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Taleb M, Atabakhshi‐Kashi M, Wang Y, Rezavani Alanagh H, Farhadi Sabet Z, Li F, Cheng K, Li C, Qi Y, Nie G, Ying Z. Bifunctional Therapeutic Peptide Assembled Nanoparticles Exerting Improved Activities of Tumor Vessel Normalization and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100051. [PMID: 34021735 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy is impaired by the dysfunctional vasculature of tumors. Created hypoxia zones and limited delivery of cytotoxic immune cells help to have immune resistance in tumor tissue. Structural and functional normalization of abnormal tumor vasculature provide vessels for more perfusion efficiency and drug delivery that result in alleviating the hypoxia in the tumor site and increasing infiltration of antitumor T cells. Taking advantage of peptide amphiphiles, herein, a novel peptide amphiphile nanoparticle composed of an antiangiogenic peptide (FSEC) and an immune checkpoint blocking peptide (D PPA) is designed and characterized. FSEC peptide is known to be involved in vessel normalization of tumors in vivo. D PPA is an inhibitory peptide of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway. The peptide amphiphile nanoparticle sets out to test whether simultaneous modulation of tumor vasculature and immune systems in the tumor microenvironment has a synergistic effect on tumor suppression. Increased intratumoral infiltration of immune cells following vascular normalization, and simultaneously blocking the immune checkpoint function of PD-L1 reactivates effective immune responses to the tumors. In summary, the current study provides a new perspective on the regulation of tumor vessel normalization and immunotherapy based on functional peptide nanoparticles as nanomedicine for improved therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taleb
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Mona Atabakhshi‐Kashi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hamideh Rezavani Alanagh
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zeinab Farhadi Sabet
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Keman Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yingqiu Qi
- School of Basic Medical Science Zhengzhou University Henan 450001 China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology Guangdong 510700 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology Guangdong 510700 P. R. China
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Zhou H, Guo M, Li J, Qin F, Wang Y, Liu T, Liu J, Sabet ZF, Wang Y, Liu Y, Huo Q, Chen C. Hypoxia-Triggered Self-Assembly of Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Amplify the Imaging Signal of a Tumor. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1846-1853. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huige Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeinab Farhadi Sabet
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong 510700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong 510700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Huo
- Department of Biomedical, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong 510700, People’s Republic of China
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Fu W, Farhadi Sabet Z, Liu J, You M, Zhou H, Wang Y, Gao Y, Li J, Ma X, Chen C. Metal ions modulation of the self-assembly of short peptide conjugated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Nanoscale 2020; 12:7960-7968. [PMID: 32232244 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are essential components that help maintain the processes of normal life, and they can be used to fabricate self-assembled building blocks for peptide derivatives, proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we have developed a novel strategy to construct supramolecular hydrogels modulated using metal cations. Upon introducing a variety of metal ions into aqueous solutions of a gelator (naproxen-FF), including a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and dipeptide, we obtain stable hydrogels under neutral or alkaline conditions. It is found that these hydrogels with three-dimensional nanofiber networks exhibit excellent mechanical properties and thixotropy, as well as superb responsivity to multiple metal ions. Due to the significance of potassium ions in biological processes, the K-triggered hydrogel has been chosen as a model, and its self-assembly mechanism has been explored via various spectral analysis processes. In addition, the self-assembly performances of peptides are significantly affected by the chemical structures of the gelator molecules. This work provides deep insight into the aggregation mechanism of dipeptide-conjugating drug molecules through introducing a variety of metal ions, laying the foundation for further biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Cai R, Ren J, Ji Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Farhadi Sabet Z, Wu X, Lynch I, Chen C. Corona of Thorns: The Surface Chemistry-Mediated Protein Corona Perturbs the Recognition and Immune Response of Macrophages. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:1997-2008. [PMID: 31867945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The significance of protein coronas on the biological fates of nanoparticles has been widely recognized. Therefore, the alterations on biological effects caused by protein coronas need systemic study and interpretation to design novel safe and efficient nanomedicines. In the present study, we present a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the protein coronas on gold nanorods modified with various surface ligands of different chemical compositions and charges. The design of surface ligands is of utmost importance for the functionalization of nanoparticles, and further, the ligand-induced biological identity determines the fate of nanoparticles in the human body. We found that the surface chemistry influences the composition of the protein corona more profoundly than surface charge. Since the first and most important challenge for administrated nanomedicines is navigating the interaction with macrophages, we further investigated how the surface chemistry-induced specific protein corona affects the phagocytosis and immune responses of macrophages exposed to the corona-nanoparticle complexes. Our results reveal that the protein corona alters the internalization pathways of gold nanorods by macrophages via the interactions of the predominant coronal proteins with specific receptors on the cell membrane. The cytokine secretion profile of macrophages is also highly dependent on the adsorption pattern of the protein corona. The more abundant proteins involved in immune responses, such as acute phase, complement, and tissue leakage proteins, present in the acquired nanoparticle corona, the more macrophage interleukin-1β (IL-1β) released is stimulated. The ligand-protein corona composition-immune response coefficient analysis may serve next-generation nanomedicines with high efficiency and good safety for better clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jiayu Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yinglu Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zeinab Farhadi Sabet
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao , Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Li J, Shi K, Sabet ZF, Fu W, Zhou H, Xu S, Liu T, You M, Cao M, Xu M, Cui X, Hu B, Liu Y, Chen C. New power of self-assembling carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: Short peptide-constructed nanofibers inspire hypoxic cancer therapy. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax0937. [PMID: 31523712 PMCID: PMC6731069 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX overexpresses exclusively on cell membranes of hypoxic tumors, regulating the acidic tumor microenvironment. Small molecules of CA inhibitor modified with short peptide successfully achieve CA IX-targeted self-assembly that localizes CA inhibitors on hypoxic cancer cell surfaces and enhances their inhibition efficacy and selectivity. CA IX-related endocytosis also promotes selective intracellular uptake of these nanofibers under hypoxia, in which nanofiber structures increase in size with decreasing pH. This effect subsequently causes intracellular acid vesicle damage and blocks protective autophagy. The versatility of tunable nanostructures responding to cell milieu impressively provokes selective toxicities and provides strategic therapy for hypoxic tumors. Moreover, in vivo tests demonstrate considerable antimetastatic and antiangiogenesis effects in breast tumors, and particularly remarkable enhancement of antitumor efficacy in doxorubicin administration. With its biocompatible components and distinctive hypoxia therapies, this nanomaterial advances current chemotherapy, providing a new direction for hypoxic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejian Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeinab Farhadi Sabet
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjiao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huige Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoxin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min You
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjing Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengzhen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
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Taleb M, Ding Y, Wang B, Yang N, Han X, Du C, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Sabet ZF, Alanagh HR, Mujeeb A, Khajeh K, Nie G. Dopamine Delivery via pH-Sensitive Nanoparticles for Tumor Blood Vessel Normalization and an Improved Effect of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900283. [PMID: 31379139 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessels have been reported to be abnormal in both structure and function compared with those in normal tissues, leading to a hostile microenvironment and inadequate antitumor drug delivery. Dopamine, a chemical messenger, is proven to inhibit angiogenesis and improve tumor vessel normalization. Here, a mesoporous silicon nanoparticle (MSN) is constructed that is responsive to the weakly acidic pH of the tumor extracellular matrix for steady delivery and tumor-localized release of dopamine. Then MSNs are functionalized with amine conjugated phenylboronicacid molecules, and dopamine is loaded by reacting with phenylboronic acid. In a weakly acidic environment, MSNs intelligently release dopamine due to the hydrolysis of boronic-ester bond between dopamine and phenylboronic acid, resulting in an evident inhibition of vascular endothelial cell migration and tubule formation. It is shown that loading of dopamine into the functional MSNs significantly prolong the circulatory half-life of this small molecule. After intravenous injection to tumor bearing mice, this nanoformulation induce tumor blood vessel normalization, thereby improving the antitumor chemotherapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin. This study demonstrates that the pH-responsive MSN offers great potential for delivery of dopamine in vivo and the normalization of tumor vessels by dopamine can provide an auxiliary treatment for cancer chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taleb
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanping Ding
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Bin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Na Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xuexiang Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chong Du
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yingqiu Qi
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- School of Basic Medical ScienceZhengzhou University Henan 450001 China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zeinab Farhadi Sabet
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hamideh Rezvani Alanagh
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ayeesha Mujeeb
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of NanobiotechnologyFaculty of Biological ScienceTarbiat Modares University Tehran P9FM+9H Iran
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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