazing systems. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9885-9899. [PMID: 27692718 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease, a granulomatous enteritis of ruminant animals, is a hidden threat on dairy farms, adversely affecting animal welfare as well as herd productivity. Control programs in the United States advocate for specific management practices to temper the spread of the causal organism (Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, MAP), such as improving calving area hygiene and limiting introduction of replacement stock with unknown infection status. A need remains for direct exploration of Johne's disease prevention strategies in the United States with respect to production type. Alongside the growing demand for organic products, the safety of organic dairy practices with respect to MAP control is warranted. Further, conventional herds for which organic practices such as pasture grazing are used should be situated within the risk spectrum. We developed a risk assessment model using the US Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Program as a framework, with the goal of evaluating the risk of new cow-level MAP infections. A total of 292 organic and conventional farms in 3 states were surveyed on management practices, and an overall analysis was conducted in which each farm was first scored on individual practices using a range of "no risk" to "high risk," according to the literature. The sum of all risk factors was then analyzed to quantify and compare the risk burden for each production type. Organic herds received higher overall risk scores compared with both conventional grazing and nongrazing subtypes. To identify which factors contributed to the overall increased risk for organic herds, the management practices were categorized and evaluated by logistic regression. We determined that the increased risk incurred by organic herds was predominantly due to decisions made in the calving area and preweaned calf group. However, although certain individual risk factors related to calf management are commonly involved in prevention strategies (e.g., cow/calf separation) and were thus included in the overall risk assessment, empirical evidence linking them to the spread of MAP is lacking. Instead, these factors are problematic when executed with other management decisions, leading to a hypothesized synergism of transmission risk. To this end, we developed a set of compound risk factors, which were also evaluated as outcomes in logistic regression models, with production type serving as the predictor of interest. Organic farms in our study were more susceptible to risks associated with the synergism of study variables. Notably, organic producers were most likely to allow calves to spend extended time with the dam, while also lacking a dedicated calving area. Additionally, calves in organic herds were more often permitted to nurse even with poor udder hygiene on farm. A heightened vigilance toward calving area hygiene is therefore indicated for these herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beaver
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; GD Animal Health Service, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
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Pomeroy B, Gurjar A, Sipka A, Klaessig S, Salmon S, Quesnell R, Schukken YH. Intramammary immunization with ultraviolet-killed Escherichia coli shows partial protection against late gestation intramammary challenge with a homologous strain. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9014-9026. [PMID: 27638260 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intramammary immunization with UV-killed Escherichia coli ECC-Z on prevention of intramammary colonization after a challenge with a dose of the homologous E. coli ECC-Z live bacteria. A total of 10 cows were included in a study to evaluate the efficacy of intramammary immunization. All 10 cows received an intramammary immunization of 100 cfu of UV-killed E. coli ECC-Z bacteria into one hind quarter at the time of dry off. Approximately 2wk before the anticipated calving date, both hind quarters of all cows were challenged with 100 cfu of live E. coli ECC-Z bacteria. Five of the cows were vaccinated parenterally with a commercial J5 bacterin, and 5 cows served as controls with no parenteral vaccination. The cows were then followed over time and infection risk, clinical scores, somatic cell count, and milk production were observed over time. The results of these 10 cows showed partial protection of intramammary immunization on the outcome of a subsequent homologous intramammary challenge. Immunization resulted in a lower probability of infection, a lower bacteria count, lower somatic cell counts and milk conductivity, a lower clinical mastitis score, and increased milk production compared with unimmunized control quarters. Once the analysis was corrected for immunization, parenteral J5 vaccination had no significant effect on any of the measured parameters. These results provide the first evidence that intramammary immunization may improve the outcome of an intramammary E. coli infection in late gestation and onset of mastitis immediately following parturition. Unlike systemic vaccination, which generally does not reduce the intramammary infection risk, the intramammary immunization did show a 5-times reduced odds of an established intramammary infection after challenge. Cytokine profiles indicated a local return of proinflammatory response after challenge as the data showed a more pronounced increase in in IFN-γ with a subsequent negative feedback due to a spike in the level of IL-10 in immunized quarters relative to nonimmunized quarters. Although these results are preliminary and obtained on only 10 cows, the results provide insight into the biological benefits of triggering mucosal immunity in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pomeroy
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - A Gurjar
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Klaessig
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Salmon
- Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
| | - R Quesnell
- Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7411 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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French EA, Mukai M, Zurakowski M, Rauch B, Gioia G, Hillebrandt JR, Henderson M, Schukken YH, Hemling TC. Iodide Residues in Milk Vary between Iodine-Based Teat Disinfectants. J Food Sci 2016; 81:T1864-70. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Motoko Mukai
- Dept. of Food Science; Cornell Univ; Stocking Hall, 411 Tower Rd. Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
- Cornell Univ; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
| | | | | | - Gloria Gioia
- Cornell Univ; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
- Quality Milk Production Services; 240 Farrier Rd. Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
| | - Joseph R. Hillebrandt
- Cornell Univ; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center; 602 Tower Rd. Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
| | - Mark Henderson
- DeLaval Manufacturing; 11100 N. Congress Drive Kansas City MO 64153 U.S.A
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Cornell Univ; Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
- GD Animal Health; Arnsbergstraat 7, P.O. Box 9 7400 AA Deventer the Netherlands
| | - Thomas C. Hemling
- DeLaval Manufacturing; 11100 N. Congress Drive Kansas City MO 64153 U.S.A
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Beaver A, Cazer CL, Ruegg PL, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Implications of PCR and ELISA results on the routes of bulk-tank contamination with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1391-1405. [PMID: 26686723 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in dairy cattle, may enter the bulk tank via environmental contamination or direct excretion into milk. Traditionally, diagnostics to identify MAP in milk target either MAP antibodies (by ELISA) or the organism itself (by culture or PCR). High ELISA titers may be directly associated with excretion of MAP into milk but only indirectly linked to environmental contamination of the bulk tank. Patterns of bulk-milk ELISA and bulk-milk PCR results could therefore provide insight into the routes of contamination and level of infection or environmental burden. Coupled with questionnaire responses pertaining to management, the results of these diagnostic tests could reveal correlations with herd characteristics or on-farm practices that distinguish herds with high and low environmental bulk-tank MAP contamination. A questionnaire on hygiene, management, and Johne's specific parameters was administered to 292 dairy farms in New York, Oregon, and Wisconsin. Bulk-tank samples were collected from each farm for evaluation by real-time PCR and ELISA. Before DNA extraction and testing of the unknown samples, bulk-milk template preparation was optimized with respect to parameters such as MAP fractionation patterns and lysis. Two regression models were developed to explore the relationships among bulk-tank PCR, ELISA, environmental predictors, and herd characteristics. First, ELISA optical density (OD) was designated as the outcome in a linear regression model. Second, the log odds of being PCR positive in the bulk tank were modeled using binary logistic regression with penalized maximum likelihood. The proportion of PCR-positive bulk tanks was highest for New York and for organic farms, providing a clue as to the geographical patterns of MAP-positive bulk-tank samples and relationship to production type. Bulk-milk PCR positivity was also higher for large relative to small herds. The models revealed that bulk-milk PCR result could predict ELISA OD, with PCR-positive results corresponding to high bulk-milk ELISA titers. Similarly, ELISA was a predictor of PCR result, although the association was stronger for organic farms. Despite agreement between high bulk-milk ELISA titers and positive PCR results, a large proportion of high ELISA farms had PCR-negative bulk tanks, suggesting that farms are able to maintain satisfactory hygiene and management despite a presence of MAP in these herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beaver
- Department of Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| | - C L Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; GD Animal Health Service, Deventer 7400 AA, the Netherlands
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Smith RL, Gröhn YT, Pradhan AK, Whitlock RH, Van Kessel JS, Smith JM, Wolfgang DR, Schukken YH. The effects of progressing and nonprogressing Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1383-1390. [PMID: 26686721 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal data from 3 commercial dairy herds in the northeast United States, collected from 2004 to 2011, were analyzed to determine the effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection status and progression path on milk production. Disease status, as indicated by MAP test results, was determined through quarterly ELISA serum testing, biannual fecal culture, and culture of tissues and feces at slaughter. Milk production data were collected from the Dairy Herd Information Association. Animals with positive MAP test results were categorized, based on test results over the full course of the study, as high path (at least one high-positive culture) or low path (at least one positive culture or ELISA). The cumulative numbers of positive ELISA and culture results were recorded. The effects of both MAP infection path, status, and number of positive tests on milk production were analyzed using a mixed linear model with an autocorrelation random effect structure. Low- and high-path animals produced more milk before their first positive test than always-negative animals, especially high-path animals. Although mean production decreased after a first positive test, low-path animals were shown to recover some productivity. High-path animals continued to exhibit a decrease in milk production, especially after their first high-positive fecal culture. These results show that not all animals that test positive for MAP will have long-term production losses. Milk production decreased significantly with each additional positive test. Ultimately, production loss appeared to be a function of MAP infection progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana 61802.
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - A K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science and Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - R H Whitlock
- New Bolton Center, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348
| | - J S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - J M Smith
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - D R Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850; GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Haley BJ, Sonnier J, Schukken YH, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS. Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes within a U.S. dairy herd, 2004-2010. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:844-50. [PMID: 26325149 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, is frequently isolated from the environment. Dairy cows and dairy farm environments are reservoirs of this pathogen, where fecal shedding contributes to its environmental dispersal and contamination of milk, dairy products, and meat. The molecular diversity of 40 L. monocytogenes isolates representing 3 serogroups (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) collected between 2004 and 2010 from the feces of dairy cattle on a single dairy farm was assessed using a multivirulence locus sequence typing (MVLST) assay. The dairy farm L. monocytogenes MVLST patterns were compared to those from 138 strains isolated globally from clinical cases, foods, and the environment. Results of the study demonstrated that several distantly related L. monocytogenes strains persisted among members of the herd over the course of the study while other strains were transient. Furthermore, some strains isolated during this study appear to be distantly related to previously isolated L. monocytogenes while others are closely related to Epidemic Clones associated with human illness. This work demonstrates that dairy cows can be reservoirs of a diverse population of potentially human pathogenic L. monocytogenes that represents a risk to consumers of milk, dairy products, and meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J Haley
- 1 Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jakeitha Sonnier
- 1 Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- 2 Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- 1 Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- 1 Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and the impact of postpartum uterine diseases in postpartum cows on future uterine status and reproductive performance in large Italian dairy herds. This study provides an important quantitative estimate of uterine and postpartum diseases incidence that afflict high-producing Italian dairy cows. The total number of cows included in the study was 1498 on three farms; all cows were followed from the dry period until 300 days postpartum. All farms used high-quality data collection systems and standard operating procedures: weekly herd health visits, monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association visits, and, due to cheese-making milk quality requirements, a supplementary milk sample collected at 7 ± 3 days postpartum evaluated for milk components. Clinical metritis in primiparous cows did not change the time to the first artificial insemination (AI) or days open; conversely, clinical metritis in multiparous cows had impact on the time to first AI (hazard ratio: 0.66, P < 0.01) and resulted in a lower conception rate at first insemination and a increase in days open (odds ratio: 0.64, P < 0.05). Clinical endometritis had a strong deleterious effect on first AI conception rate (odds ratio: 0.34, P < 0.05) and days open across all lactations (hazard ratio: 0.68, P < 0.05). Persistent metritis, defined as the presence of both clinical metritis and clinical endometritis in the same animal in the same lactation, caused low conception rate both in the first-lactation and in older cows and had a strong negative effect on the proportion of pregnant cows at 300 days (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the impact of endometritis on fertility was true across lactation groups. A good management and precocious diagnosis of the pathologies is not resolutive to restore good fertility parameters, and understanding the immune response in first-lactation cows may be of value for developing alternative intervention protocols for older-lactation cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Toni
- Zoetis Animal Health, Rome, Italy
| | - L Vincenti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Ricci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
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Lambertini E, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Cao H, Schukken YH, Wolfgang DR, Smith JM, Pradhan AK. Dynamics of Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Dairy Herds and Farm Environments in a Longitudinal Study in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4477-88. [PMID: 25911478 PMCID: PMC4475889 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00465-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli or its associated virulence factors have been frequently detected in dairy cow manure, milk, and dairy farm environments. However, it is unclear what the long-term dynamics of E. coli virulence factors are and which farm compartments act as reservoirs. This study assessed the occurrence and dynamics of four E. coli virulence factors (eae, stx1, stx2, and the gamma allele of the tir gene [γ-tir]) on three U.S. dairy farms. Fecal, manure, water, feed, milk, and milk filter samples were collected from 2004 to 2012. Virulence factors were measured by postenrichment quantitative PCR (qPCR). All factors were detected in most compartments on all farms. Fecal and manure samples showed the highest prevalence, up to 53% for stx and 21% for γ-tir in fecal samples and up to 84% for stx and 44% for γ-tir in manure. Prevalence was low in milk (up to 1.9% for stx and 0.7% for γ-tir). However, 35% of milk filters were positive for stx and 20% were positive for γ-tir. All factors were detected in feed and water. Factor prevalence and levels, expressed as qPCR cycle threshold categories, fluctuated significantly over time, with no clear seasonal signal independent from year-to-year variability. Levels were correlated between fecal and manure samples, and in some cases autocorrelated, but not between manure and milk filters. Shiga toxins were nearly ubiquitous, and 10 to 18% of the lactating cows were potential shedders of E. coli O157 at least once during their time in the herds. E. coli virulence factors appear to persist in many areas of the farms and therefore contribute to transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Huilin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA GD Animal Health, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - David R Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia M Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Schukken YH, Whitlock RH, Wolfgang D, Grohn Y, Beaver A, VanKessel J, Zurakowski M, Mitchell R. Longitudinal data collection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis infections in dairy herds: the value of precise field data. Vet Res 2015; 46:65. [PMID: 26092492 PMCID: PMC4474331 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal infection data on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) was collected on three dairy farms in Northeastern United States during approximately 10 years. Precise data on animal characteristics and animal location within farm were collected on these farms. Cows were followed over time with regard to MAP status during biannual fecal and serum sampling and quarterly serum sampling. Approximately 13 000 serum samples, 6500 fecal samples and 2000 tissue samples were collected during these years. Prevalence of positive samples was 1.4% for serological samples, 2.2% in fecal samples and 16.7% in tissue samples. Infection dynamics of MAP was studied and resulted in a number of potential changes in our understanding of MAP infection dynamics. First, a high prevalence of MAP infection was observed in these herds due to lifetime follow up of cows, including slaughter. Second, two distinctly different infection patterns were observed, so called non-progressors and progressors. Non-progressors were characterized by intermittent and low shedding of MAP bacteria and a virtual absence of a humoral immune response. Progressors were characterized by continuous and progressive shedding and a clearly detectable and progressive humoral immune response. Strain typing of MAP isolates on the three farms identified on two of three farms a dominant strain type, indicating that some strains are more successful in terms of transmission and infection progression. Continuous high quality longitudinal data collection turned out to be an essential tool in our understanding of pathobiology and epidemiology of MAP infections in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert H Whitlock
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
| | - Dave Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16801, USA.
| | - Yrjo Grohn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Annabelle Beaver
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | | | - Mike Zurakowski
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Watters RD, Bruckmaier RM, Crawford HM, Schuring N, Schukken YH, Galton DM. The effect of manual and mechanical stimulation on oxytocin release and milking characteristics in Holstein cows milked 3 times daily. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1721-9. [PMID: 25582591 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prestimulation administered to a cow before attachment of the milking unit has historically been performed manually. Development of innovative milking technology has allowed manual stimulation to be replaced by mechanical forms of stimulation. Holstein cows (n=30) were enrolled in a crossover design to determine the effect of manual stimulation (forestripping and drying) and high-vibration pulsation on oxytocin profiles, milk yield, milk flow rates, incidence of delayed milk ejection causing bimodal milk flow curves, and residual milk in Holstein cows milked 3 times daily (3×). All cows were subjected to all treatments. Cows received manual (forestripping and drying) or mechanical (high-vibration pulsation) stimulation along with lag times of 0, 30, or 90 s for 21 consecutive milkings. Forestripping involved the manual removal of 2 streams of milk from each teat and drying of the teats. High-vibration pulsation involved increasing the pulsation cycles from 60 to 300 pulses/min and reducing the vacuum in the pulsation chamber to 20 kPa. The 5 treatments were (1) immediate attachment of the milking machine under normal pulsation (T0); (2) dip plus forestrip and drying with 30-s lag time (FD30); (3) dip plus forestrip and drying with 90-s lag time (FD90); (4) high-vibration pulsation for 30 s (HV30); and (5) high-vibration pulsation for 90 s (HV90). Milk yield per milking averaged 14.0 kg and was significantly different among treatments; however, the maximum difference detected among treatments was 0.8 kg/milking. Milking unit on-time, which represents the time when the milking unit is under normal pulsation and harvesting milk (excluding the high-vibration pulsation time of 30 or 90 s), was shortest (245 s) for cows subjected to 90 s of high-vibration pulsation (HV90) and ranged from 256 to 261 s for all other treatments. Milk harvest may have begun during high-vibration pulsation; however, only 0.13 and 0.32 kg of milk was harvested during high-vibration pulsation for HV30 and HV90, respectively. The incidence of bimodal milk curves was lowest for FD90 (7%) and highest for T0 (21%). The somatic cell count was <72×10(3) cells/mL for all treatments. Residual milk obtained by giving 10 IU of oxytocin in the jugular vein followed by 2 min of milking unit attachment represented 12 to 14% of the total milk and did not differ among treatments. Endogenous oxytocin profiles peaked between 12.4 and 18.3 pg/mL for all treatments, and the peak occurred sooner in manually stimulated cows; however, we detected no difference in oxytocin concentration beyond 2 min after milking unit attachment. High-vibration pulsation elicited a similar oxytocin release when taking the start time of stimulation from manual stimulation or high vibration into consideration. Forestripping for visual observation of milk combined with the use of high-vibration stimulation may reduce variation in the milking routine. A predetermined lag time with minimal variation may be achieved via the time spent in high-vibration stimulation instead of a lag period dictated by milking personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick D Watters
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - David M Galton
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Mitchell RM, Whitlock RH, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Back to the real world: connecting models with data. Prev Vet Med 2014; 118:215-25. [PMID: 25583453 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models for infectious disease are often used to improve our understanding of infection biology or to evaluate the potential efficacy of intervention programs. Here, we develop a mathematical model that aims to describe infection dynamics of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The model was developed using current knowledge of infection biology and also includes some components of MAP infection dynamics that are currently still hypothetical. The objective was to show methods for parameter estimation of state transition models and to connect simulation models with detailed real life data. Thereby making model predictions and results of simulations more reflective and predictive of real world situations. Longitudinal field data from a large observational study are used to estimate parameter values. It is shown that precise data, including molecular diagnostics on the obtained MAP strains, results in more precise and realistic parameter estimates. It is argued that modeling of infection disease dynamics is of great value to understand the patho-biology, epidemiology and control of infectious diseases. The quality of conclusions drawn from model studies depend on two key issues; first, the quality of biology that has gone in the process of developing the model structure; second the quality of the data that go into the estimation of the parameters and the quality and quantity of the data that go into model validation. The more real world data that are used in the model building process, the more likely that modeling studies will provide novel, innovative and valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Mitchell
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitology and Malaria, GA, USA
| | - Robert H Whitlock
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands.
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Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Welcome FL, Tauer LW, Gröhn YT. Effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on probability of conception in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6942-54. [PMID: 25173468 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (CM), occurring in different weekly intervals before or after artificial insemination (AI), on the probability of conception in Holstein cows. Clinical mastitis occurring in weekly intervals from 6 wk before until 6 wk after AI was modeled. The first 4 AI in a cow's lactation were included. The following categories of pathogens were studied: Streptococcus spp. (comprising Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and other Streptococcus spp.); Staphylococcus aureus; coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS); Escherichia coli; Klebsiella spp.; cases with CM signs but no bacterial growth (above the level that can be detected from our microbiological procedures) observed in the culture sample and cases with contamination (≥ 3 pathogens in the sample); and other pathogens [including Citrobacter, yeasts, Trueperella pyogenes, gram-negative bacilli (i.e., gram-negative organisms other than E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter, and Citrobacter), Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium spp., Pasteurella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Prototheca, and others]. Other factors included in the model were parity (1, 2, 3, 4 and higher), season of AI (winter, spring, summer, autumn), day in lactation of first AI, farm, and other non-CM diseases (retained placenta, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum). Data from 90,271 AI in 39,361 lactations in 20,328 cows collected from 2003/2004 to 2011 from 5 New York State dairy farms were analyzed in a generalized linear mixed model with a Poisson distribution. The largest reductions in probability of conception were associated with CM occurring in the week before AI or in the 2 wk following AI. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. had the greatest adverse effects on probability of conception. The probability of conception for a cow with any combination of characteristics may be calculated based on the parameter estimates. These findings may be helpful to farmers in assessing reproduction in their dairy cows for more effective cow management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hertl
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - Y H Schukken
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - F L Welcome
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - L W Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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40
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Lippolis JD, Brunelle BW, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE, Nonnecke BJ, Dogan B, Simpson K, Schukken YH. Proteomic analysis reveals protein expression differences in Escherichia coli strains associated with persistent versus transient mastitis. J Proteomics 2014; 108:373-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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41
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Bergman MA, Richert RM, Cicconi-Hogan KM, Gamroth MJ, Schukken YH, Stiglbauer KE, Ruegg PL. Comparison of selected animal observations and management practices used to assess welfare of calves and adult dairy cows on organic and conventional dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4269-80. [PMID: 24819133 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differences in adoption of selected practices used in welfare assessment and audit programs were contrasted among organic (ORG; n=192) herds and similarly sized conventional grazing herds (CON-GR; n=36), and conventional nongrazing herds (CON-NG; n=64). Criteria from 3 programs were assessed: American Humane Association Animal Welfare Standards for Dairy Cattle, Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM), and the Canadian Codes of Practice (CCP). Data were collected by trained study personnel during a herd visit and included information about neonatal care, dehorning, pain relief, calf nutrition, weaning, record keeping, use of veterinarians, and animal observations. Associations of management type (ORG, CON-GR, or CON-NG) with adoption of selected practice were assessed. Almost all farms (97%) met criteria suggested for age at weaning but fewer CON-NG farmers weaned calves at ≥5 wk of age compared with ORG and CON-GR farmers. Only 23% of farms met program requirements for use of pain relief during dehorning, and fewer CON-NG farmers used pain relief for calves after dehorning compared with ORG and CON-GR farmers. Calves on ORG farms were fed a greater volume of milk and were weaned at an older age than calves on CON-GR and CON-NG farms. Calves on CON-GR farms were dehorned at a younger age compared with calves on ORG and CON-NG farms. The calving area was shared with lactating cows for a larger proportion of ORG herds compared with conventional herds. About 30% of herds met welfare program criteria for body condition score but only about 20% met criteria for animal hygiene scores. The least proportion of cows with hock lesions was observed on ORG farms. Regular use of veterinarians was infrequent for ORG herds. Results of this study indicate that most of the organic and conventional farms enrolled in this study would have been unlikely to achieve many criteria of audit and assessment programs currently used in the US dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bergman
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - R M Richert
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - K M Cicconi-Hogan
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M J Gamroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Y H Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - K E Stiglbauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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42
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Smith RL, Schukken YH, Lu Z, Mitchell RM, Grohn YT. Development of a model to simulate infection dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:411-23. [PMID: 23865885 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a mathematical model to simulate infection dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in the United States and predict efficacy of the current national control strategy for tuberculosis in cattle. DESIGN Stochastic simulation model. SAMPLE Theoretical cattle herds in the United States. PROCEDURES A model of within-herd M bovis transmission dynamics following introduction of 1 latently infected cow was developed. Frequency- and density-dependent transmission modes and 3 tuberculin test-based culling strategies (no test-based culling, constant [annual] testing with test-based culling, and the current strategy of slaughterhouse detection-based testing and culling) were investigated. Results were evaluated for 3 herd sizes over a 10-year period and validated via simulation of known outbreaks of M bovis infection. RESULTS On the basis of 1,000 simulations (1,000 herds each) at replacement rates typical for dairy cattle (0.33/y), median time to detection of M bovis infection in medium-sized herds (276 adult cattle) via slaughterhouse surveillance was 27 months after introduction, and 58% of these herds would spontaneously clear the infection prior to that time. Sixty-two percent of medium-sized herds without intervention and 99% of those managed with constant test-based culling were predicted to clear infection < 10 years after introduction. The model predicted observed outbreaks best for frequency-dependent transmission, and probability of clearance was most sensitive to replacement rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although modeling indicated the current national control strategy was sufficient for elimination of M bovis infection from dairy herds after detection, slaughterhouse surveillance was not sufficient to detect M bovis infection in all herds and resulted in subjectively delayed detection, compared with the constant testing method. Further research is required to economically optimize this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Smith
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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43
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Lu Z, Mitchell RM, Smith RL, Karns JS, van Kessel JAS, Wolfgang DR, Schukken YH, Grohn YT. Invasion and transmission of Salmonella Kentucky in an adult dairy herd using approximate Bayesian computation. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:245. [PMID: 24304969 PMCID: PMC4235045 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An outbreak of Salmonella Kentucky followed by a high level of sustained endemic prevalence was recently observed in a US adult dairy herd enrolled in a longitudinal study involving intensive fecal sampling. To understand the invasion ability and transmission dynamics of Salmonella Kentucky in dairy cattle, accurate estimation of the key epidemiological parameters from longitudinal field data is necessary. The approximate Bayesian computation technique was applied for estimating the transmission rate (β), the recovery rate (γ) and shape (n) parameters of the gamma distribution for the infectious (shedding) period, and the basic reproduction ratio (R0), given a susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) compartment model with a gamma distribution for the infectious period. Results The results report that the mean transmission rate (β) is 0.417 month-1 (median: 0.417, 95% credible interval [0.406, 0.429]), the average infectious period (γ-1) is 7.95 months (median: 7.95, 95% credible interval [7.70, 8.22]), the mean shape parameter (n) of the gamma distribution for the infectious period is 242 (median: 182, 95% credible interval [16, 482]), and the mean basic reproduction ratio (R0) is 2.91 (median: 2.91, 95% credible interval [2.83, 3.00]). Conclusions This study shows that Salmonella Kentucky in this herd was of mild infectiousness and had a long infectious period, which together provide an explanation for the observed prevalence pattern after invasion. The transmission rate and the recovery rate parameters are inferred with better accuracy than the shape parameter, therefore these two parameters are more sensitive to the model and the observed data. The estimated shape parameter (n) has large variability with a minimal value greater than one, indicating that the infectious period of Salmonella Kentucky in dairy cattle does not follow the conventionally assumed exponential distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lu
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Cazer CL, Mitchell RM, Cicconi-Hogan KM, Gamroth M, Richert RM, Ruegg PL, Schukken YH. Associations between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:234. [PMID: 24283287 PMCID: PMC4220823 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to identify associations between the concentration of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibodies in bulk milk and potential risk factors in herd management and herd characteristics, explaining high MAP antibody titers in milk. An extensive questionnaire was administered to 292 organic and conventional dairy farms from New York, Wisconsin and Oregon. Bulk milk samples were taken from each farm for MAP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A general linear model was constructed with MAP ELISA value as the outcome variable and the management factors and herd characteristics as independent variables, while at the same time controlling for the study design variables of state, herd size, and production system (organic or conventional). High bulk tank MAP ELISA value may be due to either a high prevalence of MAP in a herd with many cows contributing to the antibody titer or due to a few infected cows that produce large quantities of antibodies. RESULTS Results of the regression models indicated that bulk milk ELISA value was associated with season of sampling and the presence or absence of protocols for managing MAP-positive cows. The concentration of MAP antibodies in bulk milk varied seasonally with a peak in the summer and low concentrations in the winter months. When compared to farms that had never observed clinical Johne's disease, keeping MAP-positive cows or only culling them after a period of delay was associated with an increase in optical density. CONCLUSIONS The seasonal variation in MAP antibody titers, with a peak in the summer, may be due to a seasonal increase in MAP-bacterial load. Additionally, seasonal calving practices may contribute to seasonal fluctuations in MAP antibody titers in bulk tank milk. Keeping MAP-positive cows increases the antibody titer in bulk milk, likely due to direct antibody production in the infected cow and indirect triggering of antibody production in herdmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Cazer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca M Mitchell
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kellie M Cicconi-Hogan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Gamroth
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Roxann M Richert
- Department of Dairy Science, University of WI, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of WI, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Schukken YH, Zurakowski MJ, Rauch BJ, Gross B, Tikofsky LL, Welcome FL. Noninferiority trial comparing a first-generation cephalosporin with a third-generation cephalosporin in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6763-74. [PMID: 23958017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the noninferiority of 2 intramammary treatments for nonsevere clinical mastitis. The 2 treatments were a first-generation cephalosporin (cephapirin sodium, 2 treatments 12h apart) and a third-generation cephalosporin (ceftiofur hydrochloride, treatments once a day for 5d). A total of 296 cases on 7 farms met the enrollment criteria for the study. Streptococcus dysgalactiae was the most common bacterial species identified in milk samples from cows with mild to moderate clinical mastitis, followed by Escherichia coli, other esculin-positive cocci, Streptococcus uberis, and Klebsiella spp. Treatment was randomly allocated as either cephapirin sodium or ceftiofur hydrochloride via intramammary infusion according to label standards. Bacteriological cure was defined based on 2 posttreatment milk samples taken at 10 and 17d after enrollment. Noninferiority of cephapirin relative to ceftiofur was shown for bacteriological cure of gram-positive cases and for clinical cure of all cases. Ceftiofur showed a significantly higher bacteriological cure in gram-negative cases. Treatments showed no significant difference in bacteriological cure of all cases and in time to exit from the study, where the absence of a difference does not imply noninferiority. Based on the findings from this study, farm-specific treatment protocols that differ for gram-positive and gram-negative cased may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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46
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Smith RL, Tauer LW, Schukken YH, Lu Z, Grohn YT. Minimization of bovine tuberculosis control costs in US dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:266-75. [PMID: 23953679 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to minimize the cost of controlling an isolated bovine tuberculosis (bTB) outbreak in a US dairy herd, using a stochastic simulation model of bTB with economic and biological layers. A model optimizer produced a control program that required 2-month testing intervals (TI) with 2 negative whole-herd tests to leave quarantine. This control program minimized both farm and government costs. In all cases, test-and-removal costs were lower than depopulation costs, although the variability in costs increased for farms with high holding costs or small herd sizes. Increasing herd size significantly increased costs for both the farm and the government, while increasing indemnity payments significantly decreased farm costs and increasing testing costs significantly increased government costs. Based on the results of this model, we recommend 2-month testing intervals for herds after an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis, with 2 negative whole herd tests being sufficient to lift quarantine. A prolonged test and cull program may cause a state to lose its bTB-free status during the testing period. When the cost of losing the bTB-free status is greater than $1.4 million then depopulation of farms could be preferred over a test and cull program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Smith
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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47
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Gurjar AA, Klaessig S, Salmon SA, Yancey RJ, Schukken YH. Evaluation of an alternative dosing regimen of a J-5 mastitis vaccine against intramammary Escherichia coli challenge in nonlactating late-gestation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5053-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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48
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Richert RM, Cicconi KM, Gamroth MJ, Schukken YH, Stiglbauer KE, Ruegg PL. Management factors associated with veterinary usage by organic and conventional dairy farms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1732-43. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Tassi R, McNeilly TN, Fitzpatrick JL, Fontaine MC, Reddick D, Ramage C, Lutton M, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Strain-specific pathogenicity of putative host-adapted and nonadapted strains of Streptococcus uberis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5129-45. [PMID: 23769372 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is an important cause of intramammary infection in dairy cattle. Strains of Strep. uberis appear to differ in their ability to cause disease based on previous epidemiological studies. We explored the pathogenicity of 2 strains of Strep. uberis, where one strain represented a putatively host-adapted type based on its ability to cause persistent infection and to spread from cow to cow in a lactating herd. This type was part of a clonal complex that is commonly associated with bovine mastitis. The other strain, which was isolated from a transient infection in a single animal in the same herd and did not belong to any known clonal complex, was selected as putatively nonadapted type. Cows (6 per strain) were experimentally challenged in a single hind quarter and the adjacent hind quarter was used as mock challenged control quarter. Both strains showed an equal ability to grow in the milk of challenge animals in vitro. All cows that were challenged with the putatively host-adapted strain developed clinical signs of mastitis, including fever and milk yield depression as well as elevated somatic cell count due to influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. The cytokine response followed a specific order, with an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels at the time of first SCC elevation, followed by an increase in IL-10, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels approximately 6h later. In 4 of 6 animals, IL-17A was detected in milk between 57 and 168 h postchallenge. The increase in IL-17A levels coincided with inversion of the prechallenge CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) T lymphocyte ratio, which was observed from 96 h postchallenge. This was followed by normalization of the CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) ratio due to continued increase of the CD8(+) concentration up to 312 h postchallenge. Spontaneous resolution of infection was observed in 5 animals and coincided with a measurable IL-17A response in 4 animals, suggesting that IL-17 may be involved in the resolution of intramammary infection. With the exception of minor elevation of IL-8 levels, no clinical, cytological, or immunological response was detected in quarters challenged with the nonadapted strain. The observed strain-specific pathogenicity was consistent across animals, implying that it is determined by pathogen factors rather than host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tassi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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50
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Cha E, Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT. The effect of repeated episodes of bacteria-specific clinical mastitis on mortality and culling in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4993-5007. [PMID: 23769361 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of a first and repeated cases of bacteria-specific clinical mastitis (CM) on the risk of mortality and culling in Holstein dairy cows. The pathogens studied were Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Trueperella pyogenes, others, and no growth on aerobic culture. A total of 50,166 lactations were analyzed from 5 large, high-milk-producing dairy herds in New York State from 2003/2004 to 2011. Generalized linear mixed models with a Poisson error distribution were used to study the effects of parity, month of lactation, CM, calving diseases, pregnancy status, current season, and economic values on the risk of mortality and culling. Among first-lactation cows, the presence of a first CM case generally exposed cows to a greater risk of mortality in the current month (compared with the absence of a first case). This was especially acute with a first case of Klebsiella spp., where cows were 4.5 times more at risk [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7-7.6] of mortality, and with a first case of E. coli were 3.3 times more at risk (95% CI: 2.5-4.5). In first-parity cows, the risk of culling generally increased with a case of bacteria-specific CM. This was observed among cows with a first case of T. pyogenes [relative risk=10.4 (95% CI: 8.4-12.8)], a first case of Klebsiella spp. [relative risk=6.7 (95% CI: 5.5-8.1)], a first case of Staph. aureus [relative risk=4.8 (95% CI: 2.7-8.4)], a first case of E. coli [relative risk=3.1 (95% CI: 2.7-3.6)], and a third case of Klebsiella spp. [relative risk=5.0 (95% CI: 3.1-8.0)]. In general, the presence of a first or second/third case resulted in cows in parity ≥2 with a greater risk of mortality. This was greatest for cows with a first case of Klebsiella spp. [relative risk=3.7 (95% CI: 3.3-4.3)], followed by a second/third case of Klebsiella spp. [relative risk=3.2 (95% CI: 2.5-4.0)], a first case of E. coli [relative risk=3.0 (95% CI: 2.7-3.3)], and a first case of other CM [relative risk=1.8 (95% CI: 1.6-2.0)]. Among cows of parity ≥2, the risk of culling was greater for cows as they progressed through lactations [i.e., cows in parity 4+ were 2.1 (95% CI: 2.0-2.2) times more likely to be culled compared with cows in lactation 2 (the baseline)]. The risk of culling dependent on the cow's characteristics can be easily calculated from the parameter estimates in the provided tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cha
- Section of Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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