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Schutt E, Francolini R, Price N, Olson Z, Byron CJ. Supporting ecosystem services of habitat and biodiversity in temperate seaweed (Saccharina spp.) farms. Mar Environ Res 2023; 191:106162. [PMID: 37716281 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Habitat provisioning, and the biodiversity within, is considered a type of "supporting" ecosystem service. Ecosystem services are the benefits humans receive from healthy ecosystems. We assess whether kelp (Saccharina spp.) farms provide seasonal habitat for wild organisms. Contrary to other studies conducted in tropic seaweed farms, we did not observe habitat provisioning or increased biodiversity at seasonal temperate seaweed farm sites compared to neighboring non-farm sites, which is encouraging news for the aquaculture industry given that most farm gear is removed from the water after the spring harvest. We quantified fish and crustaceans interacting with kelp farms using GoPro cameras. We also assessed small (<5 mm) invertebrates using mesh settling devices suspended at the same depth as kelp lines (2m). Visual surveys were paired with eDNA. There was coherence in the conclusions drawn from observational and eDNA methods, despite weak coherence in the specific species identified between the methods. Both farm and non-farm sites exhibited higher species richness and biodiversity in the summer non-growing season compared to the winter growing season, attributed to expected seasonal species movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Schutt
- School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Rene Francolini
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center, 193 Clarks Cove Road, Walpole, ME, 04573, USA
| | - Nichole Price
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Zachary Olson
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Carrie J Byron
- School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
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Jamison DT, Alwan A, Mock CN, Nugent R, Watkins D, Adeyi O, Anand S, Atun R, Bertozzi S, Bhutta Z, Binagwaho A, Black R, Blecher M, Bloom BR, Brouwer E, Bundy DAP, Chisholm D, Cieza A, Cullen M, Danforth K, de Silva N, Debas HT, Donkor P, Dua T, Fleming KA, Gallivan M, Garcia PJ, Gawande A, Gaziano T, Gelband H, Glass R, Glassman A, Gray G, Habte D, Holmes KK, Horton S, Hutton G, Jha P, Knaul FM, Kobusingye O, Krakauer EL, Kruk ME, Lachmann P, Laxminarayan R, Levin C, Looi LM, Madhav N, Mahmoud A, Mbanya JC, Measham A, Medina-Mora ME, Medlin C, Mills A, Mills JA, Montoya J, Norheim O, Olson Z, Omokhodion F, Oppenheim B, Ord T, Patel V, Patton GC, Peabody J, Prabhakaran D, Qi J, Reynolds T, Ruacan S, Sankaranarayanan R, Sepúlveda J, Skolnik R, Smith KR, Temmerman M, Tollman S, Verguet S, Walker DG, Walker N, Wu Y, Zhao K. Universal health coverage and intersectoral action for health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet 2018; 391:1108-1120. [PMID: 29179954 PMCID: PMC5996988 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Bank is publishing nine volumes of Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition (DCP3) between 2015 and 2018. Volume 9, Improving Health and Reducing Poverty, summarises the main messages from all the volumes and contains cross-cutting analyses. This Review draws on all nine volumes to convey conclusions. The analysis in DCP3 is built around 21 essential packages that were developed in the nine volumes. Each essential package addresses the concerns of a major professional community (eg, child health or surgery) and contains a mix of intersectoral policies and health-sector interventions. 71 intersectoral prevention policies were identified in total, 29 of which are priorities for early introduction. Interventions within the health sector were grouped onto five platforms (population based, community level, health centre, first-level hospital, and referral hospital). DCP3 defines a model concept of essential universal health coverage (EUHC) with 218 interventions that provides a starting point for country-specific analysis of priorities. Assuming steady-state implementation by 2030, EUHC in lower-middle-income countries would reduce premature deaths by an estimated 4·2 million per year. Estimated total costs prove substantial: about 9·1% of (current) gross national income (GNI) in low-income countries and 5·2% of GNI in lower-middle-income countries. Financing provision of continuing intervention against chronic conditions accounts for about half of estimated incremental costs. For lower-middle-income countries, the mortality reduction from implementing the EUHC can only reach about half the mortality reduction in non-communicable diseases called for by the Sustainable Development Goals. Full achievement will require increased investment or sustained intersectoral action, and actions by finance ministries to tax smoking and polluting emissions and to reduce or eliminate (often large) subsidies on fossil fuels appear of central importance. DCP3 is intended to be a model starting point for analyses at the country level, but country-specific cost structures, epidemiological needs, and national priorities will generally lead to definitions of EUHC that differ from country to country and from the model in this Review. DCP3 is particularly relevant as achievement of EUHC relies increasingly on greater domestic finance, with global developmental assistance in health focusing more on global public goods. In addition to assessing effects on mortality, DCP3 looked at outcomes of EUHC not encompassed by the disability-adjusted life-year metric and related cost-effectiveness analyses. The other objectives included financial protection (potentially better provided upstream by keeping people out of the hospital rather than downstream by paying their hospital bills for them), stillbirths averted, palliative care, contraception, and child physical and intellectual growth. The first 1000 days after conception are highly important for child development, but the next 7000 days are likewise important and often neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean T Jamison
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ala Alwan
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Black
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Blecher
- National Treasury of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Chisholm
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Haile T Debas
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Donkor
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tarun Dua
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth A Fleming
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Atul Gawande
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Gaziano
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Roger Glass
- Fogarty International Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Glenda Gray
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demissie Habte
- International Clinical Epidemiology Network, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol Medlin
- Praxis Social Impact Consulting, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anne Mills
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Zachary Olson
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Toby Ord
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - George C Patton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Peabody
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Jinyuan Qi
- Princeton, University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jaime Sepúlveda
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kirk R Smith
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Neff Walker
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- China National Health Development Research Center, Beijing, China
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Olson Z, Staples JA, Mock C, Nguyen NP, Bachani AM, Nugent R, Verguet S. Helmet regulation in Vietnam: impact on health, equity and medical impoverishment. Inj Prev 2016; 22:233-8. [PMID: 26728008 PMCID: PMC4975813 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vietnam's 2007 comprehensive motorcycle helmet policy increased helmet use from about 30% of riders to about 93%. We aimed to simulate the effect that this legislation might have on: (a) road traffic deaths and non-fatal injuries, (b) individuals' direct acute care injury treatment costs, (c) individuals' income losses from missed work and (d) individuals' protection against medical impoverishment. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used published secondary data from the literature to perform a retrospective extended cost-effectiveness analysis simulation study of the policy. Our model indicates that in the year following its introduction a helmet policy employing standard helmets likely prevented approximately 2200 deaths and 29 000 head injuries, saved individuals US$18 million in acute care costs and averted US$31 million in income losses. From a societal perspective, such a comprehensive helmet policy would have saved $11 000 per averted death or $830 per averted non-fatal injury. In terms of financial risk protection, traffic injury is so expensive to treat that any injury averted would necessarily entail a case of catastrophic health expenditure averted. CONCLUSIONS The high costs associated with traffic injury suggest that helmet legislation can decrease the burden of out-of-pocket payments and reduced injuries decrease the need for access to and coverage for treatment, allowing the government and individuals to spend resources elsewhere. These findings suggest that comprehensive motorcycle helmet policies should be adopted by low-income and middle-income countries where motorcycles are pervasive yet helmet use is less common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Olson
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John A Staples
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Mock
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Abdulgafoor M Bachani
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Nugent
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Brouwer ED, Watkins D, Olson Z, Goett J, Nugent R, Levin C. Provider costs for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and related conditions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1183. [PMID: 26612044 PMCID: PMC4660724 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk conditions is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries, where health systems are generally ill-equipped to manage chronic disease. Policy makers need an understanding of the magnitude and drivers of the costs of cardiovascular disease related conditions to make decisions on how to allocate limited health resources. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of the published literature on provider-incurred costs of treatment for cardiovascular diseases and risk conditions in low- and middle-income countries. Total costs of treatment were inflated to 2012 US dollars for comparability across geographic settings and time periods. RESULTS This systematic review identified 60 articles and 143 unit costs for the following conditions: ischemic heart disease, non-ischemic heart diseases, stroke, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Cost data were most readily available in middle-income countries, especially China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. The most common conditions with cost studies were acute ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Emerging economies are currently providing a base of cost evidence for NCD treatment that may prove useful to policy-makers in low-income countries. Initial steps to publicly finance disease interventions should take account of costs. The gaps and limitations in the current literature include a lack of standardized reporting as well as sparse evidence from low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Brouwer
- Disease Control Priorities Network, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 259931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave, Box 359780, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Zachary Olson
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall, #7360, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Jane Goett
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave #200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
| | - Rachel Nugent
- Disease Control Priorities Network, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 259931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Carol Levin
- Disease Control Priorities Network, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 259931, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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