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Yao T, Huang Y, Huai Z, Liu X, Liu X, Liu Y, Sun H, Pang Y. Response mechanisms to acid stress promote LF82 replication in macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1255083. [PMID: 37881369 PMCID: PMC10595154 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1255083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) LF82 is capable of adhering to and invading intestinal epithelial cells, as well as replicating within macrophages without inducing host cell death. Methods We compared the transcriptomics of LF82 at pH=7.5 and pH=5.8 by RNA-sequencing, and qRT-PCR verified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The deletion mutants of DEGs in the treatment group (pH=5.8) compared to the control group (pH=7.5) were constructed by λ recombinant. The replication differences between the mutants and WT infected Raw 264.7 at 24 h.p.i were analyzed by combining LB solid plate count and confocal observation. NH4Cl and chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) were used for acid neutralization to study the effect of pH on the replication of LF82 in macrophages. Na2NO3 was added to RPMI 1640 to study the effect of nitrate on the replication of LF82 in macrophages. 0.3% solid LB was used for flagellar motility assay and Hela was used to study flagellar gene deletion mutants and WT adhesion and invasion ability. Results In this study, we found that infection with LF82 results in acidification of macrophages. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that an intracellular acidic environment is necessary for LF82 replication. Transcriptome and phenotypic analysis showed that high expression of acid shock genes and acid fitness genes promotes LF82 replication in macrophages. Further, we found that the replication of LF82 in macrophages was increased under nitrate treatment, and nitrogen metabolism genes of LF82 were upregulated in acid treatment. The replication in macrophages of ΔnarK, ΔnarXL, ΔnarP, and Δhmp were decreased. In addition, we found that the expression of flagellar genes was downregulated in acidic pH and after LF82 invading macrophages. Motility assay shows that the movement of LF82 on an acidic semisolid agar plate was limited. Further results showed that ΔfliC and ΔfliD decreased in motility, adhesion ability, and invasion of host cells, but no significant effect on replication in macrophages was observed. Conclusion In this study, we simulated the acidic environment in macrophages, combined with transcriptome technology, and explained from the genetic level that LF82 promotes replication by activating its acid shock and fitness system, enhancing nitrate utilization, and inhibiting flagellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zimeng Huai
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Sun
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Pang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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Li S, Chen Y, Xue W, Wang Q, Huai Z, An C, Wang Y. Proteomics profiles reveal the potential roles of proteins involved in chicken macrophages stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide. Pol J Vet Sci 2023; 26:265-274. [PMID: 37389436 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a core part of gram-negative bacteria, is crucial for inducing an inflammatory response in living things. In the current study, we used LPS from Salmonella to stimulate chicken macrophages (HD11). Proteomics was used to investigate immune-related proteins and their roles further. Proteomics investigation revealed 31 differential expression proteins (DEPs) after 4 hours of LPS infection. 24 DEPs expressions were up-regulated, while seven were down-regulated. In this investigation, ten DEPs were mainly enriched in S. aureus infection, complement, and coagulation cascades, which were all implicated in the inflammatory response and clearance of foreign pathogens. Notably, complement C3 was shown to be up-regulated in all immune-related pathways, indicating that it is a potential protein in this study. This work contributes to a better understanding and clarification of the processes of Salmonella infection in chickens. It might bring up new possibilities for treating and breeding Salmonella-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - W Xue
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Q Wang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Z Huai
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - C An
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Donghai street No.2600, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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