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Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution of major flowering pathway integrators in Orchidaceae. Plant Reprod 2023:10.1007/s00497-023-00482-7. [PMID: 37823912 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae is a mega-diverse plant family with ca. 29,000 species with a large variety of life forms that can colonize transitory habitats. Despite this diversity, little is known about their flowering integrators in response to specific environmental factors. During the reproductive transition in flowering plants a vegetative apical meristem (SAM) transforms into an inflorescence meristem (IM) that forms bracts and flowers. In model grasses, like rice, a flowering genetic regulatory network (FGRN) controlling reproductive transitions has been identified, but little is known in the Orchidaceae. In order to analyze the players of the FRGN in orchids, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of CONSTANS-like/CONSTANS-like 4 (COL/COL4), FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD), FLOWERING LOCUS C/FRUITFULL (FLC/FUL) and SUPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) gene lineages. In addition to PEBP and AGL24/SVP genes previously analyzed, here we identify an increase of orchid homologs belonging to COL4, and FUL gene lineages in comparison with other monocots, including grasses, due to orchid-specific gene lineage duplications. Contrariwise, local duplications in Orchidaceae are less frequent in the COL, FD and SOC1 gene lineages, which points to a retention of key functions under strong purifying selection in essential signaling factors. We also identified changes in the protein sequences after such duplications, variation in the evolutionary rates of resulting paralogous clades and targeted expression of isolated homologs in different orchids. Interestingly, vernalization-response genes like VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) are completely lacking in orchids, or alternatively are reduced in number, as is the case of VERNALIZATION2/GHD7 (VRN2). Our findings point to non-canonical factors sensing temperature changes in orchids during reproductive transition. Expression data of key factors gathered from Elleanthus auratiacus, a terrestrial orchid in high Andean mountains allow us to characterize which copies are actually active during flowering. Altogether, our data lays down a comprehensive framework to assess gene function of a restricted number of homologs identified more likely playing key roles during the flowering transition, and the changes of the FGRN in neotropical orchids in comparison with temperate grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Madrigal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Pimienta MC, Salazar D, Koptur S. The Nighttime Fragrance of Guettarda scabra (Rubiaceae): Flower Scent and Its Implications for Moth Pollination. Molecules 2023; 28:6312. [PMID: 37687140 PMCID: PMC10489014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Floral scent is crucial for attracting pollinators, especially in plants that bloom at night. However, chemical profiles of flowers from nocturnal plants with varied floral morphs are poorly documented, limiting our understanding of their pollination ecology. We investigated the floral scent in Guettarda scabra (L.) Vent. (Rubiaceae), a night-blooming species with short- and long-styled floral morphs, found in the threatened pine rocklands in south Florida, US. By using dynamic headspace sampling and GC-MS analysis, we characterized the chemical profiles of the floral scent in both morphs. Neutral red staining was also employed to determine the specific floral regions responsible for scent emission in G. scabra. The results revealed that G. scabra's fragrance consists entirely of benzenoid and terpenoid compounds, with benzeneacetaldehyde and (E)-β-ocimene as dominant components. There were no differences in the chemical profiles between the long- and short-styled flowers. Staining assays indicated that the corolla lobes, anthers, and stigma were the primary sources of the scent. These findings indicate that G. scabra's floral scent is consistent with that of night-blooming plants pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths, providing important insights into its chemical ecology and pollinator attraction. This study demonstrates how floral scent chemistry can validate predictions based on flower morphology in hawkmoth-pollinated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cleopatra Pimienta
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Institute of the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Institute of the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
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Hernández AI, Specht CD. Putative adaptive loci show parallel clinal variation in a California-endemic wildflower. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37246603 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As the global climate crisis continues, predictions concerning how wild populations will respond to changing climate conditions are informed by an understanding of how populations have responded and/or adapted to climate variables in the past. Changes in the local biotic and abiotic environment can drive differences in phenology, physiology, morphology and demography between populations leading to local adaptation, yet the molecular basis of adaptive evolution in wild non-model organisms is poorly understood. We leverage comparisons between two lineages of Calochortus venustus occurring along parallel transects that allow us to identify loci under selection and measure clinal variation in allele frequencies as evidence of population-specific responses to selection along climatic gradients. We identify targets of selection by distinguishing loci that are outliers to population structure and by using genotype-environment associations across transects to detect loci under selection from each of nine climatic variables. Despite gene flow between individuals of different floral phenotypes and between populations, we find evidence of ecological specialization at the molecular level, including genes associated with key plant functions linked to plant adaptation to California's Mediterranean climate. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in both transects show similar trends in allelic similarity across latitudes indicating parallel adaptation to northern climates. Comparisons between eastern and western populations across latitudes indicate divergent genetic evolution between transects, suggesting local adaptation to either coastal or inland habitats. Our study is among the first to show repeated allelic variation across climatic clines in a non-model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana I Hernández
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and The L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and The L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An outstanding question in evolutionary biology is how genetic interactions defining novel traits evolve. They may evolve either by de novo assembly of previously non-interacting genes or by en bloc co-option of interactions from other functions. We tested these hypotheses in the context of a novel phenotype-Lamiales flower monosymmetry-defined by a developmental program that relies on regulatory interaction among CYCLOIDEA, RADIALIS, DIVARICATA, and DRIF gene products. In Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), representing Lamiales, we tested whether components of this program likely function beyond their previously known role in petal and stamen development. In Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), representing Solanales which diverged from Lamiales before the origin of Lamiales floral monosymmetry, we additionally tested for regulatory interactions in this program. RESULTS We found that RADIALIS, DIVARICATA, and DRIF are expressed in snapdragon ovaries and developing fruit, similar to their homologs during tomato fruit development. In addition, we found that a tomato CYCLOIDEA ortholog positively regulates a tomato RADIALIS ortholog. CONCLUSION Our results provide preliminary support to the hypothesis that the developmental program defining floral monosymmetry in Lamiales was co-opted en bloc from a function in carpel development. This expands our understanding of novel trait evolution facilitated by co-option of existing regulatory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Sengupta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- St. Albert Hall, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Room 257, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lena C Hileman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Gardner EM, Johnson MG, Pereira JT, Puad ASA, Arifiani D, Sahromi , Wickett NJ, Zerega NJC. Paralogs and off-target sequences improve phylogenetic resolution in a densely-sampled study of the breadfruit genus (Artocarpus, Moraceae). Syst Biol 2020; 70:syaa073. [PMID: 32970819 PMCID: PMC8048387 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a 517-gene phylogenetic framework for the breadfruit genus Artocarpus (ca. 70 spp., Moraceae), making use of silica-dried leaves from recent fieldwork and herbarium specimens (some up to 106 years old) to achieve 96% taxon sampling. We explore issues relating to assembly, paralogous loci, partitions, and analysis method to reconstruct a phylogeny that is robust to variation in data and available tools. While codon partitioning did not result in any substantial topological differences, the inclusion of flanking non-coding sequence in analyses significantly increased the resolution of gene trees. We also found that increasing the size of datasets increased convergence between analysis methods but did not reduce gene tree conflict. We optimized the HybPiper targeted-enrichment sequence assembly pipeline for short sequences derived from degraded DNA extracted from museum specimens. While the subgenera of Artocarpus were monophyletic, revision is required at finer scales, particularly with respect to widespread species. We expect our results to provide a basis for further studies in Artocarpus and provide guidelines for future analyses of datasets based on target enrichment data, particularly those using sequences from both fresh and museum material, counseling careful attention to the potential of off-target sequences to improve resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Gardner
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation Program, 2205 Tech Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 IL-53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569, Singapore
- Florida International University, Institute of Environment, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 148 Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Matthew G Johnson
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Texas Tech University, Department of Biological Sciences, 2901 Main Street, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Joan T Pereira
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Aida Shafreena Ahmad Puad
- Faculty of Resource Science & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia
| | - Deby Arifiani
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Sahromi
- Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute Of Sciences, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia Elliot M. Gardner and Matthew G. Johnson are co-first authors
| | - Norman J Wickett
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation Program, 2205 Tech Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nyree J C Zerega
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
- Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation Program, 2205 Tech Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Forrester NJ, Ashman TL. Autopolyploidy alters nodule-level interactions in the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Am J Bot 2020; 107:179-185. [PMID: 31721161 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Polyploidy is a major genetic driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in plants, yet its effects on plant interactions with mutualistic microbes remain unresolved. The legume-rhizobium symbiosis regulates global nutrient cycles and plays a role in the diversification of legume species. In this mutualism, rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon provided by legume hosts. This exchange occurs inside root nodules, which house bacterial cells and represent the interface of legume-rhizobium interactions. Although polyploidy may directly impact the legume-rhizobium mutualism, no studies have explored how it alters the internal structure of nodules. METHODS We created synthetic autotetraploids using Medicago sativa subsp. caerulea. Neotetraploid plants and their diploid progenitors were singly inoculated with two strains of rhizobia, Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae. Confocal microscopy was used to quantify internal traits of nodules produced by diploid and neotetraploid plants. RESULTS Autotetraploid plants produced larger nodules with larger nitrogen fixation zones than diploids for both strains of rhizobia, although the significance of these differences was limited by power. Neotetraploid M. sativa subsp. caerulea plants also produced symbiosomes that were significantly larger, nearly twice the size, than those present in diploids. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on how polyploidy directly affects a plant-bacterium mutualism and uncovers novel mechanisms. Changes in plant-microbe interactions that directly result from polyploidy likely contribute to the increased ability of polyploid legumes to establish in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Forrester
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Nelsen MP, Lücking R, Boyce CK, Lumbsch HT, Ree RH. No support for the emergence of lichens prior to the evolution of vascular plants. Geobiology 2020; 18:3-13. [PMID: 31729136 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The early-successional status of lichens in modern terrestrial ecosystems, together with the role lichen-mediated weathering plays in the carbon cycle, have contributed to the long and widely held assumption that lichens occupied early terrestrial ecosystems prior to the evolution of vascular plants and drove global change during this time. Their poor preservation potential and the classification of ambiguous fossils as lichens or other fungal-algal associations have further reinforced this view. As unambiguous fossil data are lacking to demonstrate the presence of lichens prior to vascular plants, we utilize an alternate approach to assess their historic presence in early terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we analyze new time-calibrated phylogenies of ascomycete fungi and chlorophytan algae, that intensively sample lineages with lichen symbionts. Age estimates for several interacting clades show broad congruence and demonstrate that fungal origins of lichenization postdate the earliest tracheophytes. Coupled with the absence of unambiguous fossil data, our work finds no support for lichens having mediated global change during the Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic prior to vascular plants. We conclude by discussing our findings in the context of Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystem evolution and the paleoecological context in which vascular plants evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nelsen
- Department of Science and Education, The Field Museum, Integrative Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Department of Science and Education, The Field Museum, Integrative Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard H Ree
- Department of Science and Education, The Field Museum, Integrative Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ragsac AC, Farias-Singer R, Freitas LB, Lohmann LG, Olmstead RG. Phylogeny of the Neotropical tribe Jacarandeae (Bignoniaceae). Am J Bot 2019; 106:1589-1601. [PMID: 31823357 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The tribe Jacarandeae includes Jacaranda (49 species) and Digomphia (3 species), two genera of trees and woody shrubs with Neotropical distribution. Jacarandeae is sister to the rest of the Bignoniaceae, but not much is known about interspecific and intergeneric relationships within this group. METHODS We reconstructed the phylogeny of Jacarandeae using chloroplast (ndhF, rpl32-trnL, trnL-F) and nuclear (ETS, PPR62) markers. Evolutionary relationships within Jacarandeae were inferred using Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood, and species tree approaches. The resulting phylogenetic framework was used as the basis to interpret the evolution of key morphological character states (i.e., stamen and calyx traits) and revise the infra-generic classification of the group. RESULTS Jacaranda and Digomphia belong to a well-supported clade, with Digomphia nested within Jacaranda. We propose the necessary taxonomic changes to recognize monophyletic taxa, including a broadly circumscribed Jacaranda divided into four sections: (1) Jacaranda sect. Nematopogon, species previously included in Digomphia and united by divided staminode apices and spathaceous calyces; (2) Jacaranda sect. Copaia, species with monothecal anthers and cupular calyces; (3) Jacaranda sect. Jacaranda, species with monothecal anthers and campanulate calyces; and (4) Jacaranda sect. Dilobos, species with dithecal anthers and cupular calyces, and including more than half of the species of the genus, all restricted to Brazil. CONCLUSIONS As circumscribed here, Jacarandeae includes only a broadly defined Jacaranda divided into four sections. Each section is defined by a unique combination of anther and calyx morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Ragsac
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Rosana Farias-Singer
- Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Dr. Salvador França 1427, 90.690-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Loreta B Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P.O. Box 15051, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard G Olmstead
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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Morales-Briones DF, Tank DC. Extensive allopolyploidy in the neotropical genus Lachemilla (Rosaceae) revealed by PCR-based target enrichment of the nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron and plastid phylogenomics. Am J Bot 2019; 106:415-437. [PMID: 30882906 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy has been long recognized as an important force in plant evolution. Previous studies had suggested widespread occurrence of polyploidy and the allopolyploid origin of several species in the diverse neotropical genus Lachemilla (Rosaceae). Nonetheless, this evidence has relied mostly on patterns of cytonuclear discordance, and direct evidence from nuclear allelic markers is still needed. METHODS Here we used PCR target enrichment in combination with high throughput sequencing to obtain multiple copies of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA cistron and 45 regions of the plastid genome (cpDNA) from 219 accessions representing 48 species of Lachemilla and to explore the allopolyploid origin of species in this group. KEY RESULTS We were able to identify multiple nrDNA ribotypes and establish clear evidence of allopolyploidy in 33 species of Lachemilla, showing that this condition is common and widespread in the genus. Additionally, we found evidence for three autopolyploid species. We also established multiple, independent origins of several allopolyploid species. Finally, based solely on the cpDNA phylogeny, we identified that the monotypic genus Farinopsis is the sister group of Lachemilla and allied genera within subtribe Fragariinae. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the utility of the nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron to detect allopolyploidy when concerted evolution of this region is not complete. Additionally, with a robust chloroplast phylogeny in place, the direction of hybridization events can be established, and multiple, independent origins of allopolyploid species can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Morales-Briones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
- Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1133, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
| | - David C Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
- Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1133, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
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