[Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China from 2010 to 2017]

OBJECTIVE

To understand the epidemic trend of schistosomiasis in China from 2010 to 2017 so as to provide the scientific evidence for schistosomiasis elimination.

METHODS

The information of schistosomiasis control nationwide from 2010 to 2017 was collected, including the endemic of population, status of livestock control, and Oncomelania hupensis snail control. Microsoft Excel was applied for datum management and analysis.

RESULTS

From 2010 to 2017, the epidemic of schistosomiasis in China dropped significantly. The decreasing amplitude of estimated number of patients nationwide was 88.46%. Seventy-one acute schistosomiasis patients were reported and 12.68% (9/71) of them were imported. The decreasing rate of cultivated cattle was 50.09%, and the accumulative number of schistosome-infected cattle was 17 239, and the average positive rate of stool examinations decreased from 1.04% to 0.000 22%. The area with snails nationwide was 373 596.18 to 363 068.95 hm², and the new detected area with snails was 46.71 to 1 346.73 hm². The area with schistosome-infected snails was 171.68 hm² in 2012 and it was 9.25 hm² in 2013. In 72 key monitoring points of 7 endemic provinces, there were 17 schistosome positive points of water body in 2010 and 6 points in 2016. There were some high risk-factors related to schistosomiasis transmission including schisto-some-infected cattle, dogs, and field rats, and the field stools, and the pasture in the area with snails in schistosomiasis monitoring points.

CONCLUSIONS

The endemic status of schistosomiasis in China has dropped significantly, and the transmission level is very low. However, the infectious source and risk factors in the endemic environments have not be eliminated. Therefore, the infectious source control, health education, snail control, and transmission monitoring should be strengthened, so as to promote the progress of schistosomiasis elimination.

[Climbing-upward inhibition of Oncomelania hupensis by niclosamide combination]

OBJECTIVE

To develop a combination of molluscicide/insecticide with a good molluscicidal effect, especially an inhibitory effect on climbing-upward of Oncomelania hupensis.

METHODS

Experiments on molluscicidal and snail-climbing inhibition effect of the combination of niclosamide and shachongding [(dimethylamine) trithacyclohexane hydrochloride] were conducted by immersion and spraying in laboratory.

RESULTS

The combination of niclosamide (0.2 mg/L) and shachongding (0.1 mg/L) showed an inhibition of 92.67% of snails to climb up. There was no significant difference in molluscicidal effect between the combination (LC90 0.198 mg/L) and niclosamide alone (LC90 0.207 mg/L).

CONCLUSION

The combination showed an effective inhibition on the climbing-upward of snails in water so as to improve the molluscicidal effect and reduce the cost of mollusciciding.

Improved enantiomeric separation of dihydrodiols of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on chiral stationary phases by derivatization to O-methyl ethers

K-region trans-dihydrodiol derivatives of phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, pyrene, 1-bromopyrene, chrysene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, 1-, 4-, 6-, 7-, 11- and 12-methylbenz[a]anthracenes, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene, and non-K-region trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene are converted to O-methyl ethers. Enantiomers of these O-methyl ethers are generally more efficiently separated on Pirkle's chiral stationary phases than the enantiomers of underivatized dihydrodiols. O-Methyl ethers are substantially less polar than dihydrodiols, and O-methyl ethers are eluted with shorter retention times. Eluents of lower polarity can hence be used. This enhances chiral interactions between chiral stationary phase and solutes, allowing improved separation of enantiomers.

Stereoselective formations of K-region and non-K-region epoxides in the metabolism of chrysene by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes

The K-region 5,6-epoxide and non-K-region 1,2- and 3,4-epoxides of chrysene were isolated by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from a mixture of products formed in the metabolism of chrysene by liver microsomes from untreated (control), phenobarbital-treated, or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats in the presence of an epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, 3,3,3-trichloropropylene 1,2-oxide. Epoxides were characterized by ultraviolet, mass, and circular dichroism spectral and chiral stationary phase HPLC analyses. Each of the metabolically formed epoxides was hydrated by rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase to a trans-dihydrodiol. The metabolically formed chrysene 5,6-epoxides were determined by chiral stationary phase HPLC and were found to contain (5S,6R):(5R,6S) enantiomer ratios of 68:32 (control), 71:29 (phenobarbital), and 5:95 (3-methylcholanthrene), respectively. The enantiomers of chrysene 1,2-epoxide and 3,4-epoxide were also resolved by chiral stationary phase HPLC. However, the enantiomeric compositions of the metabolically formed chrysene 1,2- and 3,4-epoxides, which racemized rapidly at room temperature, could not be directly determined. By using molecular oxygen-18 in the in vitro incubation of chrysene and by mass spectral analyses of the resulting oxygen-18-containing dihydrodiol metabolites and their acid-catalyzed dehydration (phenolic) products, both 1,2-epoxide and 3,4-epoxide were found to be converted by microsomal epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed water attack at predominantly (greater than or equal to 97%) the allylic carbons.