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Mengome MFA, Kono HN, Bivigou EA, M’bondoukwe NP, Ngomo JMN, Ditombi BM, Ngondza BP, Bisseye C, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK. Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors according to urbanization level, gender and age, in apparently healthy adults living in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0285907. [PMID: 38578783 PMCID: PMC10997135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa and represents a serious public health issue. Accurate data are required to implement adapted prevention programs and healthcare strategies. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rates of CMRFs according to the level of urbanization, age and gender in Gabon. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in northern (Bitam), western coast (Libreville, Melen) and southeast (Koulamoutou) areas of Gabon using the World Health Organization's (WHO) stepwise approach for the surveillance of chronic disease risk factors. Participants over 18 years of age, without known underlying disease, living in rural and urban areas of Gabon were included. Sociodemographic, biological, and behavioral data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify the CMRFs. RESULTS Of the 978 participants, 499 lived in urban and 479 in rural areas. Their median age was 38[28-50] years. Tobacco (26.1% vs 6.2%; p < 0.01) and excessive alcohol consumption (19.4% vs 9.6%; p < 0.01) predominated in rural than in urban areas, respectively. Urban dwellers had more often insufficient physical activity than rural people (29.5% vs 16.3%; p < 0.01). In total, 79.9% of participants aged under 54 years had a high blood pressure;10.6% of the younger participants had pre-hypertension. Metabolic syndrome was more frequent in women (21.7%) than in men (10.0%) (p < 0.01); 6.4% of men and 2.5% of women had a high Framingham score (p = 0.03). Finally, 54.0% of the participants had three or four CMRFs. The multivariate analysis showed that men were more likely to be smokers and to be at risk of pre-hypertension or high blood pressure (p < 0.01). Women were more likely to be obese or to have a metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01). Living in urban areas was also a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and high LDL cholesterol level. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CMRFs was high in the study population. Disparities were observed according to urban and rural areas, gender and age. National prevention and healthcare strategies for cardiometabolic diseases in Gabon should consider these observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mérédith Flore Ada Mengome
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Héléna Noéline Kono
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Elsa Ayo Bivigou
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Noé Patrick M’bondoukwe
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques-Mari Ndong Ngomo
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Bridy Moutombi Ditombi
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Bedrich Pongui Ngondza
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Sturt AS, Webb EL, Phiri CR, Mapani J, Mudenda M, Himschoot L, Kjetland EF, Mweene T, Levecke B, van Dam GJ, Corstjens PLAM, Ayles H, Hayes RJ, Francis SC, van Lieshout L, Cools P, Hansingo I, Bustinduy AL. The Presence of Hemoglobin in Cervicovaginal Lavage Is Not Associated With Genital Schistosomiasis in Zambian Women From the BILHIV Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac586. [PMID: 36540382 PMCID: PMC9757690 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) occurs when Schistosoma haematobium eggs are deposited in reproductive tissue. Female genital schistosomiasis in the cervical mucosa is associated with increased vascularity. If FGS is associated with the presence of hemoglobin in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), the use of urinary reagent strips to detect hemoglobin in CVL could supplement FGS diagnosis. Methods Nonmenstruating, nonpregnant, sexually active women aged 18-31 participating in the HPTN 071 (PopART) Population-Cohort were invited in 2 Zambian communities. Genital self-swabs and a urine specimen were collected at a home visit, and CVL and hand-held colposcopy were performed at a midwife led clinic visit. Urinary reagent strips were used to identify hemoglobin in CVL. Eggs and circulating anodic antigen (CAA) were detected from urine. Visual-FGS was defined as the presence of sandy patches, rubbery papules, or abnormal blood vessels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-FGS was defined as Schistosoma deoxyribonucleic acid detected by real-time PCR on CVL or cervical or vaginal swab. Results Of 209 women with home genital swabs and companion CVL specimens, 66% (138 of 209) had detectable CVL hemoglobin, 13.4% (28 of 209) had PCR-defined FGS, and 17.2% (36 of 209) had visual-FGS. Active Schistosoma infection, diagnosed by CAA or urine microscopy, was present in 21.0% (44 of 209) participants. Active Schistosoma infection (P = .4), PCR-FGS (P = 0.7), and visual-FGS (P = 0.3) were not associated with CVL hemoglobin presence. Results did not differ in subgroups with high infection burden (cycle threshold < 35 or 2-3 positive genital PCR). Conclusions Polymerase chain reaction-FGS, visual-FGS, and active Schistosoma infection were not associated with the presence of CVL hemoglobin. Further research is needed to establish accessible community-based FGS diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Sturt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Emily L Webb
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joyce Mapani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livingstone Central Hospital, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Maina Mudenda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livingstone Central Hospital, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Lisa Himschoot
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eyrun F Kjetland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Ayles
- Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Hayes
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna C Francis
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Cools
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isaiah Hansingo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livingstone Central Hospital, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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