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Yu P, Mali A, Velaga T, Bi A, Yu J, Marone C, Shokouhi P, Elsworth D. Crustal permeability generated through microearthquakes is constrained by seismic moment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2057. [PMID: 38448426 PMCID: PMC10918097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We link changes in crustal permeability to informative features of microearthquakes (MEQs) using two field hydraulic stimulation experiments where both MEQs and permeability evolution are recorded simultaneously. The Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model effectively predicts permeability evolution and ultimate permeability increase. Our findings confirm the form of key features linking the MEQs to permeability, offering mechanistically consistent interpretations of this association. Transfer learning correctly predicts permeability evolution of one experiment from a model trained on an alternate dataset and locale, which further reinforces the innate interdependency of permeability-to-seismicity. Models representing permeability evolution on reactivated fractures in both shear and tension suggest scaling relationships in which changes in permeability ( Δ k ) are linearly related to the seismic moment ( M ) of individual MEQs as Δ k ∝ M . This scaling relation rationalizes our observation of the permeability-to-seismicity linkage, contributes to its predictive robustness and accentuates its potential in characterizing crustal permeability evolution using MEQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Yu
- EMS Energy Institute, G3 Center and Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
- EMS Energy Insititute, G3 Center and Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
| | - Ankur Mali
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thejasvi Velaga
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alex Bi
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jiayi Yu
- EMS Energy Insititute, G3 Center and Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Chris Marone
- EMS Energy Institute, G3 Center and Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Parisa Shokouhi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Derek Elsworth
- EMS Energy Institute, G3 Center and Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
- EMS Energy Insititute, G3 Center and Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
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Li Y, Huang X, Ding K, Sheriff HKM, Ye L, Liu H, Li CZ, Ade H, Forrest SR. Non-fullerene acceptor organic photovoltaics with intrinsic operational lifetimes over 30 years. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5419. [PMID: 34521842 PMCID: PMC8440764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have the potential of becoming a productive renewable energy technology if the requirements of low cost, high efficiency and prolonged lifetime are simultaneously fulfilled. So far, the remaining unfulfilled promise of this technology is its inadequate operational lifetime. Here, we demonstrate that the instability of NFA solar cells arises primarily from chemical changes at organic/inorganic interfaces bounding the bulk heterojunction active region. Encapsulated devices stabilized by additional protective buffer layers as well as the integration of a simple solution processed ultraviolet filtering layer, maintain 94% of their initial efficiency under simulated, 1 sun intensity, AM1.5 G irradiation for 1900 hours at 55 °C. Accelerated aging is also induced by exposure of light illumination intensities up to 27 suns, and operation temperatures as high as 65 °C. An extrapolated intrinsic lifetime of > 5.6 × 104 h is obtained, which is equivalent to 30 years outdoor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Li
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaheng Huang
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kan Ding
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hafiz K M Sheriff
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Long Ye
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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