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Mallela AN, Deng H, Gholipour A, Warfield SK, Goldschmidt E. Heterogeneous growth of the insula shapes the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220200120. [PMID: 37279278 PMCID: PMC10268209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cerebrum consists of a precise and stereotyped arrangement of lobes, primary gyri, and connectivity that underlies human cognition [P. Rakic, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 724-735 (2009)]. The development of this arrangement is less clear. Current models explain individual primary gyrification but largely do not account for the global configuration of the cerebral lobes [T. Tallinen, J. Y. Chung, J. S. Biggins, L. Mahadevan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 12667-12672 (2014) and D. C. Van Essen, Nature 385, 313-318 (1997)]. The insula, buried in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, is unique in terms of gyral anatomy and size. Here, we quantitatively show that the insula has unique morphology and location in the cerebrum and that these key differences emerge during fetal development. Finally, we identify quantitative differences in developmental migration patterns to the insula that may underlie these differences. We calculated morphologic data in the insula and other lobes in adults (N = 107) and in an in utero fetal brain atlas (N = 81 healthy fetuses). In utero, the insula grows an order of magnitude slower than the other lobes and demonstrates shallower sulci, less curvature, and less surface complexity both in adults and progressively throughout fetal development. Spherical projection analysis demonstrates that the lenticular nuclei obstruct 60 to 70% of radial pathways from the ventricular zone (VZ) to the insula, forcing a curved migration to the insula in contrast to a direct radial pathway. Using fetal diffusion tractography, we identify radial glial fascicles that originate from the VZ and curve around the lenticular nuclei to form the insula. These results confirm existing models of radial migration to the cortex and illustrate findings that suggest differential insular and cerebral development, laying the groundwork to understand cerebral malformations and insular function and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka N. Mallela
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Ali Gholipour
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Simon K. Warfield
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Ezequiel Goldschmidt
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
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Prakadan SM, Alvarez-Breckenridge CA, Markson SC, Kim AE, Klein RH, Nayyar N, Navia AW, Kuter BM, Kolb KE, Bihun I, Mora JL, Bertalan MS, Shaw B, White M, Kaplan A, Stocking JH, Wadsworth MH, Lee EQ, Chukwueke U, Wang N, Subramanian M, Rotem D, Cahill DP, Adalsteinsson VA, Miller JW, Sullivan RJ, Carter SL, Brastianos PK, Shalek AK. Genomic and transcriptomic correlates of immunotherapy response within the tumor microenvironment of leptomeningeal metastases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5955. [PMID: 34642316 PMCID: PMC8511044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a devastating complication of solid tumor malignancies, with dire prognosis and no effective systemic treatment options. Over the past decade, the incidence of LMD has steadily increased due to therapeutics that have extended the survival of cancer patients, highlighting the need for new interventions. To examine the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with LMD, we completed two phase II clinical trials. Here, we investigate the cellular and molecular features underpinning observed patient trajectories in these trials by applying single-cell RNA and cell-free DNA profiling to longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) draws from enrolled patients. We recover immune and malignant cell types in the CSF, characterize cell behavior changes following ICI, and identify genomic features associated with relevant clinical phenomena. Overall, our study describes the liquid LMD tumor microenvironment prior to and following ICI treatment and demonstrates clinical utility of cell-free and single-cell genomic measurements for LMD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay M Prakadan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, & Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Alvarez-Breckenridge
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel C Markson
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert E Kim
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Klein
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naema Nayyar
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew W Navia
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, & Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Kuter
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kellie E Kolb
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, & Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ivanna Bihun
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joana L Mora
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mia Solana Bertalan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael White
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jackson H Stocking
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc H Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, & Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ugonma Chukwueke
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megha Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denisse Rotem
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viktor A Adalsteinsson
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, & Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Health Science & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Computational & Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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