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Voysey M, Flaxman A, Aboagye J, Aley PK, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bibi S, Bittaye M, Cappuccini F, Charlton S, Clutterbuck EA, Davies S, Dold C, Edwards NJ, Ewer KJ, Faust SN, Folegatti PM, Fowler J, Gilbride C, Gilbert SC, Godfrey L, Hallis B, Humphries HE, Jenkin D, Kerridge S, Mujadidi YF, Plested E, Ramasamy MN, Robinson H, Sanders H, Snape MD, Song R, Thomas KM, Ulaszewska M, Woods D, Wright D, Pollard AJ, Lambe T. Persistence of the immune response after two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AZD1222): 1 year of follow-up of two randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:280-287. [PMID: 36729167 PMCID: PMC10038323 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The trajectory of immune responses following the primary dose series determines the decline in vaccine effectiveness over time. Here we report on maintenance of immune responses during the year following a two-dose schedule of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222, in the absence of infection, and also explore the decay of antibody after infection. Total spike-specific IgG antibody titres were lower with two low doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines (two low doses) (P = 0.0006) than with 2 standard doses (the approved dose) or low dose followed by standard dose vaccines regimens. Longer intervals between first and second doses resulted in higher antibody titres (P < 0.0001); however, there was no evidence that the trajectory of antibody decay differed by interval or by vaccine dose, and the decay of IgG antibody titres followed a similar trajectory after a third dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Trends in post-infection samples were similar with an initial rapid decay in responses but good persistence of measurable responses thereafter. Extrapolation of antibody data, following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19, demonstrates a slow rate of antibody decay with modelling, suggesting that antibody titres are well maintained for at least 2 years. These data suggest a persistent immune response after two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 which will likely have a positive impact against serious disease and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy Aboagye
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Mustapha Bittaye
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Federica Cappuccini
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth A Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Davies
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick J Edwards
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Katie J Ewer
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pedro M Folegatti
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Fowler
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ciaran Gilbride
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Jenkin
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Kerridge
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama F Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plested
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Sanders
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew D Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Danielle Woods
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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