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Ullah N, Haq F, Farid A, Kiran M, Al Othman ZA, Aljuwayid AM, Habila MA, Bokhari A, Rajendran S, Khoo KS. Coupling of carboxymethyl starch with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate: A new sorbent for the wastewater remediation of methylene blue. Environ Res 2023; 219:115091. [PMID: 36529323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Textile and printing industries play a vital role in the economy of any country. But the effluents of these industries, which contain toxic Methylene Blue (MB) dye when mixed with fresh water, make it unfit for human health and aquatic life. For the removal of MB, different adsorbents were used, but they were expensive, non-biodegradable or less effective. In this research, novel carboxymethyl starch grafted poly 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CM-St-g-P2CEtA) was synthesized by reacting carboxymethyl starch with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate. The reaction followed a free radical polymerization mechanism. The structure and properties of CM-St-g-P2CEtA were investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The CM-St-g-P2CEtA was employed for the remediation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from wastewater. The removal percentage (%R) of MB was checked under different parameters, like different pH levels, different initial concentrations of dye, different adsorbent doses, and different contact times. The results obtained during the experiment were subjected to different adsorption and kinetic models. In the kinetic investigation, the experimental results were best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model due to its high R2 value of 0.999. Similarly, with a regression coefficient (R2) value of 0.947, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was best represented by the experimental results. The Langmuir adsorption model showed that MB dye was adsorbed on the surface of CM-St-g-P2CEtA in a monolayer pattern. The pseudo 2nd order kinetic model suggested that the adsorption process favored chemisorption mechanism. The CM-St-g-P2CEtA showed maximum percentage removal efficiency (%R) of 99.3% for MB dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Department of Horticulture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Zeid A Al Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Habila
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mec ́anica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapac ́a, Avda. General Vel ́asquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan.
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Dahlous KA, Almarhoon Z, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Al Othman ZA, El-Faham A. Microwave Irradiation Assists the Synthesis of a Novel Series of bis-Arm s-Triazine Oxy-Schiff Base and Oxybenzylidene Barbiturate Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E2976. [PMID: 30441854 PMCID: PMC6278277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of s-triazines incorporating 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde was prepared and fully characterized. The reaction was carried out via stepwise nucleophilic aromatic substitution of chlorine atoms in cyanuric chloride. The first chlorine was substituted by different amines (morpholine, piperidine, or diethylamine) to afford 2,4-dichloro-6-substituted-1,3,5-triazine. The second and third chlorines were substituted by benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of Na₂CO₃ as a HCl scavenger to afford the target products: s-triazine oxyaldehyde derivatives (dipodal). The dipodal derivatives were reacted with acid hydrazide, hydralazine, barbituric, or thiobarbituric acid derivatives using conventional heating or microwave irradiation to afford the di-arm s-triazine oxy-Schiff base and oxybenzylidene barbiturate derivatives in good yields. Microwave irradiation done in less solvent afforded the target product in less reaction time with good yield and purity. These types of derivatives might have special interest in coordination and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholood A Dahlous
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zainab Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Zeid A Al Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, 12321 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Aqel A, Dhabbah AM, Yusuf K, AL-Harbi NM, Al Othman ZA, Yacine Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed A. Determination of gasoline and diesel residues on wool, silk, polyester and cotton materials by SPME–GC–MS. J Anal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816070029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khan NT, Zafar S, Noreen S, Al Majid AM, Al Othman ZA, Al-Resayes SI, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of dianabol with the filamentous fungi and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity of resulting metabolites. Steroids 2014; 85:65-72. [PMID: 24755238 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of the anabolic steroid dianabol (1) by suspended-cell cultures of the filamentous fungi Cunninghamella elegans and Macrophomina phaseolina was studied. Incubation of 1 with C. elegans yielded five hydroxylated metabolites 2-6, while M. phaseolina transformed compound 1 into polar metabolites 7-11. These metabolites were identified as 6β,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (2), 15α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (3), 11α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (4), 6β,12β,17β-trihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (5), 6β,15α,17β-trihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (6), 17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3,6-dione (7), 7β,17β,-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (8), 15β,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (9), 17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3,11-dione (10), and 11β,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-3-one (11). Metabolite 3 was also transformed chemically into diketone 12 and oximes 13, and 14. Compounds 6 and 12-14 were identified as new derivatives of dianabol (1). The structures of all transformed products were deduced on the basis of spectral analyses. Compounds 1-14 were evaluated for β-glucuronidase enzyme inhibitory activity. Compounds 7, 13, and 14 showed a strong inhibition of β-glucuronidase enzyme, with IC50 values between 49.0 and 84.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naik T Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Salman Zafar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Noreen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah M Al Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A Al Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Ibrahim Al-Resayes
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Al Ahmed AM, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Al Othman ZA, Sallam MF. Identification of wild collected mosquito vectors of diseases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. J Mass Spectrom 2013; 48:1170-1177. [PMID: 24259205 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-three species of mosquitoes have been reported from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several of these mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l., Anopheles stephensi Liston, Culex pipiens Linnaeus, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedimorphus vexans arabiensis (Patton) are known vectors of human and animal diseases. In this study, the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of eight mosquito species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were analyzed. Wild collected fourth-instar larvae were reared, and single, newly emerged, unfed adult females were used for the analysis. A total of 146-160 peaks were detected from the cuticular extracts by gas chromatography. Repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD Post Hoc test was used to test for quantitative differences in relative hydrocarbon quantity. In addition, a linear regression model was applied using Enter method to determine the diagnostic peaks for the eight mosquito specimens. The ANOVA test indicated that relative peaks were significant (P < 0.05) when selected pairs of peaks were compared. Also, seven compounds showed qualitative differences among the five mosquito vectors tested. The classes of constituents present were n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, trimethylalkanes, alkenes, branched aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes and esters. These compounds have a carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 18 carbons. The most abundant compound in all adult mosquito specimens was n-hexylacrylate [retention time (RT) 6.73 min], which was not detected in Cx. pipiens. In Cx. pipiens, the most abundant peak was benzaldehyde (RT 2.98 min). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a suitable method to identify adult mosquitoes, especially from focal areas of public health concern such as Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. This method allows a wide range of adult collected material to be identified with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzam M Al Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food Sciences and Agricultural, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Al Faris NA, Al Othman ZA, Ahmad D. Effects of Mesembrrybryanthemum forsskalei Hochst seeds in lowering glucose/lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Food Sci Technol 2011; 48:616-21. [PMID: 23572796 PMCID: PMC3551122 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present investigation was to study the effects of Mesembryanthemum forsskalei Hochst (Samh) seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty rats were administrated with streptozotocin to induce diabetes and 6 rats were used as untreated diabetic control. Diabetic rats were fed with 5 and 15% Samh seed alone and in combination with fatty diet i.e. 2% Cholesterol for 6 weeks. Effects of Samh seed on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles and enzyme activities of diabetic rats were examined. In addition, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined. Diabetic rats treated with 15% Samh seed diet were significantly decreased the level of TC (40%), TG (46%) and HDL-C (31%) respectively. Whereas, there was no significant effects observed in the glucose level in 15% Samh seeds treated rats for 6 weeks. A decrease in enzymes levels, AST (58.2%), LDH (1.6%), ALT (24.3%) and ALP (5.38%) in 5% Samh seeds diet treated rats were observed and were found near to untreated control. Findings from present study demonstrated that non fatty Samh seeds diet could have hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in diabetic rats and could be useful model for the treatment of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeid A. Al Othman
- />Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box: 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilshad Ahmad
- />Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agricultural Science, King Saud University, PO Box: 2460, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Othman ZAA. Lead contamination in selected foods from Riyadh city market and estimation of the daily intake. Molecules 2010; 15:7482-97. [PMID: 20975630 PMCID: PMC6259455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine lead contamination in 104 of the representative food items in the Saudi diet and to estimate the dietary lead intake of Saudi Arabians. Three samples of each selected food items were purchased from the local markets of Riyadh city, the capital of Saudi Arabia. Each pooled sample was analyzed in triplicate by ICP-AES after thorough homogenization. Sweets (0.011-0.199 μg/g), vegetables (0.002-0.195 μg/g), legumes (0.014-0.094 μg/g), eggs (0.079 μg/g), meat and meat products (0.013-0.068 μg/g) were the richest sources of lead. Considering the amounts of each food consumed, the major food sources of lead intake for Saudi can be arranged as follows: vegetables (25.4%), cereal and cereal products (24.2%), beverages (9.7%) sweets (8.2%), legumes (7.4%), fruits (5.4%) milk and milk products (5.1%). The daily intake of lead was calculated taking into account the concentration of this element in the edible part of the daily consumption data which were derived from two sources, (a) the KSA food sheet provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and (b) from questionnaires distributed among 300 families in Riyadh city. The results showed that the daily intakes of lead according to the two sources are 22.7 and 24.5 μg/person/day respectively, which are lower than that mentioned by The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), whereas it is comprabale with that of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A Al Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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