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Santos TB, Kramer-Soares JC, de Oliveira Coelho CA, Oliveira MGM. Functional network of contextual and temporal memory has increased amygdala centrality and connectivity with the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13087. [PMID: 37567967 PMCID: PMC10421896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In fear conditioning with time intervals between the conditioned (CS) and unconditioned (US) stimuli, a neural representation of the CS must be maintained over time to be associated with the later US. Usually, temporal associations are studied by investigating individual brain regions. It remains unknown, however, the effect of the interval at the network level, uncovering functional connections cooperating for the CS transient memory and its fear association. We investigated the functional network supporting temporal associations using a task in which a 5-s interval separates the contextual CS from the US (CFC-5s). We quantified c-Fos expression in forty-nine brain regions of male rats following the CFC-5s training, used c-Fos correlations to generate functional networks, and analyzed them by graph theory. Control groups were trained in contextual fear conditioning, in which CS and US overlap. The CFC-5s training additionally activated subdivisions of the basolateral, lateral, and medial amygdala; prelimbic, infralimbic, perirhinal, postrhinal, and intermediate entorhinal cortices; ventral CA1 and subiculum. The CFC-5s network had increased amygdala centrality and higher amygdala internal and external connectivity with the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Amygdala and thalamic nuclei were network hubs. Functional connectivity among these brain regions could support CS transient memories and their association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thays Brenner Santos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carlota Kramer-Soares
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul - UNICSUL, São Paulo, 08060-070, Brazil
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Asth L, Cruz LC, Soyombo N, Rigo P, Moreira FA. Effects of β -caryophyllene, A Dietary Cannabinoid, in Animal Models of Drug Addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:213-218. [PMID: 36173065 PMCID: PMC10190141 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927115811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene found in Cannabis and other plants. BCP is currently used as a food additive, although pharmacological studies suggest its potential therapeutic application for the treatment of certain brain disorders. The mechanisms of action of BCP remain uncertain, possibly including full agonism at the cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R). OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate BCP's potential as a new drug for the treatment of substance use disorders by reviewing preclinical studies with animal models. RESULTS BCP has been investigated in behavioral paradigms, including drug self-administration, conditioned place preference, and intracranial self-stimulation; the drugs tested were cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and methamphetamine. Remarkably, BCP prevented or reversed behavioral changes resulting from drug exposure. As expected, the mechanism of action entails CB2R activation, although this is unlikely to constitute the only molecular target to explain such effects. Another potential target is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. CONCLUSION Preclinical studies have reported promising results with BCP in animal models of substance use disorders. Further research, including studies in humans, are warranted to establish its therapeutic potential and its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Asth
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cardoso Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Soyombo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro Rigo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A. Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Chagas ETC, Barros PH, Cardoso-Pereira I, Ponte IV, Ximenes P, Figueiredo F, Murai F, Couto da Silva AP, Almeida JM, Loureiro AAF, Ramos HS. Effects of population mobility on the COVID-19 spread in Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260610. [PMID: 34874978 PMCID: PMC8651143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a study of the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread and the efficacy of public policies in Brazil. Using both aggregated (from large Internet companies) and fine-grained (from Departments of Motor Vehicles) mobility data sources, our work sheds light on the effect of mobility on the pandemic situation in the Brazilian territory. Our main contribution is to show how mobility data, particularly fine-grained ones, can offer valuable insights into virus propagation. For this, we propose a modification in the SENUR model to add mobility information, evaluating different data availability scenarios (different information granularities), and finally, we carry out simulations to evaluate possible public policies. In particular, we conduct a case study that shows, through simulations of hypothetical scenarios, that the contagion curve in several Brazilian cities could have been milder if the government had imposed mobility restrictions soon after reporting the first case. Our results also show that if the government had not taken any action and the only safety measure taken was the population's voluntary isolation (out of fear), the time until the contagion peak for the first wave would have been postponed, but its value would more than double.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda T. C. Chagas
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Barros
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cardoso-Pereira
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor V. Ponte
- Department of Motor Vehicles, Government of the State of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Pablo Ximenes
- Department of Motor Vehicles, Government of the State of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- School of Cybersecurity and Privacy, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Flávio Figueiredo
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Murai
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Couto da Silva
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jussara M. Almeida
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio A. F. Loureiro
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Heitor S. Ramos
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Monaretto T, Souza A, Moraes TB, Bertucci-Neto V, Rondeau-Mouro C, Colnago LA. Enhancing signal-to-noise ratio and resolution in low-field NMR relaxation measurements using post-acquisition digital filters. Magn Reson Chem 2019; 57:616-625. [PMID: 30443995 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The traditional way to enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals is to increase the number of scans. However, this procedure increases the measuring time that can be prohibitive for some applications. Therefore, we have tested the use of several post-acquisition digital filters to enhance SNR up to one order of magnitude in time domain NMR (TD-NMR) relaxation measurements. The procedures were studied using continuous wave free precession (CWFP-T1 ) signals, acquired with very low flip angles that contain six times more noise than the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) signal of the same sample and experimental time. Linear (LI) and logarithmic (LO) data compression, low-pass infinity impulse response (LP), Savitzky-Golay (SG), and wavelet transform (WA) post-acquisition filters enhanced the SNR of the CWFP-T1 signals by at least six times. The best filters were LO, SG, and WA that have high enhancement in SNR without significant distortions in the ILT relaxation distribution data. Therefore, it was demonstrated that these post-acquisition digital filters could be a useful way to denoise CWFP-T1 , as well as CPMG noisy signals, and consequently reducing the experimental time. It was also demonstrated that filtered CWFP-T1 method has the potential to be a rapid and nondestructive method to measure fat content in beef and certainly in other meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Monaretto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andre Souza
- Schlumberger Brazil Technology Integration Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Bueno Moraes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Faria CP, Zanini GM, Dias GS, da Silva S, Sousa MDC. Molecular Characterization of Giardia lamblia: First Report of Assemblage B in Human Isolates from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160762. [PMID: 27517469 PMCID: PMC4982690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of giardiasis, the genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia has been poorly documented in Brazil and molecular epidemiology research has only been conducted in the last few years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different G. lamblia assemblages and detect mixed infections among patients with giardiasis. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The cross-section survey was conducted among patients attending the FIOCRUZ in Rio de Janeiro. In order to discriminate the genetic assemblages/sub-assemblages, G. lamblia isolates were characterized by PCR-RFLP and qPCR using four loci genes (bg, gdh, tpi and orfC4). Of the 65 positive samples, 41 (63.1%) were successfully amplified by nested-PCR of bg and gdh genes. Among them, 16 were typed as sub-assemblage AII, 7 as BIII, 4 as BIV and 8 as a mixture of BIII and BIV. After the analysis by qPCR assay, a total of 55 (84.6%) samples were amplified using at least one locus: bg gene was amplified in 38 (58.5%) samples, gdh in 41 (63.1%), tpi in 39 (60%), and orfC4 in 39 (60%). Multilocus genotyping results showed that 29 (52.7%) samples belonged to Assemblage A and 26 (47.3%) samples belonged to Assemblage B. In 2011 and 2012, 20 (74.1%) samples belonged to Assemblage A and 7 (25.9%) belonged to Assemblage B. In subsequent years (2013-2015) there was a predominance of Assemblage B, 19 (67.9%) versus 9 (32.1%) Assemblage A. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that Assemblage B of G. lamblia was reported in human clinical samples from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and is the first report about genetic characterization using four genes. The qPCR assemblage-specific showed no mixed infections by Assemblages A and B. A switch in genetic profile over the years was observed, firstly predominance of Assemblage A and lastly of Assemblage B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Graziela Maria Zanini
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sidnei da Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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